{
  "title": "How long SSDs and hard drives last: drive lifespan and failure-rate statistics dataset",
  "slug": "hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics",
  "version": "1.0",
  "last_source_check": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "Zinstall",
  "permalink_base": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics",
  "methodology": null,
  "record_count": 1254,
  "source_count": 453,
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-5-23pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "5.23% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 725 failures in 5,060,252 drive days from April 10, 2013 (Backblaze data, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.23,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "5.23%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2013 (April 10 to December 31)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": 27049,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate | 12726 | 2102694 | 606",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx, sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', first (2013) block of columns: maximum drive count, drive days, failures for Seagate, HGST, WDC and Toshiba",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "2013 failures (Seagate 606 + HGST 84 + WDC 33 + Toshiba 2 = 725) / (2013 drive days (2,102,694 + 2,689,423 + 257,601 + 10,534 = 5,060,252) / 365) x 100 = 5.23%. sample_n = sum of the four maximum drive counts (12,726 + 12,968 + 1,297 + 58).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. Backblaze published no fleet-wide AFR for 2013 in words: its first report (January 2014) gave rates by model only, and data collection began on April 10, 2013, so 2013 is a partial year. The 2016 report's chart 'Annualized Hard Drive Failure Rates by Drive Size' marks a red star for the 2013 average at about 5% (read from the chart, no label). The workbook rows include all models, without the 45-drive minimum.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-5-23pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "5.23% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 725 failures in 5,060,252 drive days from April 10, 2013 (Backblaze data, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-5-23pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2014-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-6-39pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "6.39% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), as Backblaze restated the year in its 2016 report (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.39,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "6.39%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": 40298,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-benchmark-stats-2016/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The overall hard drive failure rate for 2016 was 1.95%. That's down from 2.47% in 2015 and well below the 6.39% failure rate for 2014.",
      "locator": "Section '2016 Hard Drive Performance Statistics', paragraph after 'No Time for Failure'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. The 2014 year-end report itself ('What Is the Best Hard Drive?', January 21, 2015) gave failure rates by model only, no fleet-wide figure. The 6.39% matches the 2014 totals in the 2016 summary workbook (sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG': 2,156 failures in 12,319,379 drive days; maximum drive counts 15,721 Seagate, 22,908 HGST, 1,622 WDC, 47 Toshiba = 40,298). 2014 was the year of the Seagate 3TB (ST3000DM001) failures, which drove the rate up.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2014-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-6-39pct",
      "citation_text": "6.39% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), as Backblaze restated the year in its 2016 report (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-benchmark-stats-2016/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2014-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-6-39pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2015-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-2-47pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.47% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), as stated in its 2016 report (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.47,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.47%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": 56294,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-benchmark-stats-2016/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "That's down from 2.47% in 2015 and well below the 6.39% failure rate for 2014.",
      "locator": "Section '2016 Hard Drive Performance Statistics', paragraph after 'No Time for Failure'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. The 2015 year-end report ('Hard Drive Reliability Review for 2015', February 16, 2016) gave cumulative 2013-2015 rates by model, not a 2015 fleet figure. 2.47% matches the 2015 totals in the 2016 summary workbook (1,159 failures in 17,126,179 drive days; maximum drive counts sum to 56,294). The 2017 report restates 2015 as 2.35% for the 45,566 drives of models still in service at the end of 2017 (see backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2015-restated-2-35pct-for-models-active-in-2017).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2015-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-2-47pct",
      "citation_text": "2.47% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), as stated in its 2016 report (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-benchmark-stats-2016/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2015-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-2-47pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2016-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-95pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.95% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,225 failures across 71,939 drives and 22,882,182 drive days (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.95,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.95%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 71939,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 71939 |  | 22882182 | 1225 | 0.019540313069793782",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx, sheet 'FY 2016', Totals row (drive count, drive days, failures, failure rate)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. Also stated in the 2016 report text: 'The overall hard drive failure rate for 2016 was 1.95%' and 'The total number of failed drives was 1,225 for the year.' The 2017 report restates 2016 as 2.00% for the 66,252 drives of models still in service at the end of 2017.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2016-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-95pct",
      "citation_text": "1.95% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,225 failures across 71,939 drives and 22,882,182 drive days (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-2016-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-95pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2017-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-83pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.83% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 91,243 drives (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.83,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.83%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 91243,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 45,566 2.35% 66,252 2.00% 91,243 1.83%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Annual Hard Drive Failure Rates by Year' (2015, 2016, 2017), Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/blog-table-3-years.jpeg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. The 2017 report gives the year's rate only in this table image; it publishes no 2017 drive-day total. Its text says 1,508 hard drives were replaced as failed in 2017 (all data drives). The 2018 report restates 2017 as 1.77% for 90,523 drives (backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-2017-restated-1-77pct).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2017-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-83pct",
      "citation_text": "1.83% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 91,243 drives (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2017-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-83pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-2018-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-25pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.25% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,222 failures across 104,778 drives and 35,658,927 drive days (Backblaze, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.25,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.25%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 104778,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals ,\" 104,778 \",\" 35,658,927 \",\"1,222\",1.25%",
      "locator": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (ZIP linked from the 2018 report), Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. Report text: 'The 2018 annualized failure rate of 1.25% was the lowest by far of any year we've recorded.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-2018-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-25pct",
      "citation_text": "1.25% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,222 failures across 104,778 drives and 35,658,927 drive days (Backblaze, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-2018-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-25pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-2019-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-89pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.89% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 2,068 failures across 122,507 drives and 39,890,821 drive days (Backblaze, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.89,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.89%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 5,000 drive days in Q4 2019",
      "sample_n": 122507,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The AFR for 2019 for all drive models was 1.89% which is much higher than 2018.",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and Observations' under the 2019 table; drive days and failures from 2019_chart_as_of_Q4_2019.csv (ZIP linked from the report), Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. Backblaze attributed the rise to its 8TB drives ageing and to Seagate 12TB drives. The 2021 report later wrote '1.83% in 2019' (backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-2019-restated-1-83pct), which matches neither this report nor the 2020 workbook (1.89%).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-2019-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-89pct",
      "citation_text": "1.89% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 2,068 failures across 122,507 drives and 39,890,821 drive days (Backblaze, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-2019-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-01-drive-stats-2020-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-0-93pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.93% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,302 failures across 162,299 drives and 51,267,791 drive days (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.93,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.93%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 162299,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 162299 |  | 51267791 | 1302 | 0.009269562638265418",
      "locator": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2020 report), sheet '2020 Totals', Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. The lowest annual rate in the series. Backblaze: older 4TB-10TB drives fell from 1.35% (2019) to 0.96%, the 30,000+ new 14-18TB drives ran at 0.89%, and 12TB drives at 0.98%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-01-drive-stats-2020-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-0-93pct",
      "citation_text": "0.93% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,302 failures across 162,299 drives and 51,267,791 drive days (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-01-drive-stats-2020-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-0-93pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-2021-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-01pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.01% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,820 failures across 202,759 drives and 65,929,573 drive days (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.01,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.01%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 202759,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 202759 |  | 65929573 | 1820 | 0.010075903267263691",
      "locator": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2021 report), sheet '2021 AFR Table', Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-2021-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-01pct",
      "citation_text": "1.01% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,820 failures across 202,759 drives and 65,929,573 drive days (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-2021-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-01pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-37pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.37% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 2,963 failures across 230,921 drives and 78,760,434 drive days (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.37,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.37%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 230921,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 29 |  |  | 230921 |  | 78760434 | 2963 | 0.013731450489467846",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '1-Annual 2022 AFR', totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. Backblaze attributed the rise to the ageing fleet: drives of 10TB and less ran at 2.12% in 2022 and produced 44.5% of failures from 28.7% of drive days.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-37pct",
      "citation_text": "1.37% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 2,963 failures across 230,921 drives and 78,760,434 drive days (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-37pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.70% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 4,189 failures across 269,756 drives and 89,946,975 drive days (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.7,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.70%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives (heat-exposed drives also excluded)",
      "sample_n": 269756,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 35 269,756 89,946,975 4,189 1.70%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2023', totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/1-2023-AFR-by-Drive-Model.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. Report text: 'There were 4,189 drives which failed in 2023 ... we replaced a failed drive every two hours and five minutes.' Backblaze tied the rise to fleet age: nine models averaged six years or more.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct",
      "citation_text": "1.70% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 4,189 failures across 269,756 drives and 89,946,975 drive days (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-2024-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-57pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.57% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 4,372 failures across 298,954 drives and 101,906,290 drive days (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.57,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.57%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 298954,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 298,954 101,906,290 4,372 1.57%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2024', Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/2-Annual-AFR-table-for-2024.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. From 2024 Backblaze replaced the 60-drive minimum with drive-count and drive-day thresholds per period. The 2025 report's text later says '1.55% in 2024' while its own chart and table show 1.57% (backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2024-restated-1-55pct).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-2024-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-57pct",
      "citation_text": "1.57% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 4,372 failures across 298,954 drives and 101,906,290 drive days (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-2024-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-57pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-36pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.36% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 4,317 failures across 344,196 drives and 115,638,676 drive days (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Hard drives in a cloud company's data centres failed at an annualized **1.36%** in 2025, across 344,196 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.36,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.36%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 344196,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "This year finishes strong at 1.36%, down from 1.55% in 2024.",
      "locator": "Section '2025 Annual hard drive failure rates', 'Notes and observations'; drive days and failures from the report's infographic ('Annual: 2025 115,638,676 4,317 1.36%') and the annual table's Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": true,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze is a cloud-storage and backup company reporting on its own fleet. The newest annual figure (published February 12, 2026). The drive days and failures appear only in images: infographic 'Drive Stats Q4 2025 Snapshot' (raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-_-Infographic.png) and annual table (Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png, Totals 115638676, 4,317, '1.36%%').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-36pct",
      "citation_text": "1.36% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 4,317 failures across 344,196 drives and 115,638,676 drive days (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-36pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2015-restated-2-35pct-for-models-active-in-2017",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.35% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis, counting only the 45,566 drives of models still in service at the end of 2017 (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.35,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.35%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives; only models still in service at the end of 2017",
      "sample_n": 45566,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 45,566 2.35% 66,252 2.00% 91,243 1.83%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Annual Hard Drive Failure Rates by Year' (2015, 2016, 2017), Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/blog-table-3-years.jpeg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement inside Backblaze's own later report: the 2016 report gave 2.47% for 2015 for all drives. The difference is the population (retired models dropped), not a correction.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2015-restated-2-35pct-for-models-active-in-2017",
      "citation_text": "2.35% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis, counting only the 45,566 drives of models still in service at the end of 2017 (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2015-restated-2-35pct-for-models-active-in-2017."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2016-restated-2-00pct-for-models-active-in-2017",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.00% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis, counting only the 66,252 drives of models still in service at the end of 2017 (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.00%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives; only models still in service at the end of 2017",
      "sample_n": 66252,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 45,566 2.35% 66,252 2.00% 91,243 1.83%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Annual Hard Drive Failure Rates by Year' (2015, 2016, 2017), Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/blog-table-3-years.jpeg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 2016 report itself gave 1.95% for 71,939 drives; the 2018 report's three-year table again shows 1.95% for 71,940 drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2016-restated-2-00pct-for-models-active-in-2017",
      "citation_text": "2.00% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis, counting only the 66,252 drives of models still in service at the end of 2017 (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-2016-restated-2-00pct-for-models-active-in-2017."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-2017-restated-1-77pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.77% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2017 on an annualized basis, as restated in its 2018 report for 90,523 drives (Backblaze, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.77,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.77%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 90523,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2016-2018_Drive_Stats.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals ,,\" 71,940 \",1.95%,\" 90,523 \",1.77%,\" 104,778 \",1.25%",
      "locator": "2016-2018_Drive_Stats.csv (ZIP linked from the 2018 report), Totals row; same figures in the report's image 'Annualized Hard Drive Failure Rates by Year'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 2017 report itself showed 1.83% for 91,243 drives. The 2019 report's three-year table also uses 1.77% for 2017. Writers quoting '2017' should say which report they use.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-2017-restated-1-77pct",
      "citation_text": "1.77% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2017 on an annualized basis, as restated in its 2018 report for 90,523 drives (Backblaze, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"2016-2018_Drive_Stats.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-2017-restated-1-77pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-2019-restated-1-83pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.83% is the 2019 annualized failure rate as Backblaze's 2021 report wrote it, against 1.89% in its own 2019 report (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.83,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.83%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "This was slightly higher than 2020 at 0.93%, but a good sign that the drop in 2020 from 1.83% in 2019 was not an anomaly.",
      "locator": "Section 'Trends for 2021', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An inconsistency inside Backblaze's reports: the 2019 report, the 2020 report and the 2021 workbook ('3-year AFR Table': 2019 = 0.0189 for 122,481 drives) all give 1.89%. Treat 1.83% as a slip; use 1.89%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-2019-restated-1-83pct",
      "citation_text": "1.83% is the 2019 annualized failure rate as Backblaze's 2021 report wrote it, against 1.89% in its own 2019 report (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-2019-restated-1-83pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2024-restated-1-55pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.55% is the 2024 annualized failure rate as the text of Backblaze's 2025 report gives it, against 1.57% in its 2024 report and in the 2025 report's own chart (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.55,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.55%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "This year finishes strong at 1.36%, down from 1.55% in 2024.",
      "locator": "Section '2025 Annual hard drive failure rates', 'Notes and observations'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Inconsistency inside Backblaze's reports: the 2024 report (Totals 1.57%), the Q3 2025 report ('the 2024 yearly AFR was 1.57%') and the 2025 report's own chart 'Annual AFR (2022-2025)' and three-year table (1.57%) all give 1.57%. Use 1.57%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2024-restated-1-55pct",
      "citation_text": "1.55% is the 2024 annualized failure rate as the text of Backblaze's 2025 report gives it, against 1.57% in its 2024 report and in the 2025 report's own chart (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2024-restated-1-55pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-84pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.84% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 61,590 drives (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.84,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.84%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Q1 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 61590,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Reliability for Q1 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-stats-q1-2016/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The overall annual failure rate of 1.84% is the lowest quarterly number we've ever seen.",
      "locator": "Section on the Q1 2016 table, observations list",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Backblaze began quarterly reporting of this kind in 2016; 2014-2015 posts gave cumulative rates only.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-84pct",
      "citation_text": "1.84% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 61,590 drives (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Reliability for Q1 2016\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-stats-q1-2016/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-84pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-97pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.97% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 314 failures across 68,813 drives (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.97,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.97%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Q2 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 68813,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-failure-rates-q2-2016/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-08-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 68,813 5,826,245 314 1.97%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for Q2 2016', Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/hard-drive-failure-rates-q2-2016/blog-q2-failure-rates.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 5,826,245.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-97pct",
      "citation_text": "1.97% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 314 failures across 68,813 drives (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2016\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-failure-rates-q2-2016/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-97pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-04pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.04% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 351 failures across 67,642 drives (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.04,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.04%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Q3 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 67642,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Q3_2016_Drive_Stats_Table_Data.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Hard Drive Stats for Q3 2016: Less Is More')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/hard-drive-stats/Q3_2016_Drive_Stats_Materials.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-11-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 67642 | 6281542 | 351 | 0.0204",
      "locator": "Q3_2016_Drive_Stats_Table_Data.xlsx (ZIP linked from the Q3 2016 report), sheet 'Chart 1', Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 6,281,542.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-04pct",
      "citation_text": "2.04% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 351 failures across 67,642 drives (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"Q3_2016_Drive_Stats_Table_Data.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Hard Drive Stats for Q3 2016: Less Is More')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/hard-drive-stats/Q3_2016_Drive_Stats_Materials.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-04pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-94pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.94% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 342 failures across 71,939 drives (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.94,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.94%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q4 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Q4 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 71939,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-benchmark-stats-2016/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "That's lower than the Q4 failure rate of 1.94% for all of the hard drives in the table above.",
      "locator": "Section '8TB Hard Drive Performance'; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Q4 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 6,426,966.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-94pct",
      "citation_text": "1.94% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 342 failures across 71,939 drives (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-benchmark-stats-2016/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2016-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-94pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-11pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.11% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 375 failures across 82,516 drives (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.11,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.11%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 82516,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Stats for Q1 2017",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170509151206/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-failure-rates-q1-2017/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-05-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The annualized hard drive failure rate for Q1 in our current population of drives is 2.11%.",
      "locator": "Paragraph after the Q1 2017 table (Wayback Machine snapshot of May 9, 2017; the live URL now redirects to the test-data page)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-11pct",
      "citation_text": "2.11% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 375 failures across 82,516 drives (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Stats for Q1 2017\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170509151206/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-failure-rates-q1-2017/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-11pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-84pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.84% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 392 failures across 86,529 drives (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.84,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.84%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 86529,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Stats for Q3 2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-failure-rates-q3-2017/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-10-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The hard drive failure rate for the quarter was 1.84%, our lowest quarterly rate ever.",
      "locator": "First observations paragraph; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Quarter for Q3 2017'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 7,766,422.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-84pct",
      "citation_text": "1.84% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 392 failures across 86,529 drives (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Stats for Q3 2017\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-failure-rates-q3-2017/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-84pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-65pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.65% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 365 failures across 91,243 drives (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.65,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.65%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q4 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 91243,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 91,243 8,081,674 365 1.65%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Hard Drive Annualized Failure Rates for Q4 2017', Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/blog-chart-q4-2017-only.jpeg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 8,081,674.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-65pct",
      "citation_text": "1.65% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 365 failures across 91,243 drives (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-65pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-20pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.20% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 288 failures across 98,046 drives (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.2,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.20%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 98046,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Stats for Q1 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q1-2018/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-05-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The overall Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) for Q1 is just 1.2%, well below the Q4 2017 AFR of 1.65%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and Observations' under the Q1 2018 table; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Quarterly'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 8,742,170.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-20pct",
      "citation_text": "1.20% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 288 failures across 98,046 drives (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Stats for Q1 2018\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q1-2018/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-20pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-08pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.08% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 266 failures across 98,184 drives (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.08,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.08%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 98184,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q2-2018/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) for Q2 is just 1.08%, well below the Q1 2018 AFR and is our lowest quarterly AFR yet.",
      "locator": "Notes under the Q2 2018 table; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Q2 2018 chart'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 8,956,691.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-08pct",
      "citation_text": "1.08% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 266 failures across 98,184 drives (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2018\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q2-2018/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-08pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-27pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.27% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 314 failures across 97,600 drives (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.27,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.27%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 97600,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Q3_2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Hard Drive Stats for Q3 2018: Less is More')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q3_2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-10-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 97600 | 9052858 | 314 | 0.012660090327275652",
      "locator": "Q3_2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.xlsx (ZIP linked from the Q3 2018 report), sheet 'Quarterly', Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 9,052,858. The Q3 2018 post states the quarterly rate only in its table image; the 1.71% in its text is the lifetime rate.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-27pct",
      "citation_text": "1.27% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 314 failures across 97,600 drives (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Q3_2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Hard Drive Stats for Q3 2018: Less is More')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q3_2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2018-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-27pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-56pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.56% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 401 failures across 104,130 drives (Backblaze, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.56,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.56%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 104130,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q1 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q1-2019/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) for Q1 is 1.56%.",
      "locator": "Notes under the Q1 2019 table; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Q1 2019'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 9,382,266.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-56pct",
      "citation_text": "1.56% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 401 failures across 104,130 drives (Backblaze, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q1 2019\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q1-2019/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-56pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-80pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.80% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 474 failures across 108,461 drives (Backblaze, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.8,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.80%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 108461,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Q2_2019_Drive_Stats_Charts.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q2 2019')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q2_2019_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-08-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 108461 | 9636394 | 474 | 0.01795381135308498",
      "locator": "Q2_2019_Drive_Stats_Charts.xlsx (ZIP linked from the Q2 2019 report), sheet 'Q2 CHART', Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 9,636,394.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-80pct",
      "citation_text": "1.80% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 474 failures across 108,461 drives (Backblaze, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"Q2_2019_Drive_Stats_Charts.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q2 2019')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q2_2019_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-80pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-07pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.07% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.07,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.07%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q3 2020",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q3-2020/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-10-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The Q3 2020 annualized failure rate (AFR) of 0.89% is slightly higher than last quarter at 0.81%, but significantly lower than the 2.07% from a year ago.",
      "locator": "First paragraph after the Q3 2020 table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Taken from the Q3 2020 report: the Q3 2019 report published only lifetime figures because Backblaze suspected a stricter data-integrity check had pulled future failures into that quarter.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-07pct",
      "citation_text": "2.07% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q3 2020\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q3-2020/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2019-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-07pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-07pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.07% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 335 failures across 129,764 drives (Backblaze, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.07,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.07%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 129764,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q1 2020",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q1-2020/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-05-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) for Q1 2020 was 1.07%. That is the lowest AFR for any quarter since we started keeping track in 2013.",
      "locator": "First paragraph after the Q1 2020 table; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Q1 2020'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 11,376,467.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-07pct",
      "citation_text": "1.07% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 335 failures across 129,764 drives (Backblaze, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q1 2020\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q1-2020/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-07pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-81pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.81% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 271 failures across 139,867 drives (Backblaze, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.81,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.81%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 139867,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q2 2020",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q2-2020/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-08-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) for Q2 2020 was 0.81% versus Q1 2020 which was 1.07%.",
      "locator": "First paragraph after the Q2 2020 table; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Quarterly Chart'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 12,255,625. Backblaze: 'this is the first time the quarterly AFR has been under 1%'. The lowest quarter in the series.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-81pct",
      "citation_text": "0.81% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 271 failures across 139,867 drives (Backblaze, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q2 2020\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q2-2020/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-81pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-89pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.89% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 324 failures across 150,757 drives (Backblaze, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.89,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.89%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 150757,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q3 2020",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q3-2020/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-10-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The Q3 2020 annualized failure rate (AFR) of 0.89% is slightly higher than last quarter at 0.81%",
      "locator": "First paragraph after the Q3 2020 table; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Q3 Table'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 13,290,884.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-89pct",
      "citation_text": "0.89% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 324 failures across 150,757 drives (Backblaze, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats Q3 2020\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q3-2020/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-95pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.95% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.95,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.95%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q4 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total | 0.0107 | 0.0081 | 0.0089 | 0.0095 | 0.0085 | 0.0101 | 0.011 | 0.0105 | 0.0122 | 0.0146 | 0.0164 | 0.0121",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '6-Quarterly MFG Chart', Total row (Q1 2020 to Q4 2022), fourth value",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). The 2020 year-end report gave annual figures only; this quarterly total comes from the workbook behind the 2022 report's manufacturer chart.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-95pct",
      "citation_text": "0.95% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2020-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-95pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-85pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.85% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 348 failures across 171,919 drives (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.85,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.85%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 171919,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q1-2021/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The overall annualized failure rate (AFR) of 0.85% for the quarter is the fourth consecutive quarter where the AFR was below 1%",
      "locator": "Observations under the Q1 2021 table; totals from Quarterly_-_Q1_2021_Table.csv in the report's ZIP",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 14,981,658.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-85pct",
      "citation_text": "0.85% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 348 failures across 171,919 drives (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2021\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q1-2021/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-85pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-01pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.01% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 439 failures across 177,935 drives (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.01,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.01%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 177935,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2021/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The quarterly AFR for all the drives jumped up to 1.01% from 0.85% in Q1 2021 and 0.81% one year ago in Q2 2020.",
      "locator": "Observations under the Q2 2021 table; totals from the summary workbook sheet 'Quarterly'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 15,884,445.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-01pct",
      "citation_text": "1.01% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 439 failures across 177,935 drives (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2021\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2021/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-01pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-10pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.10% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 515 failures across 190,826 drives (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.1,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.10%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 190826,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Q3_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2021')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q3_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-11-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 190826 |  | 17031430 | 515 | 0.011036947572810974",
      "locator": "Q3_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the Q3 2021 report), sheet 'Quarterly', Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 17,031,430.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-10pct",
      "citation_text": "1.10% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 515 failures across 190,826 drives (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Q3_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2021')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q3_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-10pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-05pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.05% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.05,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.05%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q4 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total | 0.0107 | 0.0081 | 0.0089 | 0.0095 | 0.0085 | 0.0101 | 0.011 | 0.0105 | 0.0122 | 0.0146 | 0.0164 | 0.0121",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '6-Quarterly MFG Chart', Total row, eighth value (Q4 2021)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). The 2021 year-end report gave annual figures only; this quarterly total comes from the workbook behind the 2022 report's manufacturer chart.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-05pct",
      "citation_text": "1.05% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2021-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-05pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-22pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.22% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 207,478 drives (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.22,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.22%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 207478,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2022/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-08-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In Q2, the AFR increased to 1.46% for all drives models combined. This is up from 1.22% in Q1 2022",
      "locator": "Observations under the Q2 2022 table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). The Q1 2022 report shows the quarter's total only in its table image; the Q2 2022 report and the 2022 workbook both give 1.22%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-22pct",
      "citation_text": "1.22% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 207,478 drives (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2022\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2022/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-22pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-46pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.46% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 215,011 drives (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.46,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.46%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 215011,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2022/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-08-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In Q2, the AFR increased to 1.46% for all drives models combined.",
      "locator": "Observations under the Q2 2022 table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-46pct",
      "citation_text": "1.46% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 215,011 drives (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2022\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2022/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-46pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-64pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.64% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 226,309 drives (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.64,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.64%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 226309,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2022/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-11-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The AFR for Q3 2022 was 1.64%, increasing from 1.46% in Q2 2022 and from 1.10% a year ago.",
      "locator": "Observations under the Q3 2022 table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Backblaze attributed the rise to 'the aging of the entire drive fleet'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-64pct",
      "citation_text": "1.64% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 226,309 drives (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2022\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2022/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-64pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-21pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.21% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.21,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.21%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q4 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The annualized failure rate (AFR) for Q1 2023 was 1.54%, that's up from Q4 2022 at 1.21%",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and Observations on the Q1 2023 Drive Stats'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). The 2022 year-end report gave annual figures only; the Q1 2023 report and the 2022 workbook give 1.21% for Q4 2022.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-21pct",
      "citation_text": "1.21% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2022-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-21pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-54pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.54% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 889 failures across 236,893 drives (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.54,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.54%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 236893,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The annualized failure rate (AFR) for Q1 2023 was 1.54%, that's up from Q4 2022 at 1.21% and from one year ago, Q1 2022, at 1.22%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and Observations on the Q1 2023 Drive Stats'; totals from the summary workbook sheet '1 - Quarterly AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 21,030,333.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-54pct",
      "citation_text": "1.54% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 889 failures across 236,893 drives (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-54pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-28pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.28% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,339 failures across 240,940 drives (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.28,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.28%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 240940,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-08-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Upward AFR: The AFR for Q2 2023 was 2.28%, up from 1.54% in Q1 2023.",
      "locator": "Observations under the Q2 2023 table; totals from the summary workbook sheet '1 - Quarterly APR Table'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 21,408,175. The highest quarter since 2016 in this series. The Q3 2023 report rounds it to 'down from 2.2% in Q2'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-28pct",
      "citation_text": "2.28% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,339 failures across 240,940 drives (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-28pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-47pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.47% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 259,084 drives (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.47,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.47%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 259084,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-11-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In Q3 2023, quarterly AFR for all drives was 1.47%.",
      "locator": "Section on the Q3 2023 quarterly results",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Two drives that failed after exceeding their maximum temperature were removed from the Q3 2023 calculation (see the temperature records).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-47pct",
      "citation_text": "1.47% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 259,084 drives (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-47pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-53pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.53% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.53,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.53%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q4 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-05-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "That's down from Q4 2023 at 1.53%",
      "locator": "Opening observations of the Q1 2024 report ('Downward AFR')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). The 2023 year-end report gave annual and lifetime tables only.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-53pct",
      "citation_text": "1.53% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2023-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-53pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-41pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.41% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 279,572 drives (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.41,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.41%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 279572,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-05-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Downward AFR: The AFR for Q1 2024 was 1.41%.",
      "locator": "Opening observations of the Q1 2024 report",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-41pct",
      "citation_text": "1.41% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 279,572 drives (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-41pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-71pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.71% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 284,876 drives (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.71,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.71%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 284876,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-08-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Upward AFR: The AFR for Q2 2024 was 1.71%.",
      "locator": "Opening observations of the Q2 2024 report",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-71pct",
      "citation_text": "1.71% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 284,876 drives (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-71pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-89pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.89% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 288,547 drives (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.89,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.89%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 288547,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The quarter-to-quarter AFR continues to creep up rising from 1.71% in Q2 2024 to 1.89% in Q3 2024.",
      "locator": "Opening observations of the Q3 2024 report ('Upward AFR')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-89pct",
      "citation_text": "1.89% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 288,547 drives (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-35pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.35% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 300,633 drives (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.35,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.35%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q4 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 300633,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The AFR for Q4 dropped from 1.89% in Q3 to 1.35% in Q4.",
      "locator": "Section 'Q4 2024 hard drive failure rates', notes ('The quarterly failure rate is down')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Backblaze: over 14,000 new drives of 20TB and more ran at 0.77% in the quarter.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-35pct",
      "citation_text": "1.35% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 300,633 drives (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2024-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-35pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-42pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.42% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 317,833 drives (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.42,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.42%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 317833,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The quarterly failure rate went up from 1.35% to 1.42%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Q1 2025 hard drive failure rates', notes",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-42pct",
      "citation_text": "1.42% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 317,833 drives (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-42pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-36pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.36% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.36,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.36%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We're now back down to 1.36%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Q2 2025 hard drive failure rates', notes ('The annual failure rate is lower this quarter')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). The Q2 2025 report calls it 'The annual failure rate'; it is the quarterly AFR, as the Q3 2025 report and the 2025 quarterly chart confirm.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-36pct",
      "citation_text": "1.36% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year) (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-36pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-55pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.55% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 328,348 drives (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.55,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.55%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 328348,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-11-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As a reminder, last quarter's AFR was 1.36% compared with this quarter's 1.55%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Q3 2025 hard drive failure rates', notes ('The failure rate has increased')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Part of the rise came from a Toshiba 16TB model (MG08ACA16TEY, 16.95% for the quarter) whose drives were pulled for a firmware update and counted as failures (see the method records).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-55pct",
      "citation_text": "1.55% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q3 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), across 328,348 drives (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q3-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-55pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-13pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.13% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 943 failures across 337,192 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.13,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.13%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q4 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 337192,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Quarterly: Q4 2025 30,534,025 943 1.13%",
      "locator": "Infographic 'Drive Stats Q4 2025 Snapshot', AFR table, row 'Quarterly: Q4 2025' (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-_-Infographic.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 30,534,025. Also plotted in the report's chart '2025 Quarterly AFRs' (1.42, 1.36, 1.55, 1.13).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-13pct",
      "citation_text": "1.13% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q4 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 943 failures across 337,192 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-13pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2026-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-24pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.24% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,030 failures across 341,263 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.24,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.24%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 341263,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The quarterly AFR is 1.24%. This is up from last quarter, but down from the previous year.",
      "locator": "Section 'Note and observations' under the Q1 2026 table (table Totals: 30,203,180 drive days, 1030 failures, 1.24)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 30,203,180. The Q1 2026 report was delayed to July 9, 2026 while Backblaze investigated two mechanical issues in one drive population (see the method records).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2026-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-24pct",
      "citation_text": "1.24% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q1 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,030 failures across 341,263 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q1-2026-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-24pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-73pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.73% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,498 failures across 354,415 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "A cloud company's hard drives failed at an annualized **1.73%** in the second quarter of 2026, its newest published quarter.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.73,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.73%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 354415,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The quarterly AFR is 1.73%, the highest it's been in quite a while.",
      "locator": "Section 'Note and observations' under the Q2 2026 table (table Totals: 354,415 drives, 31,553,350 drive days, 1,498 failures, 1.73)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). Drive days in the quarter: 31,553,350. The newest quarter published as of November 4, 2026; the Q3 2026 report was not yet out (checked the Drive Stats category and the expected URL). 10 of 31 models ran above 3.0% in the quarter.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-73pct",
      "citation_text": "1.73% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 1,498 failures across 354,415 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-73pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-87pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.87% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 376 failures across 83,151 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.87,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.87%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q2 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 83151,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Q2_2017_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2017')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/hard-drive-stats/Q2_2017_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate | ST4000DM000 | 4TB | 34412 | 3134401 | 279",
      "locator": "Q2_2017_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (linked from the Q2 2017 report), sheet 'Quarterly', 17 model rows; same rows in the post's image 'Quarterly Hard Drive Failure Rates for Q2 2017'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the 17 model rows: 376 failures / (7,356,948 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.87%. Drive count 83,151 = sum of model drive counts.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-quarterly-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Quarterly AFRs are volatile: in Backblaze's words, 'The quarterly AFR is based on just the data in that quarter, so it can often fluctuate from quarter to quarter' (Q3 2023 report). The Q2 2017 table has no totals row and the text gives no fleet figure, so this point is computed from the published rows.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-87pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.87% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2017 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), with 376 failures across 83,151 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"Q2_2017_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2017')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/hard-drive-stats/Q2_2017_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2017-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-87pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-seagate-hdd-afr-10-52pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "10.52% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10.52,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "10.52%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2013 (from April 10)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate | 0.10519362303787427 | 0.12563442875763303 | 0.03577767479101992 | 0.02808641621450873",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "2013 includes old Seagate 1.5TB drives (Barracuda 7200.11 at 25.4%). Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-seagate-hdd-afr-10-52pct",
      "citation_text": "10.52% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-seagate-hdd-afr-10-52pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-seagate-hdd-afr-12-56pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "12.56% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 12.56,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "12.56%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate | 0.10519362303787427 | 0.12563442875763303 | 0.03577767479101992 | 0.02808641621450873",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "2014 includes the Seagate 3TB ST3000DM001, which failed at 43.1% in Backblaze's 2014 table. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-seagate-hdd-afr-12-56pct",
      "citation_text": "12.56% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-seagate-hdd-afr-12-56pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-seagate-hdd-afr-3-58pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3.58% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.58,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "3.58%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate | 0.10519362303787427 | 0.12563442875763303 | 0.03577767479101992 | 0.02808641621450873",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-seagate-hdd-afr-3-58pct",
      "citation_text": "3.58% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-seagate-hdd-afr-3-58pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-seagate-hdd-afr-2-81pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.81% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.81,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.81%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate | 0.10519362303787427 | 0.12563442875763303 | 0.03577767479101992 | 0.02808641621450873",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. The 2016 report's own manufacturer chart (models with 45+ drives) gives 2016 rates of Seagate 2.65%, HGST 0.60%, Toshiba 1.27%, WDC 3.88% (sheet 'By Size and MFG').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-seagate-hdd-afr-2-81pct",
      "citation_text": "2.81% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-seagate-hdd-afr-2-81pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-hgst-hdd-afr-1-14pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.14% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.14,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.14%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2013 (from April 10)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST | 0.011400214841622161 | 0.009777471633851866 | 0.011143330250552008 | 0.007092511431384055",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-hgst-hdd-afr-1-14pct",
      "citation_text": "1.14% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-hgst-hdd-afr-1-14pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-hgst-hdd-afr-0-98pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.98% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.98,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.98%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST | 0.011400214841622161 | 0.009777471633851866 | 0.011143330250552008 | 0.007092511431384055",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-hgst-hdd-afr-0-98pct",
      "citation_text": "0.98% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-hgst-hdd-afr-0-98pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-hgst-hdd-afr-1-11pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.11% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.11,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.11%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST | 0.011400214841622161 | 0.009777471633851866 | 0.011143330250552008 | 0.007092511431384055",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-hgst-hdd-afr-1-11pct",
      "citation_text": "1.11% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-hgst-hdd-afr-1-11pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-hgst-hdd-afr-0-71pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.71% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.71,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.71%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST | 0.011400214841622161 | 0.009777471633851866 | 0.011143330250552008 | 0.007092511431384055",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. The 2016 report's own manufacturer chart (models with 45+ drives) gives 2016 rates of Seagate 2.65%, HGST 0.60%, Toshiba 1.27%, WDC 3.88% (sheet 'By Size and MFG').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-hgst-hdd-afr-0-71pct",
      "citation_text": "0.71% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-hgst-hdd-afr-0-71pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-wdc-hdd-afr-4-68pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "4.68% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.68,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "4.68%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2013 (from April 10)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
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      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "WDC | 0.04675835885730257 | 0.0583265539912339 | 0.06118546008987958 | 0.04116406786309699",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-wdc-hdd-afr-4-68pct",
      "citation_text": "4.68% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-wdc-hdd-afr-4-68pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-wdc-hdd-afr-5-83pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "5.83% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.83,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "5.83%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
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      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
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      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "WDC | 0.04675835885730257 | 0.0583265539912339 | 0.06118546008987958 | 0.04116406786309699",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-wdc-hdd-afr-5-83pct",
      "citation_text": "5.83% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-wdc-hdd-afr-5-83pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-wdc-hdd-afr-6-12pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "6.12% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.12,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "6.12%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
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      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
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      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "WDC | 0.04675835885730257 | 0.0583265539912339 | 0.06118546008987958 | 0.04116406786309699",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-wdc-hdd-afr-6-12pct",
      "citation_text": "6.12% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-wdc-hdd-afr-6-12pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-wdc-hdd-afr-4-12pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "4.12% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.12,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
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      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2016",
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      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
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      "sample_n": null,
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      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "WDC | 0.04675835885730257 | 0.0583265539912339 | 0.06118546008987958 | 0.04116406786309699",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. The 2016 report's own manufacturer chart (models with 45+ drives) gives 2016 rates of Seagate 2.65%, HGST 0.60%, Toshiba 1.27%, WDC 3.88% (sheet 'By Size and MFG').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-wdc-hdd-afr-4-12pct",
      "citation_text": "4.12% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-wdc-hdd-afr-4-12pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-toshiba-hdd-afr-6-93pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "6.93% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.93,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "6.93%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2013 (from April 10)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Toshiba | 0.06929941142965634 | 0.03680919725695845 | 0.027327313837353817 | 0.012687120545024794",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Only 58 Toshiba drives in 2013; not statistically meaningful. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-toshiba-hdd-afr-6-93pct",
      "citation_text": "6.93% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2013 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-toshiba-hdd-afr-6-93pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-toshiba-hdd-afr-3-68pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3.68% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.68,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "3.68%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Toshiba | 0.06929941142965634 | 0.03680919725695845 | 0.027327313837353817 | 0.012687120545024794",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Only 47 Toshiba drives in 2014; not statistically meaningful. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-toshiba-hdd-afr-3-68pct",
      "citation_text": "3.68% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2014 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-toshiba-hdd-afr-3-68pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-toshiba-hdd-afr-2-73pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.73% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.73,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.73%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Toshiba | 0.06929941142965634 | 0.03680919725695845 | 0.027327313837353817 | 0.012687120545024794",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Only 237 Toshiba drives. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-toshiba-hdd-afr-2-73pct",
      "citation_text": "2.73% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2015 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2015-toshiba-hdd-afr-2-73pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-27pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.27% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.27,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.27%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); all models (no minimum drive count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Toshiba | 0.06929941142965634 | 0.03680919725695845 | 0.027327313837353817 | 0.012687120545024794",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (ZIP linked from 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016'), sheet 'All years - Drives by MFG', rate table 'MFG | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Only 237 Toshiba drives. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. The 2016 report's own manufacturer chart (models with 45+ drives) gives 2016 rates of Seagate 2.65%, HGST 0.60%, Toshiba 1.27%, WDC 3.88% (sheet 'By Size and MFG').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-27pct",
      "citation_text": "1.27% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centre failed in 2016 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2016-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-27pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2018-seagate-hdd-afr-1-47pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.47% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,116 failures in 27,618,747 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.47,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.47%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 81373,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals ,\" 104,778 \",\" 35,658,927 \",\"1,222\",1.25%",
      "locator": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (ZIP linked from the 2018 report), model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in Backblaze's 2018 annual table: 1,116 failures / (27,618,747 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.47%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.25%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2018-seagate-hdd-afr-1-47pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.47% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,116 failures in 27,618,747 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2018-seagate-hdd-afr-1-47pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2018-hgst-hdd-afr-0-41pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.41% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 87 failures in 7,709,756 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.41,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.41%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 21627,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals ,\" 104,778 \",\" 35,658,927 \",\"1,222\",1.25%",
      "locator": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (ZIP linked from the 2018 report), model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in Backblaze's 2018 annual table: 87 failures / (7,709,756 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.41%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.25%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2018-hgst-hdd-afr-0-41pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.41% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 87 failures in 7,709,756 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2018-hgst-hdd-afr-0-41pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2018-toshiba-hdd-afr-2-05pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.05% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 10 failures in 177,721 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.05,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.05%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 1395,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals ,\" 104,778 \",\" 35,658,927 \",\"1,222\",1.25%",
      "locator": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (ZIP linked from the 2018 report), model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in Backblaze's 2018 annual table: 10 failures / (177,721 drive days / 365) x 100 = 2.05%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.25%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Toshiba's 2018 drives were mostly 14TB units added in Q4; small and young sample. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2018-toshiba-hdd-afr-2-05pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "2.05% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 10 failures in 177,721 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2018-toshiba-hdd-afr-2-05pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2018-wdc-hdd-afr-2-15pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.15% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 9 failures in 152,703 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.15,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.15%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 383,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals ,\" 104,778 \",\" 35,658,927 \",\"1,222\",1.25%",
      "locator": "2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (ZIP linked from the 2018 report), model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in Backblaze's 2018 annual table: 9 failures / (152,703 drive days / 365) x 100 = 2.15%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.25%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Only 383 WDC drives (one 6TB model) in 2018; not statistically meaningful. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2018-wdc-hdd-afr-2-15pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "2.15% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2018 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 9 failures in 152,703 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"2018_Drive_Stats_Table.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2018-wdc-hdd-afr-2-15pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2019-seagate-hdd-afr-2-36pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.36% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,940 failures in 30,019,144 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.36,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.36%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 5,000 drive days in Q4 2019",
      "sample_n": 89772,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The AFR for 2019 for all drive models was 1.89% which is much higher than 2018.",
      "locator": "2019_chart_as_of_Q4_2019.csv (ZIP linked from the 2019 report), model rows (quote: the report's statement of the fleet total)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in Backblaze's 2019 annual table: 1,940 failures / (30,019,144 drive days / 365) x 100 = 2.36%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.89%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2019-seagate-hdd-afr-2-36pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "2.36% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,940 failures in 30,019,144 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2019-seagate-hdd-afr-2-36pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2019-hgst-hdd-afr-0-46pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.46% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 118 failures in 9,267,060 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.46,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.46%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 5,000 drive days in Q4 2019",
      "sample_n": 29017,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The AFR for 2019 for all drive models was 1.89% which is much higher than 2018.",
      "locator": "2019_chart_as_of_Q4_2019.csv (ZIP linked from the 2019 report), model rows (quote: the report's statement of the fleet total)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in Backblaze's 2019 annual table: 118 failures / (9,267,060 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.46%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.89%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2019-hgst-hdd-afr-0-46pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.46% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 118 failures in 9,267,060 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2019-hgst-hdd-afr-0-46pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2019-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-60pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.60% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 10 failures in 604,617 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.6,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.60%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 5,000 drive days in Q4 2019",
      "sample_n": 3718,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The AFR for 2019 for all drive models was 1.89% which is much higher than 2018.",
      "locator": "2019_chart_as_of_Q4_2019.csv (ZIP linked from the 2019 report), model rows (quote: the report's statement of the fleet total)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in Backblaze's 2019 annual table: 10 failures / (604,617 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.60%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.89%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2019-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-60pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.60% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 10 failures in 604,617 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2019-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-60pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2020-seagate-hdd-afr-1-11pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.11% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,088 failures in 35,678,188 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.11,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.11%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 101123,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 162299 |  | 51267791 | 1302 | 0.009269562638265418",
      "locator": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx, sheet '2020 Totals', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in Backblaze's 2020 annual table: 1,088 failures / (35,678,188 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.11%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (0.93%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2020-seagate-hdd-afr-1-11pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.11% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,088 failures in 35,678,188 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2020-seagate-hdd-afr-1-11pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2020-hgst-hdd-afr-0-36pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.36% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 111 failures in 11,183,349 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.36,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.36%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 32855,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 162299 |  | 51267791 | 1302 | 0.009269562638265418",
      "locator": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx, sheet '2020 Totals', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in Backblaze's 2020 annual table: 111 failures / (11,183,349 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.36%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (0.93%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2020-hgst-hdd-afr-0-36pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.36% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 111 failures in 11,183,349 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2020-hgst-hdd-afr-0-36pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2020-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-89pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.89% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 102 failures in 4,176,393 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.89,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.89%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 22319,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 162299 |  | 51267791 | 1302 | 0.009269562638265418",
      "locator": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx, sheet '2020 Totals', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in Backblaze's 2020 annual table: 102 failures / (4,176,393 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.89%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (0.93%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2020-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-89pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.89% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 102 failures in 4,176,393 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2020-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-89pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2020-wdc-hdd-afr-0-16pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.16% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1 failure in 229,861 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.16,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.16%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 6002,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 162299 |  | 51267791 | 1302 | 0.009269562638265418",
      "locator": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx, sheet '2020 Totals', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in Backblaze's 2020 annual table: 1 failures / (229,861 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.16%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (0.93%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "WDC returned only in Q4 2020 (6,002 new 14TB drives, 1.7 months on average); not meaningful for a year. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2020-wdc-hdd-afr-0-16pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.16% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1 failure in 229,861 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2020-wdc-hdd-afr-0-16pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2021-seagate-hdd-afr-1-40pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.40% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,361 failures in 35,583,944 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.4,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.40%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 101647,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 202759 |  | 65929573 | 1820 | 0.010075903267263691",
      "locator": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx, sheet '2021 AFR Table', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in Backblaze's 2021 annual table: 1,361 failures / (35,583,944 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.40%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.01%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2021-seagate-hdd-afr-1-40pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.40% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,361 failures in 35,583,944 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2021-seagate-hdd-afr-1-40pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2021-hgst-hdd-afr-0-38pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.38% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 150 failures in 14,436,780 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.38,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.38%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 43812,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 202759 |  | 65929573 | 1820 | 0.010075903267263691",
      "locator": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx, sheet '2021 AFR Table', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in Backblaze's 2021 annual table: 150 failures / (14,436,780 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.38%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.01%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2021-hgst-hdd-afr-0-38pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.38% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 150 failures in 14,436,780 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2021-hgst-hdd-afr-0-38pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2021-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-78pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.78% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 273 failures in 12,701,270 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.78,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.78%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 47125,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 202759 |  | 65929573 | 1820 | 0.010075903267263691",
      "locator": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx, sheet '2021 AFR Table', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in Backblaze's 2021 annual table: 273 failures / (12,701,270 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.78%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.01%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2021-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-78pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.78% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 273 failures in 12,701,270 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2021-toshiba-hdd-afr-0-78pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2021-wdc-hdd-afr-0-41pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.41% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 36 failures in 3,207,579 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.41,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.41%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 10175,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 202759 |  | 65929573 | 1820 | 0.010075903267263691",
      "locator": "2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx, sheet '2021 AFR Table', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in Backblaze's 2021 annual table: 36 failures / (3,207,579 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.41%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.01%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2021-wdc-hdd-afr-0-41pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.41% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 36 failures in 3,207,579 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2021_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2021-wdc-hdd-afr-0-41pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2022-seagate-hdd-afr-2-02pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.02% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 2,159 failures in 39,078,379 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.02,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.02%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 111004,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 29 |  |  | 230921 |  | 78760434 | 2963 | 0.013731450489467846",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx, sheet '1-Annual 2022 AFR', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in Backblaze's 2022 annual table: 2,159 failures / (39,078,379 drive days / 365) x 100 = 2.02%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.37%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2022-seagate-hdd-afr-2-02pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "2.02% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 2,159 failures in 39,078,379 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2022-seagate-hdd-afr-2-02pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2022-hgst-hdd-afr-0-58pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.58% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 255 failures in 16,069,001 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.58,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.58%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 44204,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 29 |  |  | 230921 |  | 78760434 | 2963 | 0.013731450489467846",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx, sheet '1-Annual 2022 AFR', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in Backblaze's 2022 annual table: 255 failures / (16,069,001 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.58%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.37%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2022-hgst-hdd-afr-0-58pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.58% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 255 failures in 16,069,001 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2022-hgst-hdd-afr-0-58pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2022-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-04pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.04% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 523 failures in 18,295,956 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.04,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.04%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 53801,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 29 |  |  | 230921 |  | 78760434 | 2963 | 0.013731450489467846",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx, sheet '1-Annual 2022 AFR', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in Backblaze's 2022 annual table: 523 failures / (18,295,956 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.04%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.37%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2022-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-04pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.04% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 523 failures in 18,295,956 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2022-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-04pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2022-wdc-hdd-afr-0-18pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.18% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 26 failures in 5,317,098 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.18,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.18%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 21912,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 29 |  |  | 230921 |  | 78760434 | 2963 | 0.013731450489467846",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx, sheet '1-Annual 2022 AFR', model rows; quote is the table's totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in Backblaze's 2022 annual table: 26 failures / (5,317,098 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.18%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.37%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2022-wdc-hdd-afr-0-18pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.18% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 26 failures in 5,317,098 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2022-wdc-hdd-afr-0-18pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2023-seagate-hdd-afr-2-44pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.44% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 2,771 failures in 41,533,900 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.44,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.44%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives (heat-exposed drives also excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 35 269,756 89,946,975 4,189 1.70%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2023', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/1-2023-AFR-by-Drive-Model.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in Backblaze's 2023 annual table: 2,771 failures / (41,533,900 drive days / 365) x 100 = 2.44%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.70%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2023-seagate-hdd-afr-2-44pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "2.44% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 2,771 failures in 41,533,900 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2023-seagate-hdd-afr-2-44pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2023-hgst-hdd-afr-1-47pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.47% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 621 failures in 15,385,061 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.47,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.47%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives (heat-exposed drives also excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 35 269,756 89,946,975 4,189 1.70%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2023', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/1-2023-AFR-by-Drive-Model.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in Backblaze's 2023 annual table: 621 failures / (15,385,061 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.47%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.70%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2023-hgst-hdd-afr-1-47pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.47% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 621 failures in 15,385,061 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2023-hgst-hdd-afr-1-47pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2023-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-11pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.11% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 703 failures in 23,130,584 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.11,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.11%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives (heat-exposed drives also excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 35 269,756 89,946,975 4,189 1.70%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2023', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/1-2023-AFR-by-Drive-Model.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in Backblaze's 2023 annual table: 703 failures / (23,130,584 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.11%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.70%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2023-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-11pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.11% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 703 failures in 23,130,584 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2023-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-11pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2023-wdc-hdd-afr-0-35pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.35% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 94 failures in 9,897,430 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.35,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.35%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives (heat-exposed drives also excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Model Count: 35 269,756 89,946,975 4,189 1.70%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2023', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/1-2023-AFR-by-Drive-Model.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in Backblaze's 2023 annual table: 94 failures / (9,897,430 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.35%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.70%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2023-wdc-hdd-afr-0-35pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.35% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2023 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 94 failures in 9,897,430 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2023-wdc-hdd-afr-0-35pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2024-seagate-hdd-afr-1-81pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.81% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,860 failures in 37,484,251 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.81,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.81%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 298,954 101,906,290 4,372 1.57%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2024', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/2-Annual-AFR-table-for-2024.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in Backblaze's 2024 annual table: 1,860 failures / (37,484,251 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.81%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.57%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2024-seagate-hdd-afr-1-81pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.81% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,860 failures in 37,484,251 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2024-seagate-hdd-afr-1-81pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2024-hgst-hdd-afr-3-00pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3.00% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,097 failures in 13,357,276 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "3.00%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 298,954 101,906,290 4,372 1.57%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2024', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/2-Annual-AFR-table-for-2024.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in Backblaze's 2024 annual table: 1,097 failures / (13,357,276 drive days / 365) x 100 = 3.00%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.57%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze: two 12TB HGST models drove the rise; 'Without these drive models, the 2024 AFR for HGST drive would be 0.55%.' Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2024-hgst-hdd-afr-3-00pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "3.00% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,097 failures in 13,357,276 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2024-hgst-hdd-afr-3-00pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2024-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-20pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.20% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,073 failures in 32,744,619 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.2,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.20%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 298,954 101,906,290 4,372 1.57%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2024', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/2-Annual-AFR-table-for-2024.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in Backblaze's 2024 annual table: 1,073 failures / (32,744,619 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.20%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.57%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2024-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-20pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.20% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,073 failures in 32,744,619 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2024-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-20pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2024-wdc-hdd-afr-0-68pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.68% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 342 failures in 18,320,144 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.68,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.68%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 298,954 101,906,290 4,372 1.57%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2024', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/2-Annual-AFR-table-for-2024.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in Backblaze's 2024 annual table: 342 failures / (18,320,144 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.68%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.57%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2024-wdc-hdd-afr-0-68pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.68% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2024 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 342 failures in 18,320,144 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2024-wdc-hdd-afr-0-68pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2025-seagate-hdd-afr-1-58pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.58% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,722 failures in 39,848,737 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.58,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.58%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 114249,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 115638676 4,317 1.36%%",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in Backblaze's 2025 annual table: 1,722 failures / (39,848,737 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.58%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.36%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-seagate-hdd-afr-1-58pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.58% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,722 failures in 39,848,737 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-seagate-hdd-afr-1-58pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2025-hgst-hdd-afr-2-90pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.90% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 811 failures in 10,197,833 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.9,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.90%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 31679,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 115638676 4,317 1.36%%",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in Backblaze's 2025 annual table: 811 failures / (10,197,833 drive days / 365) x 100 = 2.90%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.36%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-hgst",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's HGST drives are its 4TB to 12TB models, 4.5 to 8.6 years old on average in 2025. Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-hgst-hdd-afr-2-90pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "2.90% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 811 failures in 10,197,833 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-hgst-hdd-afr-2-90pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2025-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-25pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.25% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,301 failures in 37,981,940 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.25,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.25%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 113898,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 115638676 4,317 1.36%%",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in Backblaze's 2025 annual table: 1,301 failures / (37,981,940 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.25%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.36%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Includes the MG08ACA16TEY model's firmware-related pulls counted as failures in Q3 2025 (6.30% for the year). Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-25pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.25% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,301 failures in 37,981,940 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-toshiba-hdd-afr-1-25pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2025-wdc-hdd-afr-0-64pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.64% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 483 failures in 27,610,166 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.64,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.64%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 84370,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 115638676 4,317 1.36%%",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model rows; quote is the table's totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in Backblaze's 2025 annual table: 483 failures / (27,610,166 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.64%. The same summation over all makers reproduces Backblaze's published total (1.36%).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-annual-afr-wdc",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-wdc-hdd-afr-0-64pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.64% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 483 failures in 27,610,166 drive days, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-wdc-hdd-afr-0-64pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-07pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.07% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 573 failures among 112,567 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.07,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.07%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, Q2 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 112567,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 354,415 | | 31,553,350 | 1,498 | 1.73",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for Q2 2026', model rows (HTML table); quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows: 573 failures / (10,081,663 drive days / 365) x 100 = 2.07%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-07pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "2.07% of Seagate hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 573 failures among 112,567 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-hdd-quarterly-afr-2-07pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-69pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.69% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the Seagate hard-drive models Backblaze had in service in mid-2026, 12,383 failures in 267,490,315 drive days (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.69,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since each model was installed)",
      "display_value": "1.69%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate, lifetime",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days; only models still in service on June 30, 2026",
      "sample_n": 111193,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 353,041 | | 558,148,607 | 21,609 | 1.41",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Lifetime Hard Drive Failure Rates' (reporting period ending June 30, 2026), model rows (HTML table); quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Seagate model rows in the lifetime table: 12,383 failures / (267,490,315 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.69%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. Retired models (for example the Seagate 4TB ST4000DM000, about 79 million drive days and over 5,600 failures by end-2023) drop out of lifetime tables once retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-69pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.69% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the Seagate hard-drive models Backblaze had in service in mid-2026, 12,383 failures in 267,490,315 drive days (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-69pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-hdd-quarterly-afr-4-72pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "4.72% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 296 failures among 25,489 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.72,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "4.72%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, Q2 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 25489,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 354,415 | | 31,553,350 | 1,498 | 1.73",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for Q2 2026', model rows (HTML table); quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows: 296 failures / (2,287,586 drive days / 365) x 100 = 4.72%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. HGST's figure is driven by the 12TB HUH721212ALN604 (7.63% in the quarter), a quartile outlier per Backblaze.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-hdd-quarterly-afr-4-72pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "4.72% of HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 296 failures among 25,489 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-hdd-quarterly-afr-4-72pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-96pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.96% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard-drive models Backblaze had in service in mid-2026, 3,193 failures in 59,336,756 drive days (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.96,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since each model was installed)",
      "display_value": "1.96%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST, lifetime",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days; only models still in service on June 30, 2026",
      "sample_n": 25489,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 353,041 | | 558,148,607 | 21,609 | 1.41",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Lifetime Hard Drive Failure Rates' (reporting period ending June 30, 2026), model rows (HTML table); quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the HGST model rows in the lifetime table: 3,193 failures / (59,336,756 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.96%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. Retired models (for example the Seagate 4TB ST4000DM000, about 79 million drive days and over 5,600 failures by end-2023) drop out of lifetime tables once retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-96pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.96% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the HGST (Western Digital's former Hitachi line) hard-drive models Backblaze had in service in mid-2026, 3,193 failures in 59,336,756 drive days (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-96pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-40pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.40% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 424 failures among 125,050 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.4,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.40%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, Q2 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 125050,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 354,415 | | 31,553,350 | 1,498 | 1.73",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for Q2 2026', model rows (HTML table); quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows: 424 failures / (11,090,829 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.40%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-40pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.40% of Toshiba hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 424 failures among 125,050 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-40pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-14pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.14% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the Toshiba hard-drive models Backblaze had in service in mid-2026, 4,706 failures in 151,009,391 drive days (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.14,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since each model was installed)",
      "display_value": "1.14%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba, lifetime",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days; only models still in service on June 30, 2026",
      "sample_n": 125050,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 353,041 | | 558,148,607 | 21,609 | 1.41",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Lifetime Hard Drive Failure Rates' (reporting period ending June 30, 2026), model rows (HTML table); quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the Toshiba model rows in the lifetime table: 4,706 failures / (151,009,391 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.14%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. Retired models (for example the Seagate 4TB ST4000DM000, about 79 million drive days and over 5,600 failures by end-2023) drop out of lifetime tables once retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-14pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.14% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the Toshiba hard-drive models Backblaze had in service in mid-2026, 4,706 failures in 151,009,391 drive days (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-14pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-92pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.92% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 205 failures among 91,309 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.92,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.92%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, Q2 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 91309,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 354,415 | | 31,553,350 | 1,498 | 1.73",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for Q2 2026', model rows (HTML table); quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows: 205 failures / (8,093,272 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.92%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-92pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.92% of Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in Q2 2026 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 205 failures among 91,309 drives, summed from Backblaze's model table (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-hdd-quarterly-afr-0-92pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-hdd-lifetime-afr-0-60pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.60% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard-drive models Backblaze had in service in mid-2026, 1,327 failures in 80,312,145 drive days (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Western Digital drives failed at **0.60%** a year over their service lives in one cloud fleet, HGST's at 1.96% (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_refs": [
        "backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-hdd-lifetime-afr-1-96pct-derived"
      ],
      "value": 0.6,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since each model was installed)",
      "display_value": "0.60%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC, lifetime",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days; only models still in service on June 30, 2026",
      "sample_n": 91309,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 353,041 | | 558,148,607 | 21,609 | 1.41",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Lifetime Hard Drive Failure Rates' (reporting period ending June 30, 2026), model rows (HTML table); quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in the lifetime table: 1,327 failures / (80,312,145 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.60%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Manufacturer rates mix each maker's models of different ages and sizes; Backblaze notes that many of its oldest drives are Seagate, which pushes Seagate's rate up (Q1 2023 report). Compare models of similar age before ranking brands. Retired models (for example the Seagate 4TB ST4000DM000, about 79 million drive days and over 5,600 failures by end-2023) drop out of lifetime tables once retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-hdd-lifetime-afr-0-60pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.60% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the Western Digital (WDC-branded) hard-drive models Backblaze had in service in mid-2026, 1,327 failures in 80,312,145 drive days (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-hdd-lifetime-afr-0-60pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2025-12tb-or-smaller-hdd-afr-2-33pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.33% of the 12TB and smaller hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,987 failures among 89,939 drives (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.33,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.33%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 12TB and smaller, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 89939,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 115638676 4,317 1.36%%",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model rows grouped by size; quote is the Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the model rows of 12TB and smaller drives: 1,987 failures / (31,121,445 drive days / 365) x 100 = 2.33%. Groups follow Backblaze's own split (0-12TB, 14-16TB, 20TB+).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2025",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Size and age go together in Backblaze's fleet: its 12TB-and-smaller drives were 4.5 to 9 years old in 2025, its 20TB+ drives under 1.5 years, so this mostly shows age, not capacity. Backblaze's report gives the fleet split by size: '0-12TB: 25.13%, 14-16TB: 52.06%, 20TB+: 22.81%'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-12tb-or-smaller-hdd-afr-2-33pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "2.33% of the 12TB and smaller hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,987 failures among 89,939 drives (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-12tb-or-smaller-hdd-afr-2-33pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2025-14-16tb-hdd-afr-1-10pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.10% of the 14TB to 16TB hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,919 failures among 177,041 drives (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.1,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.10%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 14TB to 16TB, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 177041,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 115638676 4,317 1.36%%",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model rows grouped by size; quote is the Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the model rows of 14TB to 16TB drives: 1,919 failures / (63,588,186 drive days / 365) x 100 = 1.10%. Groups follow Backblaze's own split (0-12TB, 14-16TB, 20TB+).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2025",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Size and age go together in Backblaze's fleet: its 12TB-and-smaller drives were 4.5 to 9 years old in 2025, its 20TB+ drives under 1.5 years, so this mostly shows age, not capacity. Backblaze's report gives the fleet split by size: '0-12TB: 25.13%, 14-16TB: 52.06%, 20TB+: 22.81%'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-14-16tb-hdd-afr-1-10pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "1.10% of the 14TB to 16TB hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1,919 failures among 177,041 drives (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-14-16tb-hdd-afr-1-10pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-2025-20tb-and-larger-hdd-afr-0-72pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.72% of the 20TB and larger hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 411 failures among 77,216 drives (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.72,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.72%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 20TB and larger, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 77216,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 115638676 4,317 1.36%%",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model rows grouped by size; quote is the Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the model rows of 20TB and larger drives: 411 failures / (20,929,045 drive days / 365) x 100 = 0.72%. Groups follow Backblaze's own split (0-12TB, 14-16TB, 20TB+).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2025",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Size and age go together in Backblaze's fleet: its 12TB-and-smaller drives were 4.5 to 9 years old in 2025, its 20TB+ drives under 1.5 years, so this mostly shows age, not capacity. Backblaze's report gives the fleet split by size: '0-12TB: 25.13%, 14-16TB: 52.06%, 20TB+: 22.81%'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-20tb-and-larger-hdd-afr-0-72pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "0.72% of the 20TB and larger hard drives in Backblaze's data centres failed in 2025 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 411 failures among 77,216 drives (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-2025-20tb-and-larger-hdd-afr-0-72pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-05-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2017-2-00pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.00% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2017 (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "2.00%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Stats for Q1 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q1-2018/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-05-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The overall failure rate of 1.84% is the lowest we have ever achieved, besting the previous low of 2.00% from the end of 2017.",
      "locator": "Notes under the lifetime table, Q1 2018 report",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired. Value for end-2017 as restated in the Q1 2018 report; the 2017 report shows its lifetime table only as an image.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-05-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2017-2-00pct",
      "citation_text": "2.00% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2017 (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Stats for Q1 2018\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q1-2018/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-05-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2017-2-00pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2018-1-68pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.68% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2018, 4,805 failures in 104,231,470 drive days (Backblaze, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.68,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.68%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2018_Lifetime_Drive_Stats.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals: ,\"124,909 \",\" 104,231,470 \",\"4,805 \",1.68%",
      "locator": "2018_Lifetime_Drive_Stats.csv (ZIP linked from the 2018 report), Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2018-1-68pct",
      "citation_text": "1.68% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2018, 4,805 failures in 104,231,470 drive days (Backblaze, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"2018_Lifetime_Drive_Stats.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2018_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2018-1-68pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2019-1-76pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.76% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2019, 6,698 failures in 138,907,659 drive days (Backblaze, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.76,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.76%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 5,000 drive days in Q4 2019",
      "sample_n": 122507,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "lifetime_chart_as_of_Q4_2019.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2019_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals: ,\" 122,507 \",\" 138,907,659 \",\" 6,698 \",1.76%",
      "locator": "lifetime_chart_as_of_Q4_2019.csv (ZIP linked from the 2019 report), Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired. The 2021 report later wrote 'at the end of 2019, the AFR stood at 1.62%' (backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-lifetime-end-2019-restated-1-62pct).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2019-1-76pct",
      "citation_text": "1.76% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2019, 6,698 failures in 138,907,659 drive days (Backblaze, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"lifetime_chart_as_of_Q4_2019.csv (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2019_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2019-1-76pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2020-1-54pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.54% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2020, 8,000 failures in 190,175,450 drive days (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.54,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.54%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2020",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 162299,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 162299 |  | 190175450 | 8000 | 0.015354242621747444",
      "locator": "Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2020 report), sheet 'Lifetime', Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2020-1-54pct",
      "citation_text": "1.54% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2020, 8,000 failures in 190,175,450 drive days (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Drive_Stats_Q4_2020_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2020_Drive_Stats_Chart_Data.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2020-1-54pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2021-1-40pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.40% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2021, 9,819 failures in 255,915,535 drive days (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.4,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.40%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 202759,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The lifetime AFR for all the drives listed above is 1.4% and continues to go down year over year.",
      "locator": "Section 'Observations and Caveats' under the lifetime table; totals from the 2021 workbook sheet '2021 Lifetime AFR Table'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2021-1-40pct",
      "citation_text": "1.40% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2021, 9,819 failures in 255,915,535 drive days (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2021-1-40pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2022-1-39pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.39% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2022, 12,768 failures in 334,455,666 drive days (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.39,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.39%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 230921,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2022/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The current lifetime AFR is 1.39%, which is down from a year ago (1.40%) and also down from last quarter (1.41%).",
      "locator": "Section 'Lifetime Hard Drive Stats'; totals from the 2022 workbook sheet '7-Lifetime 2022'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2022-1-39pct",
      "citation_text": "1.39% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2022, 12,768 failures in 334,455,666 drive days (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2022/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2022-1-39pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2023-1-46pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.46% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2023, across 269,756 drives (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.46,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.46%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives (heat-exposed drives also excluded)",
      "sample_n": 269756,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The current lifetime AFR for all of the drives is 1.46%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Lifetime Hard Drive Stats'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired. Backblaze: the highest lifetime AFR since Q1 2021 (1.49%), reflecting the quarterly rise in 2023.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2023-1-46pct",
      "citation_text": "1.46% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2023, across 269,756 drives (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2023-1-46pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2024-1-31pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.31% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2024, across 298,230 drives (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.31,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.31%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days",
      "sample_n": 298230,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The current lifetime AFR for all of the drives is 1.31%. This is down from 1.46% in 2023.",
      "locator": "Section 'Lifetime hard drive stats'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired. Backblaze: the drop is mainly the retirement of the Seagate 4TB drives, whose 79 million drive days and over 5,600 failures left the lifetime table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2024-1-31pct",
      "citation_text": "1.31% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2024, across 298,230 drives (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2024-1-31pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2025-1-30pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.30% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2025, 19,890 failures in 557,699,373 drive days (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.3,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.30%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Ol' faithful: Lifetime AFR is 1.30% this quarter, and there's been no significant change in that number for quite some time.",
      "locator": "Section 'Lifetime hard drive failure rates', notes; drive days and failures from the infographic row 'Lifetime 557,699,373 19,890 1.30%'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2025-1-30pct",
      "citation_text": "1.30% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of December 31, 2025, 19,890 failures in 557,699,373 drive days (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2025-1-30pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-07-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-q1-2026-1-39pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.39% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of March 31, 2026, 20,212 failures in 529,968,464 drive days (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.39,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.39%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to March 31, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to March 31, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Stay on target. The lifetime failure rate is 1.39%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and observations' under the lifetime table (Totals: 529,968,464 drive days, 20,212 failures, 1.39)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired. The jump from 1.30% (end-2025) follows the last 4TB HGST drives, among the most reliable models, dropping below the lifetime criteria; the Q1 2026 lifetime table's caption repeats the quarterly criteria, apparently a copy slip.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-07-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-q1-2026-1-39pct",
      "citation_text": "1.39% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of March 31, 2026, 20,212 failures in 529,968,464 drive days (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-07-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-q1-2026-1-39pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-q2-2026-1-41pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.41% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of June 30, 2026, 21,609 failures in 558,148,607 drive days (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.41,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.41%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, lifetime to June 30, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days",
      "sample_n": 353041,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The lifetime AFR is consistent. We see a slight uptick this quarter to 1.41%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and observations' under the lifetime table (Totals: 353,041 drives, 558,148,607 drive days, 21,609 failures, 1.41)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR covers every day each listed model has run since April 2013, for models still in service at the date; retired models drop out, so the figure can move when a large, old model is retired. The newest lifetime figure as of November 4, 2026.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-q2-2026-1-41pct",
      "citation_text": "1.41% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres as of June 30, 2026, 21,609 failures in 558,148,607 drive days (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-q2-2026-1-41pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-lifetime-end-2019-restated-1-62pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.62% is the end-2019 lifetime annualized failure rate as Backblaze's 2021 report gives it, against 1.76% in the 2019 report's own lifetime table (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.62,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.62%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "At the end of 2020, the AFR was 1.54% and at the end of 2019, the AFR stood at 1.62%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Observations and Caveats' under the lifetime table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Inconsistency between Backblaze reports: the 2019 lifetime CSV gives 1.76% (122,507 drives, 6,698 failures in 138,907,659 drive days). The 1.62% may reflect the 60-drive rule adopted in 2020; Backblaze does not explain it.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-lifetime-end-2019-restated-1-62pct",
      "citation_text": "1.62% is the end-2019 lifetime annualized failure rate as Backblaze's 2021 report gives it, against 1.76% in the 2019 report's own lifetime table (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-02-drive-stats-lifetime-end-2019-restated-1-62pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-5380-failures-all-drives-april-2013-to-2016-afr-3-36pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**3.36%** a year was the annualized failure rate of all 85,467 hard drives Backblaze had used from April 2013 to the end of 2016, 5,380 failures in 58,375,646 drive days, retired models included (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.36,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate over all drives ever used (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "3.36%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); every model with more than 45 drives used since April 2013, including retired models",
      "sample_n": 85467,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | 85467 | 58375646 | 5380 | 0.03363902816595811",
      "locator": "Workbook q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx, sheet 'All Years', Totals row (models with more than 45 drives)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Unlike the usual lifetime figure, this includes retired models such as the Seagate 3TB and 1.5TB drives, which is why it is about twice the active-model rate (2.07% for models in service, Q1 2017 report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-5380-failures-all-drives-april-2013-to-2016-afr-3-36pct",
      "citation_text": "**3.36%** a year was the annualized failure rate of all 85,467 hard drives Backblaze had used from April 2013 to the end of 2016, 5,380 failures in 58,375,646 drive days, retired models included (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2017-01-drive-stats-5380-failures-all-drives-april-2013-to-2016-afr-3-36pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2013-27134",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "27,134 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2013, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 27134,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "27,134",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "December 31, 2013",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What Is the Best Hard Drive?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/best-hard-drive-q4-2014/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-01-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "That is up from 27,134 at the end of 2013.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Data drives in Storage Pods (consumer-grade drives) at the end of 2013.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2013-27134",
      "citation_text": "27,134 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2013, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2015). Source: Backblaze, \"What Is the Best Hard Drive?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/best-hard-drive-q4-2014/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2013-27134."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2014-41213",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "41,213 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2014, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 41213,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "41,213",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "December 31, 2014",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What Is the Best Hard Drive?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/best-hard-drive-q4-2014/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-01-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "as of December 31, 2014, we had 41,213 disk drives spinning in our data center",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Includes boot drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2014-41213",
      "citation_text": "41,213 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2014, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2015). Source: Backblaze, \"What Is the Best Hard Drive?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/best-hard-drive-q4-2014/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2014-41213."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2015-56224",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "56,224 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2015, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 56224,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "56,224",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "December 31, 2015",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Reliability Review for 2015",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-q4-2015/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "By the end of 2015, the Backblaze data center had 56,224 spinning hard drives containing customer data.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2015-56224",
      "citation_text": "56,224 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2015, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Reliability Review for 2015\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-q4-2015/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2015-56224."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2016-73653",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "73,653 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2016, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 73653,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "73,653",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "December 31, 2016",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-benchmark-stats-2016/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "At the end of 2016 we had 73,653 spinning hard drives.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 1,553 boot drives and 72,100 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2016-73653",
      "citation_text": "73,653 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2016, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2017). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2016\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-benchmark-stats-2016/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2016-73653."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2017-93240",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "93,240 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2017, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 93240,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "93,240",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2017",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "At the end of 2017 we had 93,240 spinning hard drives.",
      "locator": "Section 'Overview'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 1,935 boot drives and 91,305 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2017-93240",
      "citation_text": "93,240 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2017, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2017-93240."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2018-106919",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "106,919 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2018, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 106919,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "106,919",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2018",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2018/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As of December 31, 2018, we had 106,919 spinning hard drives.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 1,965 boot drives and 104,954 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2018-106919",
      "citation_text": "106,919 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2018, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2019). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2018\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2018/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2018-106919."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2019-124956",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "124,956 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2019, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 124956,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "124,956",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2019",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As of December 31, 2019, Backblaze had 124,956 spinning hard drives.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 2,229 boot drives and 122,658 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2019-124956",
      "citation_text": "124,956 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2019, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2019-124956."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2020-165530",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "165,530 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2020, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 165530,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "165,530",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2020",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-for-2020/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "as of December 31, 2020 we had 165,530 drives under management",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 3,000 boot drives (HDDs and SSDs) and 162,530 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2020-165530",
      "citation_text": "165,530 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2020, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2020\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-for-2020/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2020-165530."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2021-206928",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "206,928 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2021, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 206928,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "206,928",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2021",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "as of December 31, 2021, we had 206,928 drives under management",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 3,760 boot drives and 203,168 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2021-206928",
      "citation_text": "206,928 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2021, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2021-206928."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2022-235608",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "235,608 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2022, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 235608,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "235,608",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2022",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2022/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As of December 31, 2022, we had 235,608 drives under management.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 4,299 boot drives and 231,309 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2022-235608",
      "citation_text": "235,608 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2022, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2022/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2022-235608."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2023-274622",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "274,622 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2023, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 274622,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "274,622",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2023",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As of December 31, 2023, we had 274,622 drives under management.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 4,400 boot drives and 270,222 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2023-274622",
      "citation_text": "274,622 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2023, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2023-274622."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2024-305180",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "305,180 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2024, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 305180,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "305,180",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2024",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As of December 31, 2024, we had 305,180 drives under management.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Of these, 4,060 boot drives and 301,120 data drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2024-305180",
      "citation_text": "305,180 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2024, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2024-305180."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2025-349462",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "349,462 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2025, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 349462,
      "unit": "drives in service at year end (count)",
      "display_value": "349,462",
      "display_label": "Backblaze fleet, end 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2025",
      "population": "All drives in Backblaze's storage servers (data drives, and boot drives where the report counts them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As of the end of 2025, Backblaze was monitoring 349,462 hard drives used to store data.",
      "locator": "Section '2025 Annual hard drive failure rates'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-fleet-drive-count-year-end",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The report removes 4,176 boot drives and 1,090 drives that missed its criteria from this count, so the 349,462 appears to include boot drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2025-349462",
      "citation_text": "349,462 drives were running in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2025, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-fleet-drive-count-end-2025-349462."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-6795-failed-drives-april-2013-to-2017",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "6,795 hard drives failed in Backblaze's data centres between April 2013 and the end of 2017, an average of 3.94 a day, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6795,
      "unit": "failed hard drives (count)",
      "display_value": "6,795",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "6,795 — The number of hard drives that have failed from April 2013 until the end of December 2017.",
      "locator": "Section 'A Few More Numbers'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same section: 1,508 drives replaced as failed in 2017 (4.13 a day), 116,833 drives with data since April 2013.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-6795-failed-drives-april-2013-to-2017",
      "citation_text": "6,795 hard drives failed in Backblaze's data centres between April 2013 and the end of 2017, an average of 3.94 a day, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2017\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2017/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-02-drive-stats-6795-failed-drives-april-2013-to-2017."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-one-failed-drive-every-2-hours-5-minutes",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "One hard drive failed about every two hours and five minutes in Backblaze's data centres in 2023, 4,189 failures in the year (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4189,
      "unit": "failed hard drives in the year (count)",
      "display_value": "every 2 hours 5 minutes",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives (heat-exposed drives also excluded)",
      "sample_n": 269756,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Doing a little math, over the last year on average, we replaced a failed drive every two hours and five minutes.",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and Observations', 'Failures for the year'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-one-failed-drive-every-2-hours-5-minutes",
      "citation_text": "One hard drive failed about every two hours and five minutes in Backblaze's data centres in 2023, 4,189 failures in the year (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-one-failed-drive-every-2-hours-5-minutes."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-12-data-centre-hours-replacing-hard-drives-3112-hours-0-74-per-drive",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3,112 hours were spent replacing hard drives across Backblaze's data centres in 2025, about 0.74 hours per drive (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3112.43,
      "unit": "technician hours spent replacing hard drives in the year",
      "display_value": "3,112 hours",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Backblaze data-centre staff work on drive replacements",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2025: That’s a Wrap and Here Are the Stats",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/2025-thats-a-wrap-and-here-are-the-stats/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-12-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In total across data centers, we spent 3,112.43 hours replacing hard drives.",
      "locator": "Body text after the per-data-centre charts",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A cost-of-failure angle from a data centre: each replaced drive took about 45 minutes of technician time.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-12-data-centre-hours-replacing-hard-drives-3112-hours-0-74-per-drive",
      "citation_text": "3,112 hours were spent replacing hard drives across Backblaze's data centres in 2025, about 0.74 hours per drive (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"2025: That’s a Wrap and Here Are the Stats\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/2025-thats-a-wrap-and-here-are-the-stats/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-12-data-centre-hours-replacing-hard-drives-3112-hours-0-74-per-drive."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-53337-drives-installed-2024",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "53,337 drives were installed in Backblaze's data centres in 2024, about 26 an hour of technician time (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 53337,
      "unit": "drives installed in the year (count)",
      "display_value": "53,337",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "All drives installed in Backblaze's data centres (new capacity, migrations, replacements)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During 2024, our data center techs installed 53,337 drives.",
      "locator": "Section '2024 annual hard drive failure rates', 'Busy data center techs'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-53337-drives-installed-2024",
      "citation_text": "53,337 drives were installed in Backblaze's data centres in 2024, about 26 an hour of technician time (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-53337-drives-installed-2024."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-08-drive-stats-over-four-exabytes-under-management",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**Over four exabytes** of storage ran on Backblaze's hard drives in mid-2025, by Backblaze's description (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "exabytes of storage managed (approximate)",
      "display_value": "over 4 exabytes",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Backblaze's storage fleet",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "if said obstacle courses were about managing over four exabytes of storage from archival backups to streaming media to AI training datasets",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-08-drive-stats-over-four-exabytes-under-management",
      "citation_text": "**Over four exabytes** of storage ran on Backblaze's hard drives in mid-2025, by Backblaze's description (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-08-drive-stats-over-four-exabytes-under-management."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-share-of-drives-7-20pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "7.20% of the hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 analysis were HGST drives, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7.2,
      "unit": "% of analysed drives by manufacturer",
      "display_value": "7.20%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 354415,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive population by manufacturer HGST (7.20%) Seagate (31.76%) Toshiba (35.28%) WDC (27.76%)",
      "locator": "Infographic 'Drive Stats Q2 2026 Snapshot', pie chart 'Drive population by manufacturer' (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/Q2-2026-Drive-Stats-_-Infographic.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-share-by-manufacturer-q2-2026",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Context for any brand comparison: Backblaze's mix shifted from about 78% Seagate in 2018 ('Seagate drives were 78.15% of the drives in operation', 2019 report) to a near three-way split.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-share-of-drives-7-20pct",
      "citation_text": "7.20% of the hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 analysis were HGST drives, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-hgst-share-of-drives-7-20pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-share-of-drives-31-76pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "31.76% of the hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 analysis were Seagate drives, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 31.76,
      "unit": "% of analysed drives by manufacturer",
      "display_value": "31.76%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 354415,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive population by manufacturer HGST (7.20%) Seagate (31.76%) Toshiba (35.28%) WDC (27.76%)",
      "locator": "Infographic 'Drive Stats Q2 2026 Snapshot', pie chart 'Drive population by manufacturer' (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/Q2-2026-Drive-Stats-_-Infographic.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-share-by-manufacturer-q2-2026",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Context for any brand comparison: Backblaze's mix shifted from about 78% Seagate in 2018 ('Seagate drives were 78.15% of the drives in operation', 2019 report) to a near three-way split.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-share-of-drives-31-76pct",
      "citation_text": "31.76% of the hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 analysis were Seagate drives, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-seagate-share-of-drives-31-76pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-share-of-drives-35-28pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "35.28% of the hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 analysis were Toshiba drives, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 35.28,
      "unit": "% of analysed drives by manufacturer",
      "display_value": "35.28%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 354415,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive population by manufacturer HGST (7.20%) Seagate (31.76%) Toshiba (35.28%) WDC (27.76%)",
      "locator": "Infographic 'Drive Stats Q2 2026 Snapshot', pie chart 'Drive population by manufacturer' (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/Q2-2026-Drive-Stats-_-Infographic.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-share-by-manufacturer-q2-2026",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Context for any brand comparison: Backblaze's mix shifted from about 78% Seagate in 2018 ('Seagate drives were 78.15% of the drives in operation', 2019 report) to a near three-way split.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-share-of-drives-35-28pct",
      "citation_text": "35.28% of the hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 analysis were Toshiba drives, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-toshiba-share-of-drives-35-28pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-share-of-drives-25-76pct-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "25.76% of the 354,415 hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 analysis were WDC drives (91,309), by the drive counts in Backblaze's quarterly table; its summary graphic shows 27.76%, which would make the four makers' shares add up to 102% (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 25.76,
      "unit": "% of analysed drives by manufacturer (derived from the drive counts)",
      "display_value": "25.76%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 354415,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Removing these drives leaves us with 354,415 hard drives to analyze.",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for Q2 2026' (quarterly), WDC model rows summed; quote is the text introducing the table",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum of the WDC model rows in the Q2 2026 quarterly table: 91,309 / 354,415 drives x 100 = 25.76%. The four makers sum to 354,415 (HGST 25,489, Seagate 112,567, Toshiba 125,050, WDC 91,309).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-share-by-manufacturer-q2-2026",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Context for any brand comparison: Backblaze's mix shifted from about 78% Seagate in 2018 ('Seagate drives were 78.15% of the drives in operation', 2019 report) to a near three-way split. Correction (2026-11-04): Backblaze's 'Drive population by manufacturer' graphic gives WDC 27.76%, which with HGST 7.20%, Seagate 31.76% and Toshiba 35.28% sums to 102%; the table's drive counts give 25.76% (HGST 7.19%, the graphic's 7.20% kept).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-share-of-drives-25-76pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "25.76% of the 354,415 hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 analysis were WDC drives (91,309), by the drive counts in Backblaze's quarterly table; its summary graphic shows 27.76%, which would make the four makers' shares add up to 102% (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-wdc-share-of-drives-25-76pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-seagate-share-73-28pct-2019",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "73.28% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres were Seagate drives at the end of 2019, down from 78.15% in 2018 (Backblaze, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 73.28,
      "unit": "% of drives in operation by manufacturer",
      "display_value": "73.28%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2019",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In 2018, Seagate drives were 78.15% of the drives in operation, by the end of 2019 that percentage had decreased to 73.28%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Drive Diversity'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-seagate-share-73-28pct-2019",
      "citation_text": "73.28% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres were Seagate drives at the end of 2019, down from 78.15% in 2018 (Backblaze, 2020). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Hard Drive Stats for 2019\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-2019/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2020-02-drive-stats-seagate-share-73-28pct-2019."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-20tb-plus-share-of-fleet-22-81pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "22.81% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres were 20TB or larger at the end of 2025, against 52.06% at 14TB to 16TB and 25.13% at 12TB or less (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 22.81,
      "unit": "% of drives by capacity group",
      "display_value": "22.81%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "0–12TB: 25.13% 14–16TB: 52.06% 20TB+: 22.81%",
      "locator": "Section 'Comparing Drive Stats for 2023, 2024, and 2025', drive size breakdown",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze: 'based on the current quarterly data'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-20tb-plus-share-of-fleet-22-81pct",
      "citation_text": "22.81% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres were 20TB or larger at the end of 2025, against 52.06% at 14TB to 16TB and 25.13% at 12TB or less (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-20tb-plus-share-of-fleet-22-81pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-07-drive-stats-new-20tb-plus-drives-afr-0-85pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.85% of Backblaze's newly deployed drives larger than 20TB failed on an annualized basis as a pool in Q1 2026 (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.85,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate of the pool (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.85%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drives of more than 20TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "While these drives are still fairly young, their AFR is an impressive 0.85% as a pool.",
      "locator": "Section 'Note and observations' ('The investment in higher capacity drives continues')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Young drives: the pool's low rate reflects age as much as design. Earlier pool figures: 0.77% in Q4 2024 (over 14,000 new 20TB+ drives), 0.72% in Q1 2025.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-07-drive-stats-new-20tb-plus-drives-afr-0-85pct",
      "citation_text": "0.85% of Backblaze's newly deployed drives larger than 20TB failed on an annualized basis as a pool in Q1 2026 (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-07-drive-stats-new-20tb-plus-drives-afr-0-85pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-small-drives-afr-2-12pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.12% of Backblaze's 4TB to 10TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, against 1.07% for its 12TB to 16TB drives, the smaller drives being far older (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.12,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.12%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2022/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In the case of the small drives, the increase was pronounced, and at 2.12% is well above the 1.37% AFR for 2022 for all drives.",
      "locator": "Section 'Drive Size and Drive Failure'; large-drive figure from the 2022 workbook sheet '3-Annual AFR by Drive Size'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze: the small-drive cohort had 28.7% of drive days but 44.5% of failures; its models averaged 5 to 8 years old versus 1 to 3 years for 12TB+.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-small-drives-afr-2-12pct",
      "citation_text": "2.12% of Backblaze's 4TB to 10TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, against 1.07% for its 12TB to 16TB drives, the smaller drives being far older (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2022/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-small-drives-afr-2-12pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-toshiba-mg08aca16tey-afr-6-30pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "6.30% of Backblaze's Toshiba MG08ACA16TEY (16TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the highest among models with over a million drive days in 2025, 318 failures in 1,843,841 drive days across 5,197 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.3,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "6.30%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba MG08ACA16TEY (16TB), 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 5197,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Toshiba MG08ACA16TEY 16 5,197 47.5 1,843,841 318 6.30",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model row (MFG, model, size TB, drive count, average age in months, drive days, failures, AFR) (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Inflated by drives pulled for a Toshiba firmware update in Q3 2025 and counted as failures (Backblaze: 'the failure wasn't mechanical'); 1.58% in 2024. The 'over a million drive days' cut is this record's, to avoid small-sample extremes; Backblaze's own annual cut is more than 250 drives and 50,000 drive days.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-toshiba-mg08aca16tey-afr-6-30pct",
      "citation_text": "6.30% of Backblaze's Toshiba MG08ACA16TEY (16TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the highest among models with over a million drive days in 2025, 318 failures in 1,843,841 drive days across 5,197 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-toshiba-mg08aca16tey-afr-6-30pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-hgst-huh721212aln604-afr-3-95pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3.95% of Backblaze's HGST HUH721212ALN604 (12TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the highest without a known one-off cause among models with over a million drive days, 393 failures in 3,628,418 drive days across 10,195 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.95,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "3.95%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST HUH721212ALN604 (12TB), 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 10195,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST HUH721212ALN604 12 10,195 78.0 3,628,418 393 3.95",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model row (MFG, model, size TB, drive count, average age in months, drive days, failures, AFR) (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Average age 78 months (6.5 years); 5.65% in 2024, 7.63% in Q2 2026. The 'over a million drive days' cut is this record's, to avoid small-sample extremes; Backblaze's own annual cut is more than 250 drives and 50,000 drive days.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-hgst-huh721212aln604-afr-3-95pct",
      "citation_text": "3.95% of Backblaze's HGST HUH721212ALN604 (12TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the highest without a known one-off cause among models with over a million drive days, 393 failures in 3,628,418 drive days across 10,195 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-hgst-huh721212aln604-afr-3-95pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-wdc-wuh722222ale6l4-afr-0-47pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.47% of Backblaze's WDC WUH722222ALE6L4 (22TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the lowest among models with over a million drive days, 177 failures in 13,612,879 drive days across 44,577 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.47,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.47%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC WUH722222ALE6L4 (22TB), 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 44577,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "WDC WUH722222ALE6L4 22 44,577 13.6 13,612,879 177 0.47",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model row (MFG, model, size TB, drive count, average age in months, drive days, failures, AFR) (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Young drives (13.6 months on average). The 'over a million drive days' cut is this record's, to avoid small-sample extremes; Backblaze's own annual cut is more than 250 drives and 50,000 drive days.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-wdc-wuh722222ale6l4-afr-0-47pct",
      "citation_text": "0.47% of Backblaze's WDC WUH722222ALE6L4 (22TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the lowest among models with over a million drive days, 177 failures in 13,612,879 drive days across 44,577 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-wdc-wuh722222ale6l4-afr-0-47pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-seagate-st16000nm001g-afr-0-54pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.54% of Backblaze's Seagate ST16000NM001G (16TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the lowest among models over three years old with over a million drive days, 182 failures in 12,381,689 drive days across 34,563 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.54,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.54%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate ST16000NM001G (16TB), 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 34563,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate ST16000NM001G 16 34,563 38.6 12,381,689 182 0.54",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model row (MFG, model, size TB, drive count, average age in months, drive days, failures, AFR) (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Average age 38.6 months. The 'over a million drive days' cut is this record's, to avoid small-sample extremes; Backblaze's own annual cut is more than 250 drives and 50,000 drive days.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-seagate-st16000nm001g-afr-0-54pct",
      "citation_text": "0.54% of Backblaze's Seagate ST16000NM001G (16TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the lowest among models over three years old with over a million drive days, 182 failures in 12,381,689 drive days across 34,563 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-seagate-st16000nm001g-afr-0-54pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-hgst-hms5c4040ble640-afr-0-49pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.49% of Backblaze's HGST HMS5C4040BLE640 (4TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the fleet's oldest model in 2025, at 8.6 years on average, 5 failures in 375,277 drive days across 4,121 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.49,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.49%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, HGST HMS5C4040BLE640 (4TB), 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 4121,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST HMS5C4040BLE640 4 4,121 103.3 375,277 5 0.49",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model row (MFG, model, size TB, drive count, average age in months, drive days, failures, AFR) (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Retired in Q2 2026 'at nearly nine years old'. The 'over a million drive days' cut is this record's, to avoid small-sample extremes; Backblaze's own annual cut is more than 250 drives and 50,000 drive days.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-hgst-hms5c4040ble640-afr-0-49pct",
      "citation_text": "0.49% of Backblaze's HGST HMS5C4040BLE640 (4TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, the fleet's oldest model in 2025, at 8.6 years on average, 5 failures in 375,277 drive days across 4,121 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-hgst-hms5c4040ble640-afr-0-49pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-seagate-st10000nm0086-afr-5-66pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "5.66% of Backblaze's Seagate ST10000NM0086 (10TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, among the highest of all models in 2025, 57 failures in 367,460 drive days across 1,044 drives (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.66,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "5.66%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate ST10000NM0086 (10TB), 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 250 drives and more than 50,000 drive days in the year",
      "sample_n": 1044,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate ST10000NM0086 10 1,044 95.2 367,460 57 5.66",
      "locator": "Annual table image 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for 2025', model row (MFG, model, size TB, drive count, average age in months, drive days, failures, AFR) (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/Q4-2025-Drive-Stats-Annual.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Average age 95.2 months (7.9 years); 9.33% in Q2 2026. The 'over a million drive days' cut is this record's, to avoid small-sample extremes; Backblaze's own annual cut is more than 250 drives and 50,000 drive days.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-seagate-st10000nm0086-afr-5-66pct",
      "citation_text": "5.66% of Backblaze's Seagate ST10000NM0086 (10TB) hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2025, among the highest of all models in 2025, 57 failures in 367,460 drive days across 1,044 drives (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-model-seagate-st10000nm0086-afr-5-66pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-seagate-st14000nm0138-afr-5-88pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "5.88% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's Seagate ST14000NM0138 (14TB) hard drives as of June 30, 2026, the highest lifetime rate of any listed model, 464 failures in 2,878,064 drive days (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "In one cloud fleet, the worst model's lifetime failure rate was **5.88%**, a Seagate 14TB drive, as of June 2026.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.88,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "5.88%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Seagate ST14000NM0138 (14TB), lifetime",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Installation to June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days",
      "sample_n": 1235,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate | ST14000NM0138 | 14 | 1,235 | 56 | 2,878,064 | 464 | 5.88",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Lifetime Hard Drive Failure Rates', reporting period ending June 30, 2026, model row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "These drives ran in Dell storage servers; Backblaze, Seagate and Dell investigated their failures in 2021 and applied a firmware update.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-seagate-st14000nm0138-afr-5-88pct",
      "citation_text": "5.88% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's Seagate ST14000NM0138 (14TB) hard drives as of June 30, 2026, the highest lifetime rate of any listed model, 464 failures in 2,878,064 drive days (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-seagate-st14000nm0138-afr-5-88pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-wdc-wuh721414ale6l4-afr-0-54pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.54% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's WDC WUH721414ALE6L4 (14TB) hard drives as of June 30, 2026, the lowest lifetime rate among models with over 10 million drive days, 254 failures in 17,127,349 drive days (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.54,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "0.54%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, WDC WUH721414ALE6L4 (14TB), lifetime",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Installation to June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days",
      "sample_n": 8635,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "WDC | WUH721414ALE6L4 | 14 | 8,635 | 63.5 | 17,127,349 | 254 | 0.54",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Lifetime Hard Drive Failure Rates', reporting period ending June 30, 2026, model row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Average age 63.5 months (5.3 years).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-wdc-wuh721414ale6l4-afr-0-54pct",
      "citation_text": "0.54% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's WDC WUH721414ALE6L4 (14TB) hard drives as of June 30, 2026, the lowest lifetime rate among models with over 10 million drive days, 254 failures in 17,127,349 drive days (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-wdc-wuh721414ale6l4-afr-0-54pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-toshiba-mg07aca14ta-afr-1-07pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.07% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's Toshiba MG07ACA14TA (14TB) hard drives as of June 30, 2026, the model with the most drive days in the table, 2,293 failures in 78,387,008 drive days (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.07,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year since installation)",
      "display_value": "1.07%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Toshiba MG07ACA14TA (14TB), lifetime",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Installation to June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days",
      "sample_n": 37171,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Toshiba | MG07ACA14TA | 14 | 37,171 | 65.4 | 78,387,008 | 2,293 | 1.07",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Lifetime Hard Drive Failure Rates', reporting period ending June 30, 2026, model row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Average age 65.4 months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-toshiba-mg07aca14ta-afr-1-07pct",
      "citation_text": "1.07% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's Toshiba MG07ACA14TA (14TB) hard drives as of June 30, 2026, the model with the most drive days in the table, 2,293 failures in 78,387,008 drive days (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-model-toshiba-mg07aca14ta-afr-1-07pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-outlier-threshold-6-95pct-three-models",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3 of 31 hard-drive models in Backblaze's Q2 2026 table were statistical outliers above a 6.95% annualized failure rate, the worst a Seagate 10TB model at 9.33% (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.95,
      "unit": "% quarterly AFR threshold for an outlier (quartile analysis)",
      "display_value": "6.95%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "This quarter we had three outliers, which, according to a quartile analysis, defines an outlier as an AFR above 6.95%.",
      "locator": "Section 'What's going on with the high-end outliers?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The three: HGST HUH721212ALN604 (12TB) 7.63%, Seagate ST10000NM0086 (10TB) 9.33%, Seagate ST14000NM0138 (14TB) 8.26%. Backblaze adds that 10 of 31 models ran above 3.0% in the quarter.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-outlier-threshold-6-95pct-three-models",
      "citation_text": "3 of 31 hard-drive models in Backblaze's Q2 2026 table were statistical outliers above a 6.95% annualized failure rate, the worst a Seagate 10TB model at 9.33% (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-q2-2026-outlier-threshold-6-95pct-three-models."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "78% of the hard drives Backblaze bought were still working after four years, by its count of about 25,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 78,
      "unit": "% of drives still working after four years (survival)",
      "display_value": "78%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze, 2013 drive-life study",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2009 to November 2013",
      "population": "Consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods, running around the clock in its data centre; about 25,000 drives, some shucked from external USB enclosures during the 2011-2012 drive shortage",
      "sample_n": 25000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How long do disk drives last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "78% (not 74%) of drives are still alive after four years.",
      "locator": "Update of November 14 at the end of the post (Wayback Machine snapshot of October 19, 2014)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-survival-four-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The original post first said 74%; Brian Beach corrected it to 78% two days later ('Due to a transcription error'). The live URL now serves the December 2021 rewrite, so the 2013 text is cited from the Wayback Machine. Restated widely as 'nearly 80% of drives last four years'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years",
      "citation_text": "78% of the hard drives Backblaze bought were still working after four years, by its count of about 25,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"How long do disk drives last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-first-18-months-5-1pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "5.1% of Backblaze's hard drives failed each year at 0 to 18 months of age, in its 2013 study of about 25,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.1,
      "unit": "% failing per year at the given age (annual failure rate by age)",
      "display_value": "5.1%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze, 2013 drive-life study",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Drive age 0 to 18 months of age (data to November 2013)",
      "population": "Consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods, running around the clock in its data centre; about 25,000 drives, some shucked from external USB enclosures during the 2011-2012 drive shortage",
      "sample_n": 25000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How long do disk drives last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the first 1.5 years, drives fail at 5.1% per year.",
      "locator": "Section 'Disk Drive Survival Rates', bullet list (Wayback Machine snapshot of October 19, 2014)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-age-2013",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The original bathtub curve: early failures, a quiet middle, wear-out after three years. Backblaze's 2021 and 2025 updates found the early and wear-out phases much weaker. The '5.1% a year for the first 1.5 years' line is still restated (for example by ipvm.com) as if current.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-first-18-months-5-1pct",
      "citation_text": "5.1% of Backblaze's hard drives failed each year at 0 to 18 months of age, in its 2013 study of about 25,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"How long do disk drives last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-first-18-months-5-1pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-18-months-to-3-years-1-4pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.4% of Backblaze's hard drives failed each year at 18 months to 3 years of age, in its 2013 study of about 25,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.4,
      "unit": "% failing per year at the given age (annual failure rate by age)",
      "display_value": "1.4%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze, 2013 drive-life study",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Drive age 18 months to 3 years of age (data to November 2013)",
      "population": "Consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods, running around the clock in its data centre; about 25,000 drives, some shucked from external USB enclosures during the 2011-2012 drive shortage",
      "sample_n": 25000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How long do disk drives last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the next 1.5 years, drives fail LESS, at about 1.4% per year.",
      "locator": "Section 'Disk Drive Survival Rates', bullet list (Wayback Machine snapshot of October 19, 2014)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-age-2013",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The original bathtub curve: early failures, a quiet middle, wear-out after three years. Backblaze's 2021 and 2025 updates found the early and wear-out phases much weaker. The '5.1% a year for the first 1.5 years' line is still restated (for example by ipvm.com) as if current.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-18-months-to-3-years-1-4pct",
      "citation_text": "1.4% of Backblaze's hard drives failed each year at 18 months to 3 years of age, in its 2013 study of about 25,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"How long do disk drives last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-18-months-to-3-years-1-4pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-after-3-years-11-8pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**11.8%** of Backblaze's hard drives failed each year once they were older than three years (to four years, the end of its data), in its 2013 study of about 25,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 11.8,
      "unit": "% failing per year at the given age (annual failure rate by age)",
      "display_value": "11.8%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze, 2013 drive-life study",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Drive age 3 to 4 years of age (data to November 2013)",
      "population": "Consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods, running around the clock in its data centre; about 25,000 drives, some shucked from external USB enclosures during the 2011-2012 drive shortage",
      "sample_n": 25000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How long do disk drives last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "After 3 years though, failures rates skyrocket to 11.8% per year.",
      "locator": "Section 'Disk Drive Survival Rates', bullet list (Wayback Machine snapshot of October 19, 2014)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-age-2013",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The original bathtub curve: early failures, a quiet middle, wear-out after three years. Backblaze's 2021 and 2025 updates found the early and wear-out phases much weaker. The '5.1% a year for the first 1.5 years' line is still restated (for example by ipvm.com) as if current.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-after-3-years-11-8pct",
      "citation_text": "**11.8%** of Backblaze's hard drives failed each year once they were older than three years (to four years, the end of its data), in its 2013 study of about 25,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"How long do disk drives last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-after-3-years-11-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2013-11-median-drive-lifespan-over-6-years-projection",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**Over 6 years** is the median lifespan Backblaze projected in 2013 for its data-centre hard drives, extrapolated from four years of survival data (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6,
      "unit": "years, projected median lifespan (age at which half the drives have failed)",
      "display_value": "over 6 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Projection made in November 2013",
      "population": "Consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods, running around the clock in its data centre; about 25,000 drives, some shucked from external USB enclosures during the 2011-2012 drive shortage",
      "sample_n": 25000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How long do disk drives last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The median lifespan of a drive will be over 6 years.",
      "locator": "Section 'How Long WILL The Hard Drives Last?' (Wayback Machine snapshot of October 19, 2014)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An extrapolation, not an observation: Backblaze had no drives older than five years at the time.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-median-drive-lifespan-over-6-years-projection",
      "citation_text": "**Over 6 years** is the median lifespan Backblaze projected in 2013 for its data-centre hard drives, extrapolated from four years of survival data (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"How long do disk drives last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-median-drive-lifespan-over-6-years-projection."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2013-11-6-petabytes-of-drives-shucked-from-external-enclosures",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "About **6 petabytes** of the hard drives in Backblaze's 2013 drive-life study were originally external USB drives taken out of their enclosures (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": "About **6 petabytes** of the drives in one data-centre study were external drives taken out of their cases.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6,
      "unit": "petabytes of drives originally sold as external drives (approximate)",
      "display_value": "about 6 PB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2011 to 2013",
      "population": "Consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods, running around the clock in its data centre; about 25,000 drives, some shucked from external USB enclosures during the 2011-2012 drive shortage",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How long do disk drives last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "approximately 6 petabytes of the drives in this analysis were originally “external” hard drives that were “shucked” out of their enclosures.",
      "locator": "Section 'Types Of Hard Drives In The Analysis' (Wayback Machine snapshot of October 19, 2014)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The closest Backblaze comes to data on external drives: the drives inside external enclosures, run in its servers. Its 2015 3TB post says 300 shucked Hitachi 3TB drives 'showed no evidence of failing at a higher rate than their internal counterparts'. It says nothing about drives used inside their enclosures at home.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-6-petabytes-of-drives-shucked-from-external-enclosures",
      "citation_text": "About **6 petabytes** of the hard drives in Backblaze's 2013 drive-life study were originally external USB drives taken out of their enclosures (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"How long do disk drives last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113137/https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-11-6-petabytes-of-drives-shucked-from-external-enclosures."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2015-04-80pct-of-deployed-drives-function-at-least-four-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "80% of the hard drives Backblaze deploys function for at least four years, by its own experience as stated in 2015 (Backblaze, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 80,
      "unit": "% of drives working for at least four years",
      "display_value": "80%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "As stated in April 2015",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "CSI: Backblaze—Dissecting 3TB Drive Failure",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/3tb-hard-drive-failure/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-04-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In our experience, 80% of the hard drives we deploy will function at least four years.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-survival-four-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Context sentence of the Seagate 3TB post; consistent with the 78% four-year survival in 2013.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2015-04-80pct-of-deployed-drives-function-at-least-four-years",
      "citation_text": "80% of the hard drives Backblaze deploys function for at least four years, by its own experience as stated in 2015 (Backblaze, 2015). Source: Backblaze, \"CSI: Backblaze—Dissecting 3TB Drive Failure\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/3tb-hard-drive-failure/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2015-04-80pct-of-deployed-drives-function-at-least-four-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "About 90% of the hard drives Backblaze owned had lasted four years, by its 2021 survival analysis of over 200,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": "About **90%** of the hard drives in a fleet of over 200,000 data-centre drives had lasted four years (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 90,
      "unit": "% of drives still working after four years (survival)",
      "display_value": "about 90%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze drive-life analysis, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data to 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); survival analysis over more than 200,000 drives installed since 2013",
      "sample_n": 200000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Disk Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-12-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Today, about 90% of the drives we own have lasted four years and 65% are living longer than six years.",
      "locator": "Opening section (post updated December 17, 2021; first published 2013)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-survival-four-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restated widely as '90% of drives lasted four years and 65% more than six' (claims family). Backblaze's October 2021 bathtub post gives a different six-year figure (88%); see backblaze-2021-10-drive-life-expectancy-88pct-alive-at-six-years.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years",
      "citation_text": "About 90% of the hard drives Backblaze owned had lasted four years, by its 2021 survival analysis of over 200,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"How Long Do Disk Drives Last?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "65% of the hard drives Backblaze owned were still working after six years, by its 2021 survival analysis of over 200,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": "**65%** of a cloud fleet's hard drives were still working after six years, by a 2021 analysis.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 65,
      "unit": "% of drives still working after six years (survival)",
      "display_value": "65%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze drive-life analysis, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data to 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); survival analysis over more than 200,000 drives installed since 2013",
      "sample_n": 200000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Disk Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-12-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "After six years we end up with a life expectancy of 65%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Disk Drive Survival Rates'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze: 'if we bought a hard drive six years ago, there is a 65% chance it is still alive today.' Contradicted by 88% at six years in the October 2021 bathtub post; the two posts use different methods and Backblaze does not reconcile them.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years",
      "citation_text": "65% of the hard drives Backblaze owned were still working after six years, by its 2021 survival analysis of over 200,000 data-centre drives (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"How Long Do Disk Drives Last?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**6 years and 9 months** is Backblaze's estimate of the median life of its data-centre hard drives, extrapolated from six years of survival data (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.75,
      "unit": "years, estimated median life expectancy (age at which half have failed)",
      "display_value": "6 years 9 months",
      "display_label": "Backblaze drive-life analysis, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Estimate made in 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); survival analysis over more than 200,000 drives installed since 2013",
      "sample_n": 200000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Disk Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-12-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "It would appear a reasonable estimate of the median life expectancy is six years and nine months.",
      "locator": "Section 'How Long WILL the Hard Drives Last?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An extrapolation beyond the data: Backblaze says 'we don't have quite enough data to be certain'. Phiston.com and others restate it as a measured median (claims family).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months",
      "citation_text": "**6 years and 9 months** is Backblaze's estimate of the median life of its data-centre hard drives, extrapolated from six years of survival data (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"How Long Do Disk Drives Last?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-12-life-expectancy-falls-2-to-2-5pct-a-year-first-four-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**2% to 2.5%** of Backblaze's hard drives were lost each year in their first four years, after which losses accelerated, by its 2021 survival analysis (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.25,
      "unit": "% of drives lost per year of age in years one to four (midpoint of 2% to 2.5%)",
      "display_value": "2% to 2.5% a year",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data to 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); survival analysis over more than 200,000 drives installed since 2013",
      "sample_n": 200000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Disk Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-12-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The life expectancy decreases at a fairly stable rate of 2% to 2.5% a year for the first four years, then the decrease begins to accelerate.",
      "locator": "Section 'Disk Drive Survival Rates'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Also: the AFR 'is below 2% for the first three and a half years and then increases rapidly through year six'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-12-life-expectancy-falls-2-to-2-5pct-a-year-first-four-years",
      "citation_text": "**2% to 2.5%** of Backblaze's hard drives were lost each year in their first four years, after which losses accelerated, by its 2021 survival analysis (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"How Long Do Disk Drives Last?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-12-life-expectancy-falls-2-to-2-5pct-a-year-first-four-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-10-drive-life-expectancy-88pct-alive-at-six-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**88%** of Backblaze's hard drives were expected to be alive at six years in 2021, against 50% in its 2013 data, by Backblaze's bathtub-curve analysis; its survival analysis two months later, a different method, put six-year survival at 65% (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 88,
      "unit": "% life expectancy at six years (share expected still working)",
      "display_value": "88%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze bathtub analysis, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data to 2021",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); survival analysis over more than 200,000 drives installed since 2013",
      "sample_n": 206928,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Drive Failure Over Time: The Bathtub Curve Is Leaking",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/drive-failure-over-time-the-bathtub-curve-is-leaking/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-10-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In 2021, the life expectancy of a hard drive being alive at six years is 88%.",
      "locator": "Section 'The Life Expectancy of Drives Today'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Contradiction inside Backblaze's 2021 posts: the December 2021 'How long do disk drives last?' update gives 65% at six years. The October post's '50% at six years' for 2013 also restates the 2013 projection ('median lifespan ... over 6 years').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-10-drive-life-expectancy-88pct-alive-at-six-years",
      "citation_text": "**88%** of Backblaze's hard drives were expected to be alive at six years in 2021, against 50% in its 2013 data, by Backblaze's bathtub-curve analysis; its survival analysis two months later, a different method, put six-year survival at 65% (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Drive Failure Over Time: The Bathtub Curve Is Leaking\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/drive-failure-over-time-the-bathtub-curve-is-leaking/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-10-drive-life-expectancy-88pct-alive-at-six-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2025-peak-afr-4-25pct-at-10-years-3-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "4.25% was the peak annualized failure rate by drive age in Backblaze's 2025 data, reached at 10 years 3 months (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": "Failures in a cloud fleet peaked at **4.25%** a year at age 10 in 2025 data, against 13.73% at about three in 2013.",
      "short_refs": [
        "backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2013-peak-afr-13-73pct-at-3-years-3-months"
      ],
      "value": 4.25,
      "unit": "% peak annualized failure rate at a given drive age",
      "display_value": "4.25%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze bathtub analysis",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Drive age 10 years 3 months (2025 analysis)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); failure rate by drive age in quarters (2025 analysis run at the close of Q2 2025 on about 317,230 drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Now, compare that with the 2025 data: Our peak is 4.25% at 10 years, 3 months (woah).",
      "locator": "Section 'What the bathtub curve looks like now', paragraph after the combined chart",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-peak-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze: 'it's about a third of each of the other failure peaks' and the first time the peak sits at the far end of the curve.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2025-peak-afr-4-25pct-at-10-years-3-months",
      "citation_text": "4.25% was the peak annualized failure rate by drive age in Backblaze's 2025 data, reached at 10 years 3 months (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2025-peak-afr-4-25pct-at-10-years-3-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2013-peak-afr-13-73pct-at-3-years-3-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "13.73% was the peak annualized failure rate by drive age in Backblaze's 2013 data, reached at about 3 years 3 months (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 13.73,
      "unit": "% peak annualized failure rate at a given drive age",
      "display_value": "13.73%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze bathtub analysis",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Drive age about 3 years 3 months (2013 data, re-run in 2025)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); failure rate by drive age in quarters (2025 analysis run at the close of Q2 2025 on about 317,230 drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In 2013, it was 13.73% at about 3 years, 3 months (and 13.30% at 3 years, 9 months).",
      "locator": "Section 'What the bathtub curve looks like now', paragraph after the combined chart",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-peak-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze re-ran the 2013 analysis with SQL in 2025.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2013-peak-afr-13-73pct-at-3-years-3-months",
      "citation_text": "13.73% was the peak annualized failure rate by drive age in Backblaze's 2013 data, reached at about 3 years 3 months (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2013-peak-afr-13-73pct-at-3-years-3-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2021-peak-afr-14-24pct-at-7-years-9-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "14.24% was the peak annualized failure rate by drive age in Backblaze's 2021 data, reached at 7 years 9 months (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 14.24,
      "unit": "% peak annualized failure rate at a given drive age",
      "display_value": "14.24%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze bathtub analysis",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Drive age 7 years 9 months (2021 data)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); failure rate by drive age in quarters (2025 analysis run at the close of Q2 2025 on about 317,230 drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In 2021, it's 14.24%, with that peak hitting at 7 years, 9 months.",
      "locator": "Section 'What the bathtub curve looks like now', paragraph after the combined chart",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-peak-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2021-peak-afr-14-24pct-at-7-years-9-months",
      "citation_text": "14.24% was the peak annualized failure rate by drive age in Backblaze's 2021 data, reached at 7 years 9 months (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-2021-peak-afr-14-24pct-at-7-years-9-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-first-year-afr-under-1-30pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "Under 1.30% of Backblaze's hard drives failed on an annualized basis in their first year of service, in its 2025 bathtub-curve analysis (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.3,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate at drive age 0 to 1 year (upper bound)",
      "display_value": "under 1.30%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Drive age 0 to 1 year (2025 analysis)",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); failure rate by drive age (2025 analysis)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "when a drive is between zero and one years old, we barely crack 1.30% AFR.",
      "locator": "Section 'What the bathtub curve looks like now'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Little 'infant mortality' left: Backblaze credits makers' burn-in testing and its own qualification of drives. Caveat from the Q1 2026 report: day-one failures are probably under-reported because a drive must survive its first day to enter the dataset.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-first-year-afr-under-1-30pct",
      "citation_text": "Under 1.30% of Backblaze's hard drives failed on an annualized basis in their first year of service, in its 2025 bathtub-curve analysis (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-bathtub-first-year-afr-under-1-30pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-hgst-4tb-97pct-survive-six-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "97% of Backblaze's HGST 4TB (HMS5C4040BLE640) drives were expected to still be working after six years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 97,
      "unit": "% of drives expected to survive six years (Kaplan-Meier estimate)",
      "display_value": "97%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze life expectancy by model, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data April 2013 to March 31, 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Kaplan-Meier survival curves per drive model, from SMART 9 power-on hours",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Life Expectancy",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "If you purchased an HGST drive at time zero, there is a 97% chance that drive would still be operational after six years (72 months).",
      "locator": "Section 'What Is the Graph Telling Us?' (4TB comparison)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR 0.40% (12,728 drives, 343 failures, 30,025,871 drive days, to March 31, 2022). Model-level survival shows how much brands and models differ when used the same way.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-hgst-4tb-97pct-survive-six-years",
      "citation_text": "97% of Backblaze's HGST 4TB (HMS5C4040BLE640) drives were expected to still be working after six years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Life Expectancy\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-hgst-4tb-97pct-survive-six-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-4tb-81pct-survive-six-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "81% of Backblaze's Seagate 4TB (ST4000DM000) drives were expected to still be working after six years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 81,
      "unit": "% of drives expected to survive six years (Kaplan-Meier estimate)",
      "display_value": "81%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze life expectancy by model, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data April 2013 to March 31, 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Kaplan-Meier survival curves per drive model, from SMART 9 power-on hours",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Life Expectancy",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "If you purchased a Seagate drive at time zero, there is an 81% chance that drive would still be operational after six years.",
      "locator": "Section 'What Is the Graph Telling Us?' (4TB comparison)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR 2.45% (18,495 drives, 4,581 failures, 68,104,520 drive days, to March 31, 2022). Backblaze: the cheaper Seagate still made economic sense; it replaced about two more drives a day. Model-level survival shows how much brands and models differ when used the same way.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-4tb-81pct-survive-six-years",
      "citation_text": "81% of Backblaze's Seagate 4TB (ST4000DM000) drives were expected to still be working after six years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Life Expectancy\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-4tb-81pct-survive-six-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-8tb-consumer-95pct-survive-five-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "95% of Backblaze's Seagate 8TB consumer (ST8000DM002) drives were expected to still be working after five years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 95,
      "unit": "% of drives expected to survive five years (Kaplan-Meier estimate)",
      "display_value": "95%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze life expectancy by model, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data April 2013 to March 31, 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Kaplan-Meier survival curves per drive model, from SMART 9 power-on hours",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Life Expectancy",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the consumer model (ST8000DM002) you would expect nearly 95% of the drives to survive five years.",
      "locator": "Section 'Comparing 8TB Drives', observations",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Nearly 95%. The enterprise version did slightly worse (next record), despite its five-year warranty against the consumer drive's two years. Model-level survival shows how much brands and models differ when used the same way.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-8tb-consumer-95pct-survive-five-years",
      "citation_text": "95% of Backblaze's Seagate 8TB consumer (ST8000DM002) drives were expected to still be working after five years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Life Expectancy\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-8tb-consumer-95pct-survive-five-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-8tb-enterprise-93-6pct-survive-five-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "93.6% of Backblaze's Seagate 8TB enterprise (ST8000NM0055) drives were expected to still be working after five years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 93.6,
      "unit": "% of drives expected to survive five years (Kaplan-Meier estimate)",
      "display_value": "93.6%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze life expectancy by model, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data April 2013 to March 31, 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Kaplan-Meier survival curves per drive model, from SMART 9 power-on hours",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Life Expectancy",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the enterprise model (ST8000NM0055) you would expect 93.6% of the drives to survive five years.",
      "locator": "Section 'Comparing 8TB Drives', observations",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lifetime AFR 1.35% (14,323 drives) against 1.13% for the consumer model (9,678 drives), to March 31, 2022. Model-level survival shows how much brands and models differ when used the same way.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-8tb-enterprise-93-6pct-survive-five-years",
      "citation_text": "93.6% of Backblaze's Seagate 8TB enterprise (ST8000NM0055) drives were expected to still be working after five years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Life Expectancy\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-seagate-8tb-enterprise-93-6pct-survive-five-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-12tb-models-98pct-survive-two-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "98% of Backblaze's 12TB drives (three HGST and Seagate models) were expected to still be working after two years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 98,
      "unit": "% of drives expected to survive two years (Kaplan-Meier estimate)",
      "display_value": "98%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze life expectancy by model, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data April 2013 to March 31, 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Kaplan-Meier survival curves per drive model, from SMART 9 power-on hours",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Life Expectancy",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For any of the three models, at least 98% of the drives are expected to survive two years.",
      "locator": "Section 'Comparing 12TB Drives', observations",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "At least 98%. Model-level survival shows how much brands and models differ when used the same way.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-12tb-models-98pct-survive-two-years",
      "citation_text": "98% of Backblaze's 12TB drives (three HGST and Seagate models) were expected to still be working after two years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Life Expectancy\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-12tb-models-98pct-survive-two-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-toshiba-14tb-97pct-survived-three-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "97% of Backblaze's Toshiba 14TB (MG07ACA14TA) drives were expected to still be working after three years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 97,
      "unit": "% of drives expected to survive three years (Kaplan-Meier estimate)",
      "display_value": "97%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze life expectancy by model, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data April 2013 to March 31, 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Kaplan-Meier survival curves per drive model, from SMART 9 power-on hours",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Life Expectancy",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "That said, 97% of the Toshiba drives survived for three years while the projected number was 98%",
      "locator": "Section 'Comparing 14TB Drives'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "All three 14TB models had a life expectancy of 99% or more after one year. Model-level survival shows how much brands and models differ when used the same way.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-toshiba-14tb-97pct-survived-three-years",
      "citation_text": "97% of Backblaze's Toshiba 14TB (MG07ACA14TA) drives were expected to still be working after three years, by its Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Life Expectancy\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-life-expectancy/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-07-kaplan-meier-toshiba-14tb-97pct-survived-three-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-05-17155-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**2 years and 6 months** was the average age of the 17,155 hard drives that failed in Backblaze's data centres from April 2013 to March 2023 (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": "The 17,155 drives that failed in a cloud fleet by 2023 averaged **2 years 6 months** old: an age at failure, not a lifespan.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.5,
      "unit": "years, average age (power-on time) of failed drives",
      "display_value": "2 years 6 months",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 10, 2013 to March 30, 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); every data drive that failed since April 2013 with valid SMART 9 power-on hours (boot drives excluded)",
      "sample_n": 17155,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We are left with 17,155 failed drives to analyze. When we compute the average age at which this cohort of drives failed we get 22,360 hours, which is 932 days, or just over two years and six months.",
      "locator": "Section 'Getting Started' (average age of drive failure)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-average-age-of-failed-drives",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Average age of failed drives is not a lifespan: drives still running (many much older) are not counted, so the figure rises as models finish failing. Backblaze ran it to test Secure Data Recovery's 2,007-drive figure of 2 years 10 months (consumer-drives family).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-05-17155-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months",
      "citation_text": "**2 years and 6 months** was the average age of the 17,155 hard drives that failed in Backblaze's data centres from April 2013 to March 2023 (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-05-17155-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-05-retired-models-3379-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-7-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**2 years and 7 months** was the average age of 3,379 failed hard drives from models Backblaze had fully retired, which can no longer fail or age (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.58,
      "unit": "years, average age of failed drives from retired models",
      "display_value": "2 years 7 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to March 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); failed drives of 35 models no longer in service",
      "sample_n": 3379,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "we find we have 35 drive models consisting of 3,379 drives that have a failed average age of two years and seven months.",
      "locator": "Section 'A New Hope'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restricting to retired models avoids counting models that 'haven't finished failing yet'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-05-retired-models-3379-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-7-months",
      "citation_text": "**2 years and 7 months** was the average age of 3,379 failed hard drives from models Backblaze had fully retired, which can no longer fail or age (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-05-retired-models-3379-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-7-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-05-21388-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-10-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**2 years and 10 months** was the average age of the 21,388 hard drives that had failed in Backblaze's data centres by March 2024 (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.83,
      "unit": "years, average age (power-on time) of failed drives",
      "display_value": "2 years 10 months",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q1 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to March 31, 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); every data drive that failed since April 2013 with valid SMART 9 power-on hours (boot drives excluded)",
      "sample_n": 21388,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-05-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "All Drive Models 17,155 2 6 21,388 2 10",
      "locator": "Table image 'The Average Age of Drive Failure by Source' (Q1 2023 and Q1 2024 columns) (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/3-Average-Age-by-Source.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-average-age-of-failed-drives",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same table: retired models 3,575 failed drives at 2 years 7 months; active models 17,813 at 2 years 11 months. Backblaze predicts the retired-model average will approach 4 years once its 4TB drives retire. The text also says active models are 'hitting an average of 2 years and 10 months', against 2 years 11 months in the table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-05-21388-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-10-months",
      "citation_text": "**2 years and 10 months** was the average age of the 21,388 hard drives that had failed in Backblaze's data centres by March 2024 (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-05-21388-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-10-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-05-prediction-average-failure-age-near-4-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "Close to 4 years is the average age at failure Backblaze predicted in 2024 for its retired drive models once its 4TB drives leave service (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "years, predicted average age of failed drives (retired models)",
      "display_value": "close to 4 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Prediction made in May 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-05-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "we predict that the average age of failure will reach closer to 4 years for the retired drive models once our 4TB drive models are removed from service.",
      "locator": "Section 'The Average Age of Drive Failure Redux', closing paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A forecast, not a measurement; no follow-up figure had been published by November 2026.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-05-prediction-average-failure-age-near-4-years",
      "citation_text": "Close to 4 years is the average age at failure Backblaze predicted in 2024 for its retired drive models once its 4TB drives leave service (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-05-prediction-average-failure-age-near-4-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-07-drives-migrated-after-about-four-years-for-density",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "About 4 years of service was when Backblaze found it made financial sense in 2018 to replace working drives with denser ones, retiring 4TB drives at 3.5 to 4 years old (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "years of service before replacement for density (Backblaze's economic tipping point)",
      "display_value": "about 4 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q2-2018/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Today, four years of service is the about the time where it makes financial sense to replace existing drives versus building out a new facility with new racks, etc.",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive Migrations Continue'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Retired drives were working (failure rates of 3% or less); they were replaced for density, three times the storage in the same space. Retirement age is a business choice, not a lifespan. Later Backblaze kept many models much longer (4TB HGST drives to nearly nine years).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-07-drives-migrated-after-about-four-years-for-density",
      "citation_text": "About 4 years of service was when Backblaze found it made financial sense in 2018 to replace working drives with denser ones, retiring 4TB drives at 3.5 to 4 years old (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2018\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q2-2018/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-07-drives-migrated-after-about-four-years-for-density."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-08-oldest-data-drive-8-8-years-oldest-boot-drive-10-2-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "8.8 years was the age of Backblaze's oldest working data drive in mid-2023, a Seagate 4TB, while its oldest working drive overall, a WDC 500GB boot drive, had run 10.2 years (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": "A cloud fleet's oldest working data drive had run **8.8 years** in mid-2023.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8.8,
      "unit": "years of continuous service (oldest working data drive)",
      "display_value": "8.8 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "June 30, 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-08-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The oldest operational data drive in the fleet is a 4TB Seagate (model: ST4000DM000) at 105.2 months (8.8 years).",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and Observations on the Q2 2023 Drive Stats', 'The Oldest Drive?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Answers 'can a hard drive last ten years?' with a measured example from round-the-clock use.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-08-oldest-data-drive-8-8-years-oldest-boot-drive-10-2-years",
      "citation_text": "8.8 years was the age of Backblaze's oldest working data drive in mid-2023, a Seagate 4TB, while its oldest working drive overall, a WDC 500GB boot drive, had run 10.2 years (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-08-oldest-data-drive-8-8-years-oldest-boot-drive-10-2-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-10-nearly-100-seagate-4tb-drives-exceeded-8-4-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "Nearly **100** of Backblaze's Seagate 4TB hard drives ran more than 100 months (over eight years) before being retired, out of a model that peaked at 34,744 drives in 2016 (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "drives exceeding 100 months of service (approximate count)",
      "display_value": "nearly 100",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "May 2013 to 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Seagate ST4000DM000 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Quoth the Drive Stats, Nevermore: An Elegy for Our Seagate 4TB Drives",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/quoth-the-drive-stats-nevermore-an-elegy-for-our-seagate-4tb-drives/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-10-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Still many other 4TB Seagate drives have lived long happy lives, with nearly 100 exceeding 100 months of service (8.4 years) before being sent to their final resting place by the CVT reaper.",
      "locator": "Closing paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The same model had a lifetime AFR of 2.45% to March 2022 and an 81% six-year survival estimate.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-10-nearly-100-seagate-4tb-drives-exceeded-8-4-years",
      "citation_text": "Nearly **100** of Backblaze's Seagate 4TB hard drives ran more than 100 months (over eight years) before being retired, out of a model that peaked at 34,744 drives in 2016 (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Quoth the Drive Stats, Nevermore: An Elegy for Our Seagate 4TB Drives\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/quoth-the-drive-stats-nevermore-an-elegy-for-our-seagate-4tb-drives/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-10-nearly-100-seagate-4tb-drives-exceeded-8-4-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-05-seagate-6tb-nine-years-old-lifetime-afr-0-86pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.86% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's Seagate 6TB hard drives at an average age of nine years, with zero failures in Q1 2024 (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.86,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.86%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Installation (2015) to March 31, 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Seagate ST6000DX000 drives (about 880)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-05-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Lifetime drive days: 4,268,373 Lifetime AFR: 0.86% Lifetime confidence interval: 0.3%",
      "locator": "Section 'A Few Good Zeroes' (6TB Seagate, model ST6000DX000)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Retired in Q2 2024. An example that age alone does not decide failure: some models stay reliable far past their warranty.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-05-seagate-6tb-nine-years-old-lifetime-afr-0-86pct",
      "citation_text": "0.86% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's Seagate 6TB hard drives at an average age of nine years, with zero failures in Q1 2024 (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-05-seagate-6tb-nine-years-old-lifetime-afr-0-86pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-08-drives-six-plus-years-old-afr-1-33pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.33% is the collective lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's hard-drive models that were six or more years old in mid-2025 (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.33,
      "unit": "% collective annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.33%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "To June 30, 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 500 drives and more than 100,000 lifetime drive days; five models of 12TB or less averaging six or more years",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "That said, it's also perhaps more impressive that when we say “eight are five years and older,” of those eight drive models, five are six or more years old. Their collective AFR is 1.33%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Lifetime hard drive failure rates', 'Smaller drives getting older'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Below the fleet's lifetime 1.30% to 1.31% only slightly above; Backblaze asks whether 'age is just a number' or these are exceptional models. Survivorship: the worst old models were already retired.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-08-drives-six-plus-years-old-afr-1-33pct",
      "citation_text": "1.33% is the collective lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's hard-drive models that were six or more years old in mid-2025 (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-08-drives-six-plus-years-old-afr-1-33pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-08-normal-failure-profile-1pct-for-first-60-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "About 1.0% a year was the failure rate of Backblaze's Seagate 8TB drives for their first 60 months, the profile Backblaze calls normal before failures rise with age (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate during the first five years",
      "display_value": "about 1.0%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Data to June 30, 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Seagate 8TB ST8000DM002 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-08-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The failure rate for the first 60 months was consistently around 1.0%, Seagate's predicted AFR.",
      "locator": "Section 'A normal failure profile'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze treats five years (60 months) as the typical enterprise warranty and the point after which failure rates generally rise.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-08-normal-failure-profile-1pct-for-first-60-months",
      "citation_text": "About 1.0% a year was the failure rate of Backblaze's Seagate 8TB drives for their first 60 months, the profile Backblaze calls normal before failures rise with age (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-08-normal-failure-profile-1pct-for-first-60-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-02-nine-models-six-years-old-nearly-20pct-of-drives",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "Nearly 20% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2023 belonged to nine models averaging six years or more in age (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "% of drives in production (approximate)",
      "display_value": "nearly 20%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "December 31, 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives (heat-exposed drives also excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "There are currently nine drive models with an average age of six years or more. The nine models make up nearly 20% of the drives in production.",
      "locator": "Section 'Comparing Drive Stats for 2021, 2022, and 2023', 'The 2023 AFR was up'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's explanation for the 2023 rise to 1.70%: an ageing fleet, answered by accelerated migration of 4TB drives to 16TB.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-02-nine-models-six-years-old-nearly-20pct-of-drives",
      "citation_text": "Nearly 20% of the hard drives in Backblaze's data centres at the end of 2023 belonged to nine models averaging six years or more in age (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-02-nine-models-six-years-old-nearly-20pct-of-drives."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-05-average-failure-age-by-size-12tb-1-year-8-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**1 year and 8 months** was the average age of Backblaze's 3,579 failed 12TB hard drives, against 4 years 7 months for its 76 failed 1TB drives, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.67,
      "unit": "years, average age of failed drives of a given capacity",
      "display_value": "1 year 8 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to March 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); failed data drives by capacity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "12 3,579 1 8",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Average Age of Drive Failure by Drive Size', 12TB row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/7-Average-Failure-Age-by-Size.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's own warning ('It's a Trap'): small drives are all retired, so their failures are complete, while most large drives are still running and 'haven't finished failing yet'. Do not read this as larger drives dying younger.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-05-average-failure-age-by-size-12tb-1-year-8-months",
      "citation_text": "**1 year and 8 months** was the average age of Backblaze's 3,579 failed 12TB hard drives, against 4 years 7 months for its 76 failed 1TB drives, by Backblaze's count (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-05-average-failure-age-by-size-12tb-1-year-8-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.05% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed per year (lifetime annualized) at an average age of 14 months, against 1.38% for its hard-drive boot drives at the same age (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.05,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.05%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD vs HDD, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2018 to Q2 2021 (SSDs, average age 14.2 months)",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
      "sample_n": 1666,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-09-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSDs as of Q2 2021 1,666 14.2 591,501 17 1.05%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Controlled Lifetime SSD and HDD Annualized Failure Rates (AFR)', SSD row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/image3-1.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules. Backblaze's verdict in 2021: 'the SSDs fail less often, but not by much'; each type was within the other's 95% confidence interval.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months",
      "citation_text": "1.05% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed per year (lifetime annualized) at an average age of 14 months, against 1.38% for its hard-drive boot drives at the same age (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.38% of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives failed per year (lifetime annualized) at an average age of 14 months, measured as of Q4 2016 to match the SSDs' age (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.38,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.38%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD vs HDD, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to Q4 2016 (HDDs, average age 14.3 months)",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
      "sample_n": 1297,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-09-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDDs as of Q4 2016 1,297 14.3 659,526 25 1.38%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Controlled Lifetime SSD and HDD Annualized Failure Rates (AFR)', HDD row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/image3-1.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Turning the HDD cohort 'back in time' so both cohorts have the same average age and similar drive days is what makes this like-for-like.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months",
      "citation_text": "1.38% of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives failed per year (lifetime annualized) at an average age of 14 months, measured as of Q4 2016 to match the SSDs' age (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-6-41pct-at-52-months-uncontrolled",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "6.41% of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives failed per year (lifetime annualized) at an average age of 52 months, against 1.05% for SSD boot drives averaging 14 months, a comparison Backblaze calls misleading (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.41,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "6.41%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to June 2021",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
      "sample_n": 1607,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-09-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDDs (Hard Disk Drives) 1,607 52.4 3,523,610 619 6.41%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Lifetime SSD and HDD Annualized Failure Rates (AFR)' as of Q2 2021, HDD row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/image1-2.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The raw six-fold gap mostly reflects age: the HDDs were 'more than three years older than the SSDs'. Writers should not quote this gap as SSD versus HDD reliability.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-6-41pct-at-52-months-uncontrolled",
      "citation_text": "6.41% of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives failed per year (lifetime annualized) at an average age of 52 months, against 1.05% for SSD boot drives averaging 14 months, a comparison Backblaze calls misleading (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-ssds-really-more-reliable-than-hard-drives/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-6-41pct-at-52-months-uncontrolled."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-08-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-54pct-vs-ssd-0-79pct-at-12-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.54% of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives failed per year at an average age of 12.3 months, nearly twice the 0.79% of its SSD boot drives at the same age (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.54,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.54%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "HDDs April 2013 to Q4 2015; SSDs Q4 2018 to Q4 2020 (average age 12.3 months each)",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
      "sample_n": 1160,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2021')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Q4 2015 HDD Lifetime |  | 1160 | 260890 | 11 | 0.015389627812488023",
      "locator": "Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the Q2 2021 report), sheet 'SSD vs HDD', table 'SSD and HDD Boot Drives Controlling for Average Age'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "SSDs: 1,614 drives, 7 failures in 324,692 drive days (0.79%). Small samples: 11 and 7 failures.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-08-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-54pct-vs-ssd-0-79pct-at-12-months",
      "citation_text": "1.54% of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives failed per year at an average age of 12.3 months, nearly twice the 0.79% of its SSD boot drives at the same age (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2021')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-08-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-54pct-vs-ssd-0-79pct-at-12-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-09-boot-hdd-lifetime-afr-year-1-0-66pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.66% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives in their year 1 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.66,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.66%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD vs HDD by age, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Year 1 of service",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
      "sample_n": null,
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSD Lifetime AFR 0.00% 0.84% 0.79% 1.05% 0.92%",
      "locator": "Chart image 'Backblaze SSD vs HDD Lifetime AFR through Q2 2022, All Drives Controlled for Average Age by Year', data row 'SSD Lifetime AFR' (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/4-SSDvsHDD-controlled-Q2-2022.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
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      "series": "backblaze-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-by-year-of-service",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-1-0-00pct",
      "citation_text": "0.00% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 1 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-1-0-00pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-2-0-84pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.84% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 2 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022).",
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      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.84,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
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      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Year 2 of service",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
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      "quote": "SSD Lifetime AFR 0.00% 0.84% 0.79% 1.05% 0.92%",
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      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-2-0-84pct",
      "citation_text": "0.84% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 2 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-2-0-84pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-3-0-79pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.79% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 3 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022).",
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      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.79,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
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      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD vs HDD by age, 2022",
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      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Year 3 of service",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
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      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-by-year-of-service",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-3-0-79pct",
      "citation_text": "0.79% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 3 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-3-0-79pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-4-1-05pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.05% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 4 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.05,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.05%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD vs HDD by age, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Year 4 of service",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
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      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/",
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSD Lifetime AFR 0.00% 0.84% 0.79% 1.05% 0.92%",
      "locator": "Chart image 'Backblaze SSD vs HDD Lifetime AFR through Q2 2022, All Drives Controlled for Average Age by Year', data row 'SSD Lifetime AFR' (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/4-SSDvsHDD-controlled-Q2-2022.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-by-year-of-service",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-4-1-05pct",
      "citation_text": "1.05% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 4 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-4-1-05pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-5-0-92pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.92% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 5 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": "SSD boot drives failed at **0.92%** a year in year five, against 3.55% for same-age hard drives (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_refs": [
        "backblaze-2022-09-boot-hdd-lifetime-afr-year-5-3-55pct"
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      "value": 0.92,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.92%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD vs HDD by age, 2022",
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      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Year 5 of service",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review",
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      "quote": "SSD Lifetime AFR 0.00% 0.84% 0.79% 1.05% 0.92%",
      "locator": "Chart image 'Backblaze SSD vs HDD Lifetime AFR through Q2 2022, All Drives Controlled for Average Age by Year', data row 'SSD Lifetime AFR' (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/4-SSDvsHDD-controlled-Q2-2022.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": true,
      "series": "backblaze-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-by-year-of-service",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules. Backblaze's conclusion from year 5: 'we can reasonably claim that SSDs are more reliable than HDDs, at least when used as boot drives in our environment.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-5-0-92pct",
      "citation_text": "0.92% was the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in their year 5 of service, in its age-controlled SSD versus HDD comparison (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-09-boot-ssd-lifetime-afr-year-5-0-92pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2019-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-86pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.86% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1 failure in 42,522 drive days (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.86,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.86%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD Drive Stats, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2021 Drive Stats Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-03-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "42,522 1 0.86% 281,926 6 0.78% 626,374 21 1.22%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Annual SDD Failure Rates for 2019, 2020, and 2021', totals row, 2019 columns (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/Table-1-SSD-AFR-3-year-annual.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-ssd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2019-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-86pct",
      "citation_text": "0.86% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed in 2019 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 1 failure in 42,522 drive days (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2021 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2019-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-86pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2020-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-78pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.78% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 6 failures in 281,926 drive days (Backblaze, 2022).",
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      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.78,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
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      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD Drive Stats, 2020",
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      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
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      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
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      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2021 Drive Stats Review",
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      "published_at": "2022-03-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "42,522 1 0.86% 281,926 6 0.78% 626,374 21 1.22%",
      "locator": "Same table, totals row, 2020 columns (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/Table-1-SSD-AFR-3-year-annual.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-ssd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules. The 2022 SSD edition restates 2020 as 0.39% (3 failures) and 2021 as 1.05% (18 failures); Backblaze does not explain the revision.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2020-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-78pct",
      "citation_text": "0.78% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed in 2020 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 6 failures in 281,926 drive days (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2021 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2020-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-78pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2021-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-1-22pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.22% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 21 failures in 626,374 drive days (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.22,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.22%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD Drive Stats, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2021 Drive Stats Review",
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      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-03-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "42,522 1 0.86% 281,926 6 0.78% 626,374 21 1.22%",
      "locator": "Same table, totals row, 2021 columns (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/Table-1-SSD-AFR-3-year-annual.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-ssd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules. The 2022 SSD edition restates 2020 as 0.39% (3 failures) and 2021 as 1.05% (18 failures); Backblaze does not explain the revision.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2021-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-1-22pct",
      "citation_text": "1.22% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed in 2021 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 21 failures in 626,374 drive days (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2021 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2021-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-1-22pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-98pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.98% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 25 failures in 934,441 drive days (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.98,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.98%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD Drive Stats, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 281,798 3 0.39% 627,843 18 1.05% 934,441 25 0.98%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Annual SSD Failure Rates for 2020, 2021, and 2022', Totals row, 2022 columns (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/2-3-year-SSD-AFR-table.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-ssd-annual-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules. The newest annual SSD figure: Backblaze has published no SSD edition since September 2023.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-98pct",
      "citation_text": "0.98% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed in 2022 on an annualized basis (failures per drive-year), 25 failures in 934,441 drive days (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-98pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-restates-2020-ssd-afr-0-39pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.39% is the 2020 annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as restated in its 2022 SSD report, against 0.78% in its 2021 SSD report (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.39,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.39%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 281,798 3 0.39% 627,843 18 1.05% 934,441 25 0.98%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Annual SSD Failure Rates for 2020, 2021, and 2022', Totals row, 2020 columns (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/2-3-year-SSD-AFR-table.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Failures for 2020 fell from 6 (2021 edition) to 3 (2022 edition) with almost the same drive days (281,926 vs 281,798); model rows also changed (Seagate ZA250CM10002: 5 failures, 1.18% then 2, 0.47%). Likely reclassified failures; unexplained.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-restates-2020-ssd-afr-0-39pct",
      "citation_text": "0.39% is the 2020 annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as restated in its 2022 SSD report, against 0.78% in its 2021 SSD report (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-restates-2020-ssd-afr-0-39pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-restates-2021-ssd-afr-1-05pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.05% is the 2021 annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as restated in its 2022 SSD report, against 1.22% in its 2021 SSD report (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.05,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.05%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 281,798 3 0.39% 627,843 18 1.05% 934,441 25 0.98%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Backblaze Annual SSD Failure Rates for 2020, 2021, and 2022', Totals row, 2021 columns (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/2-3-year-SSD-AFR-table.jpg; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "18 failures in 627,843 drive days against 21 in 626,374 in the first report.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-restates-2021-ssd-afr-1-05pct",
      "citation_text": "1.05% is the 2021 annualized failure rate of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as restated in its 2022 SSD report, against 1.22% in its 2021 SSD report (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-restates-2021-ssd-afr-1-05pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2021-lifetime-ssd-afr-end-2021-1-07pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.07% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as of December 31, 2021, across 2,200 SSDs (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.07,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.07%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2018 to December 31, 2021",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": 2200,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2021 Drive Stats Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-03-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "This compares to the cumulative AFR for all SSD drives as of Q4 2021 which was 1.07% (from the previous chart).",
      "locator": "Section 'Observations and Comments' after the cumulative charts",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-ssd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules. The mid-2022 and 2022 SSD reports give 1.04% for the end of 2021.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2021-lifetime-ssd-afr-end-2021-1-07pct",
      "citation_text": "1.07% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as of December 31, 2021, across 2,200 SSDs (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2021 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2021-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2021-lifetime-ssd-afr-end-2021-1-07pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-mid-2022-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2022-0-92pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.92% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as of June 30, 2022, across 2,558 SSDs (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.92,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.92%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD Drive Stats, lifetime to June 30, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2018 to June 30, 2022",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": 2558,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-09-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The lifetime AFR for all of the SSDs for Q2 2022 was 0.92%.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD Lifetime Annualized Failure Rates', 'Falling failure rate?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-ssd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules. The 2023 mid-year SSD report later gives 1.08% for Q2 2022.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2022-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2022-0-92pct",
      "citation_text": "0.92% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as of June 30, 2022, across 2,558 SSDs (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Mid-year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-drive-stats-mid-2022-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2022-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2022-0-92pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-lifetime-ssd-afr-end-2022-0-89pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.89% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as of December 31, 2022, across 2,906 SSDs (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.89,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.89%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD Drive Stats, lifetime to December 31, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2018 to December 31, 2022",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": 2906,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The overall Lifetime AFR was 0.89% as of the end of 2022.",
      "locator": "Section 'Lifetime SSD Failure Rates', observations",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-ssd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-lifetime-ssd-afr-end-2022-0-89pct",
      "citation_text": "0.89% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as of December 31, 2022, across 2,906 SSDs (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-lifetime-ssd-afr-end-2022-0-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.90% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as of June 30, 2023, across 3,144 SSDs (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.9,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.90%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SSD Drive Stats, lifetime to June 30, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2018 to June 30, 2023",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": 3144,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2023 Drive Stats Mid-Year Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2023-mid-year-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-09-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For this period, the lifetime AFR for all of our SSDs was 0.90%.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD Lifetime Annualized Failure Rates', 'Lifetime AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-ssd-lifetime-afr",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's SSDs are boot drives that also read, write and delete log and temporary files; they hold no customer data. Most are consumer models (Seagate BarraCuda, Crucial MX500, WD Blue) of 250GB to 500GB, plus Dell BOSS M.2 server modules. The newest SSD figure Backblaze has published (no SSD edition since September 26, 2023).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct",
      "citation_text": "0.90% is the lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year) of Backblaze's SSD boot drives as of June 30, 2023, across 3,144 SSDs (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2023 Drive Stats Mid-Year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2023-mid-year-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-q2-2023-ssd-quarterly-afr-1-05pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.05% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed on an annualized basis in Q2 2023, after 0.96% in Q1 2023, within a quarterly range of 0.36% to 1.72% over three years (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.05,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.05%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q2 2023",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": 3144,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2023 Drive Stats Mid-Year Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2023-mid-year-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-09-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For Q1, the AFR was 0.96% and, for Q2, the AFR was 1.05%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Quarterly Annualized Failures Rates Over Time'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The Q3 2021 high (1.72%) was traced to one SSD model, which Backblaze removed from service.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-q2-2023-ssd-quarterly-afr-1-05pct",
      "citation_text": "1.05% of Backblaze's SSD boot drives failed on an annualized basis in Q2 2023, after 0.96% in Q1 2023, within a quarterly range of 0.36% to 1.72% over three years (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2023 Drive Stats Mid-Year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2023-mid-year-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-q2-2023-ssd-quarterly-afr-1-05pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-average-age-of-failed-ssds-14-months",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "14 months was the average age of the 63 SSD boot drives that had failed in Backblaze's data centres by mid-2023, when the SSD fleet averaged 25 months (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 14,
      "unit": "months, average age (power-on time) of failed SSDs",
      "display_value": "14 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q4 2018 to June 30, 2023",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": 63,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2023 Drive Stats Mid-Year Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2023-mid-year-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-09-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Once we collected that information, we computed that the average age of failure for our collection of failed SSDs is 14 months.",
      "locator": "Section 'The Average Age of Failure for SSDs'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A young fleet: Backblaze expects the figure to rise as the SSDs age. Not comparable with the hard drives' 2 years 6 months to 2 years 10 months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-average-age-of-failed-ssds-14-months",
      "citation_text": "14 months was the average age of the 63 SSD boot drives that had failed in Backblaze's data centres by mid-2023, when the SSD fleet averaged 25 months (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2023 Drive Stats Mid-Year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2023-mid-year-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-average-age-of-failed-ssds-14-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-ssd-average-temperature-34-9c-vs-hdd-29-1c",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "34.9 degrees Celsius was the average temperature of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in 2022, warmer than the 29.1 degrees of the hard drives in the same servers (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 34.9,
      "unit": "degrees Celsius, average drive temperature (SMART 194)",
      "display_value": "34.9°C",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For 2022, the average temperature was 34.9 degrees Celsius. The average temperature of the hard drives in the same storage servers over the same period was 29.1 degrees Celsius.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD Temperature and AFR: A First Look'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's guess: boot drives sit farther from the cool aisle than data drives. SSD temperatures ranged from 20 to 61 degrees Celsius.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-ssd-average-temperature-34-9c-vs-hdd-29-1c",
      "citation_text": "34.9 degrees Celsius was the average temperature of Backblaze's SSD boot drives in 2022, warmer than the 29.1 degrees of the hard drives in the same servers (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2022 Drive Stats Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2022-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-ssd-average-temperature-34-9c-vs-hdd-29-1c."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-3144-ssd-boot-drives",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3,144 SSDs were running as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers at mid-2023, up from 2,200 at the end of 2021 (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3144,
      "unit": "SSDs in service (count)",
      "display_value": "3,144",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "June 30, 2023",
      "population": "SSDs used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers (each server's boot drive also stores logs), running around the clock in its data centres; consumer and data-centre SSD models",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The SSD Edition: 2023 Drive Stats Mid-Year Review",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2023-mid-year-drive-stats-review/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-09-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As of June 30, 2023, there were 3,144 SSDs in our storage servers.",
      "locator": "Section 'Mid-Year SSD Results by Quarter'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze calls 2,200 to 3,000 SSDs 'a relatively small number of drives' with wide confidence intervals. Its SSD sample is a fraction of its hard-drive fleet (about 240,000 data drives at the time).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-3144-ssd-boot-drives",
      "citation_text": "3,144 SSDs were running as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers at mid-2023, up from 2,200 at the end of 2021 (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"The SSD Edition: 2023 Drive Stats Mid-Year Review\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/ssd-edition-2023-mid-year-drive-stats-review/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-3144-ssd-boot-drives."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-05-q1-2021-hdd-boot-drives-afr-10-56pct-vs-ssd-0-58pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "10.56% of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives failed on an annualized basis in Q1 2021, against 0.58% of its SSD boot drives, the hard drives averaging 49.6 months old and the SSDs 12.7 (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10.56,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "10.56%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2021",
      "population": "SSD and HDD boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, doing the same job (booting the server and storing logs) in the same data centres, running around the clock; SSDs from Q4 2018, HDDs (500GB 2.5-inch laptop-class models, judging by their model numbers) from 2013",
      "sample_n": 1669,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q1-2021/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In aggregate, the number of drive days is still on the lower side, but the obvious difference in the AFR between the HDD and SSD boot drives is eye-opening.",
      "locator": "Section 'HDDs Versus SSDs, A First Look'; figures from SSD-HDD_-_Q1_2021_Table.csv in the report's ZIP (HDD Totals 1,669 drives, 49.63 months, 152,131 drive days, 44 failures, 10.56%; SSD Totals 1,518, 12.66 months, 124,825, 2, 0.58%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Uncontrolled for age; Backblaze itself called this numbers-to-numbers comparison 'suspect' and followed it with the age-controlled analyses. Lifetime to Q1 2021: HDD boot drives 6.04%, SSDs 0.65%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-05-q1-2021-hdd-boot-drives-afr-10-56pct-vs-ssd-0-58pct",
      "citation_text": "10.56% of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives failed on an annualized basis in Q1 2021, against 0.58% of its SSD boot drives, the hard drives averaging 49.6 months old and the SSDs 12.7 (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2021\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q1-2021/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-05-q1-2021-hdd-boot-drives-afr-10-56pct-vs-ssd-0-58pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2021-08-hdd-boot-drives-lifetime-afr-end-2020-6-26pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "6.26% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives to the end of 2020, up from 1.54% at the end of 2015 as the drives aged (Backblaze, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.26,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "6.26%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "April 2013 to December 31, 2020",
      "population": "Hard drives used as boot drives in Backblaze's storage servers, running around the clock in its data centres; 500GB 2.5-inch Seagate, Toshiba and WDC models (laptop-class, judging by model numbers)",
      "sample_n": 9670,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2021')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals   | 9670 | 3213535 | 551 | 0.06258372788844684",
      "locator": "Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx, sheet 'SSD vs HDD', table 'Q4 2020 Lifetime HDD Boot Drive Failure Rates', Totals row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "551 failures in 3,213,535 drive days across all HDD boot drives ever used. These laptop-class drives aged into failure: the rate accelerated from 2018 (year five).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-08-hdd-boot-drives-lifetime-afr-end-2020-6-26pct",
      "citation_text": "6.26% is the lifetime annualized failure rate of Backblaze's hard-drive boot drives to the end of 2020, up from 1.54% at the end of 2015 as the drives aged (Backblaze, 2021). Source: Backblaze, \"Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2021')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/Q2_2021_Drive_Stats_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2021-08-hdd-boot-drives-lifetime-afr-end-2020-6-26pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2016-10-smart-76-7pct-of-failed-drives-showed-warning",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "76.7% of the hard drives that failed in Backblaze's data centre had at least one of five warning SMART attributes above zero, against 4.2% of working drives (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 76.7,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with SMART 5, 187, 188, 197 or 198 raw value above zero",
      "display_value": "76.7%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SMART analysis, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "As of October 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); about 67,800 drives in Backblaze's Sacramento data centre",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-10-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Failed drives with one or more of our five SMART stats greater than zero: 76.7%.",
      "locator": "Section 'SMART Stats We Use to Predict Hard Drive Failure'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The five attributes: SMART 5 (reallocated sectors), 187 (reported uncorrectable errors), 188 (command timeout), 197 (current pending sectors), 198 (uncorrectable sectors). Backblaze uses them since about 2014 to decide replacements, so the link to 'failure' is partly built in.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-smart-76-7pct-of-failed-drives-showed-warning",
      "citation_text": "76.7% of the hard drives that failed in Backblaze's data centre had at least one of five warning SMART attributes above zero, against 4.2% of working drives (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-smart-76-7pct-of-failed-drives-showed-warning."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2016-10-smart-23-3pct-of-failed-drives-no-warning",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "23.3% of the hard drives that failed in Backblaze's data centre gave no warning in the five SMART attributes Backblaze watches (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": "**23.3%** of failed hard drives in a cloud fleet gave no warning in its five watched SMART attributes (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 23.3,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with all five watched SMART attributes at zero",
      "display_value": "23.3%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze SMART analysis, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "As of October 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); about 67,800 drives in Backblaze's Sacramento data centre",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-10-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "That means that 23.3% of failed drives showed no warning from the SMART stats we record.",
      "locator": "Section 'SMART Stats We Use to Predict Hard Drive Failure'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Why SMART monitoring is not a substitute for a backup: about one failure in four came without a SMART warning.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-smart-23-3pct-of-failed-drives-no-warning",
      "citation_text": "23.3% of the hard drives that failed in Backblaze's data centre gave no warning in the five SMART attributes Backblaze watches (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-smart-23-3pct-of-failed-drives-no-warning."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2016-10-smart-4-2pct-of-working-drives-show-warning",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "4.2% of the working hard drives in Backblaze's data centre showed at least one of the five warning SMART attributes above zero (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.2,
      "unit": "% of operational drives with a watched SMART attribute above zero (false-alarm pool)",
      "display_value": "4.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "As of October 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); about 67,800 drives in Backblaze's Sacramento data centre",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-10-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Operational drives with one or more of our five SMART stats greater than zero: 4.2%.",
      "locator": "Section 'SMART Stats We Use to Predict Hard Drive Failure'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze: a non-zero value 'may mean nothing at the moment'; the rate of change matters.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-smart-4-2pct-of-working-drives-show-warning",
      "citation_text": "4.2% of the working hard drives in Backblaze's data centre showed at least one of the five warning SMART attributes above zero (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-smart-4-2pct-of-working-drives-show-warning."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2016-10-smart-189-high-fly-writes-47pct-failed-vs-16-4pct-working",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "47.0% of failed hard drives in Backblaze's data centre had recorded high-fly writes (SMART 189), against 16.4% of working drives (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 47,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with SMART 189 raw value above zero",
      "display_value": "47.0%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "As of October 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); about 67,800 drives in Backblaze's Sacramento data centre",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-10-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Failed Drives: 47.0%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Another Stat to Consider: SMART 189—High Fly Writes'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze found clusters of high-fly writes over a short period more telling than the count.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-smart-189-high-fly-writes-47pct-failed-vs-16-4pct-working",
      "citation_text": "47.0% of failed hard drives in Backblaze's data centre had recorded high-fly writes (SMART 189), against 16.4% of working drives (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-smart-189-high-fly-writes-47pct-failed-vs-16-4pct-working."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2016-10-failed-drives-power-cycled-27-7-times-vs-10-2",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "27.7 power cycles on average had been logged by Backblaze's failed hard drives, against 10.2 for its working drives, a link Backblaze said it could not yet explain (Backblaze, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 27.7,
      "unit": "average power cycles (SMART 12) of failed drives",
      "display_value": "27.7",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "As of October 2016",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); about 67,800 drives in Backblaze's Sacramento data centre",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-10-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Failed drives were power cycled on average: 27.7 times.",
      "locator": "Section 'SMART 12: Power Cycles'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's caveat: its drives are power cycled about once every couple of months and age was not controlled, so this does not settle whether switching a PC off nightly harms the drive.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-failed-drives-power-cycled-27-7-times-vs-10-2",
      "citation_text": "27.7 power cycles on average had been logged by Backblaze's failed hard drives, against 10.2 for its working drives, a link Backblaze said it could not yet explain (Backblaze, 2016). Source: Backblaze, \"What SMART Stats Tell Us About Hard Drives\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-smart-stats-indicate-hard-drive-failures/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2016-10-failed-drives-power-cycled-27-7-times-vs-10-2."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2014-11-uses-5-of-over-70-smart-stats",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "5 of the more than 70 SMART statistics are the ones Backblaze used in 2014 to flag hard drives for replacement, because they are consistent across makers and predict failure (Backblaze, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "SMART attributes used for failure decisions (count)",
      "display_value": "5",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); nearly 40,000 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive SMART Stats",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-smart-stats/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "There are over 70 SMART statistics available, but we use only five.",
      "locator": "Section 'Choosing the Right Stats to Use'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "SMART 187 rule: 'once SMART 187 goes above zero, we schedule the drive for replacement.' Backblaze: SMART stats 'are inconsistent from hard drive to hard drive'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-11-uses-5-of-over-70-smart-stats",
      "citation_text": "5 of the more than 70 SMART statistics are the ones Backblaze used in 2014 to flag hard drives for replacement, because they are consistent across makers and predict failure (Backblaze, 2014). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive SMART Stats\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-smart-stats/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-11-uses-5-of-over-70-smart-stats."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-11-proactive-failures-53pct-of-1361",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "53.0% of the 1,361 hard-drive failures in Backblaze's data centres in Q3 2024 were proactive replacements of drives showing signs of failure, and 47.0% were drives that had stopped working (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": "**53.0%** of the failures Backblaze logged in Q3 2024 were drives pulled early because they showed signs of failing.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 53,
      "unit": "% of failures classed as proactive (drive replaced on warning signs before it stopped working)",
      "display_value": "53.0%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, Q3 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2024",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 1361,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Q3 2024 failed drives | 640 | 721 | 1,361 | 47.0% | 53.0%",
      "locator": "Table 'Reactive vs. proactive drive failures for Q3 2024' (first table)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze counts both as failures. Reactive: the drive will not boot, spin up, respond or stay operational. Proactive: SMART, file-system checks and other signals say failure is highly probable. Proactive share by maker: Toshiba 64.1%, Seagate 51.3%, HGST 47.7%, WDC 44.3%; by server: Dell 73.5%, Supermicro 64.5%, Backblaze 6.0 pods 44.6%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-11-proactive-failures-53pct-of-1361",
      "citation_text": "53.0% of the 1,361 hard-drive failures in Backblaze's data centres in Q3 2024 were proactive replacements of drives showing signs of failure, and 47.0% were drives that had stopped working (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-11-proactive-failures-53pct-of-1361."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2014-05-temperature-failure-correlation-0-0",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.0 was the correlation Backblaze found between operating temperature and failure across more than 34,000 data-centre hard drives (Backblaze, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "point-biserial correlation of average drive temperature with failure",
      "display_value": "0.0",
      "display_label": "Backblaze temperature study, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Data to May 2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); over 34,000 drives, almost all running between 15 and 30 degrees Celsius",
      "sample_n": 34000,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Temperature—Does It Matter?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-temperature-does-it-matter/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-05-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "After looking at data on over 34,000 drives, I found that overall there is no correlation between temperature and failure rate.",
      "locator": "Section 'All Drives: No Correlation'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Exception: Seagate 1.5TB drives failed more when warmer. Backblaze: 'As long as you run drives well within their allowed range of operating temperatures, keeping them cooler doesn't matter.' Google's 2007 study (hdd-field-studies) reached a similar finding.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-05-temperature-failure-correlation-0-0",
      "citation_text": "0.0 was the correlation Backblaze found between operating temperature and failure across more than 34,000 data-centre hard drives (Backblaze, 2014). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Temperature—Does It Matter?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-temperature-does-it-matter/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-05-temperature-failure-correlation-0-0."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2014-05-seagate-1-5tb-warm-34-6pct-vs-cool-15-6pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "34.6% of one Seagate 1.5TB model's drives failed per year when running warmer than the model's average, against 15.6% when cooler, the one clear heat effect in Backblaze's 2014 study (Backblaze, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 34.6,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "34.6%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Data to May 2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); Seagate 1.5TB drives averaging 3.8 years old",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Temperature—Does It Matter?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-temperature-does-it-matter/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-05-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Barracuda LP 1.5TB (ST31500341AS) | 15.6% | 34.6%",
      "locator": "Table in section 'Seagate Barracuda & Barracuda LP 1.5TB Heat Failure' (annual failure rate cool vs warm)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's table pairs model names and numbers inconsistently (ST31500341AS is the Barracuda 7200.11, ST31500541AS the Barracuda LP). The other model: 7.9% cool, 11.0% warm.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-05-seagate-1-5tb-warm-34-6pct-vs-cool-15-6pct",
      "citation_text": "34.6% of one Seagate 1.5TB model's drives failed per year when running warmer than the model's average, against 15.6% when cooler, the one clear heat effect in Backblaze's 2014 study (Backblaze, 2014). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Temperature—Does It Matter?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-temperature-does-it-matter/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-05-seagate-1-5tb-warm-34-6pct-vs-cool-15-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-11-354-drives-exceeded-max-temperature-hot-summer",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "354 of Backblaze's 259,533 data drives exceeded their maker's maximum temperature for at least a day in the record-hot summer of 2023, and 2 of them failed in the quarter (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 354,
      "unit": "drives exceeding the maker's maximum temperature (count)",
      "display_value": "354",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 259533,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2023/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-11-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Of the 259,533 data drives in operation in Q3, there were 354 individual drives (0.0013%) that exceeded their maximum manufacturer temperature.",
      "locator": "Section 'A Hot Summer and the Drive Stats Data'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "354 of 259,533 is 0.14%, not the 0.0013% Backblaze printed. Maximum is 60 degrees Celsius for most models, 55 for Toshiba 12-16TB. From Q4 2023 Backblaze tracked these 'Hot Drives' separately and excluded them (275 removed in Q1 2024); it has published no failure comparison for them.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-11-354-drives-exceeded-max-temperature-hot-summer",
      "citation_text": "354 of Backblaze's 259,533 data drives exceeded their maker's maximum temperature for at least a day in the record-hot summer of 2023, and 2 of them failed in the quarter (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2023\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-11-354-drives-exceeded-max-temperature-hot-summer."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-05-helium-drives-lifetime-afr-1-03pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.03% of Backblaze's helium-filled 8TB to 12TB hard drives failed per year (lifetime annualized), against 1.06% for its air-filled 8TB drives (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": "In one cloud fleet, helium-filled drives failed at **1.03%** a year, against 1.06% for air-filled 8TB drives.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.03,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.03%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze helium vs air, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Installation to Q1 2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives; 8TB, 10TB and 12TB drives only (19,065 helium, 24,281 air)",
      "sample_n": 19065,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The Helium Factor and Hard Drive Failure Rates",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/helium-filled-hard-drive-failure-rates/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-05-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals 19,065 2,026,490 57 1.03%",
      "locator": "Table image 'Lifetime Hard Drive Failure Rates: Helium vs Air-Filled Hard Drives', helium Totals row (table/chart image saved as raw/backblaze-drive-stats/img/helium-filled-hard-drive-failure-rates/blog-helium-vs-air-chart.png; quote transcribed from the image)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Air-filled totals: 24,281 drives, 9,465,120 drive days, 274 failures, 1.06%. Backblaze: 'there seems to be little difference'. The helium drives were younger (2.0 million drive days vs 9.5 million).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-05-helium-drives-lifetime-afr-1-03pct",
      "citation_text": "1.03% of Backblaze's helium-filled 8TB to 12TB hard drives failed per year (lifetime annualized), against 1.06% for its air-filled 8TB drives (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"The Helium Factor and Hard Drive Failure Rates\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/helium-filled-hard-drive-failure-rates/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-05-helium-drives-lifetime-afr-1-03pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-05-air-drives-afr-1-61pct-at-similar-drive-days",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**1.61%** was the annualized failure rate of Backblaze's air-filled 8TB drives when they had a similar number of drive days to its helium drives, against about 1.06% for the helium drives as Backblaze's 2018 text put it, 1.03% in its table (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.61,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.61%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Air-filled drives as of Q1 2017",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The Helium Factor and Hard Drive Failure Rates",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/helium-filled-hard-drive-failure-rates/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-05-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We find that the failure rate for the air-filled drives at the time (Q1 2017) was 1.61%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Helium versus Air-Filled Hard Drives'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The text gives the helium rate as 1.06% while the table beside it shows 1.03% for helium and 1.06% for air, apparently a slip. Backblaze predicted helium drives would prove more reliable; its 2023 report said it could not answer whether helium changed failure profiles and that the question may not matter 'as helium is here to stay'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-05-air-drives-afr-1-61pct-at-similar-drive-days",
      "citation_text": "**1.61%** was the annualized failure rate of Backblaze's air-filled 8TB drives when they had a similar number of drive days to its helium drives, against about 1.06% for the helium drives as Backblaze's 2018 text put it, 1.03% in its table (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"The Helium Factor and Hard Drive Failure Rates\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/helium-filled-hard-drive-failure-rates/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-05-air-drives-afr-1-61pct-at-similar-drive-days."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2013-12-enterprise-drives-afr-4-6pct-vs-consumer-4-2pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "4.6% of Backblaze's enterprise-class hard drives failed per year, against 4.2% of its consumer drives, in its 2013 comparison (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.6,
      "unit": "% annual failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "4.6%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze enterprise vs consumer, 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "About 2011 to late 2013",
      "population": "Enterprise drives in Backblaze's Dell and EMC servers (368 drive-years, 17 failures) against consumer drives in its Storage Pods (14,719 drive-years, 613 failures)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Enterprise Drives: Fact or Fiction?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/enterprise-drive-reliability/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-12-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Annual Failure Rate | 4.6% | 4.2%",
      "locator": "Table 'Enterprise vs. Consumer Drives'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Small enterprise sample and different workloads (Backblaze argues the enterprise drives were treated at least as well). Its conclusion: 'From a pure reliability perspective, the data we have says the answer is clear: no.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-12-enterprise-drives-afr-4-6pct-vs-consumer-4-2pct",
      "citation_text": "4.6% of Backblaze's enterprise-class hard drives failed per year, against 4.2% of its consumer drives, in its 2013 comparison (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"Enterprise Drives: Fact or Fiction?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/enterprise-drive-reliability/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-12-enterprise-drives-afr-4-6pct-vs-consumer-4-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2013-12-consumer-drives-afr-4-2pct-14719-drive-years",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "4.2% of the consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods failed per year in its first fleet-wide measurement, 613 failures in 14,719 drive-years (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.2,
      "unit": "% annual failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "4.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Mid-April 2013 to about November 2013 (daily data), drives up to four years old",
      "population": "Consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods, running around the clock (about 25,000 drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Enterprise Drives: Fact or Fiction?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/enterprise-drive-reliability/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-12-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Number of Failures | 17 | 613",
      "locator": "Table 'Enterprise vs. Consumer Drives', consumer column",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The first fleet-wide failure rate Backblaze published; compare the 5.23% derived for 2013 from its later workbook.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-12-consumer-drives-afr-4-2pct-14719-drive-years",
      "citation_text": "4.2% of the consumer-grade hard drives in Backblaze's Storage Pods failed per year in its first fleet-wide measurement, 613 failures in 14,719 drive-years (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"Enterprise Drives: Fact or Fiction?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/enterprise-drive-reliability/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2013-12-consumer-drives-afr-4-2pct-14719-drive-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-07-8tb-enterprise-0-97pct-vs-consumer-1-03pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.97% of Backblaze's Seagate 8TB enterprise drives failed per year (lifetime annualized), against 1.03% for the consumer version of the same capacity (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.97,
      "unit": "% lifetime annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.97%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Installation to June 30, 2018",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives; Seagate ST8000NM0055 (enterprise) and ST8000DM002 (consumer)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q2-2018/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "– 8 TB enterprise drives: 0.97% annualized failure rate",
      "locator": "Section 'Enterprise versus Consumer Hard Drives', 'Lifetime AFR as of Q2 2018'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Overlapping confidence intervals (0.8%-1.1% vs 0.9%-1.2%). Backblaze's summary: enterprise drives have longer warranties (5 vs 2 years) and more features; consumer drives cost up to 50% less with 'similar annualized failure rate'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-07-8tb-enterprise-0-97pct-vs-consumer-1-03pct",
      "citation_text": "0.97% of Backblaze's Seagate 8TB enterprise drives failed per year (lifetime annualized), against 1.03% for the consumer version of the same capacity (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Stats for Q2 2018\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-stats-for-q2-2018/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-07-8tb-enterprise-0-97pct-vs-consumer-1-03pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2024-01-afr-by-server-type-5-0-vaults-0-99pct-vs-6-0-vaults-2-14pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.99% of the hard drives in Backblaze's older Storage Pod 5.0 vaults failed on an annualized basis in Q3 2023, against 2.14% in its newer 6.0 vaults, although the 5.0 drives were about twice as old (Backblaze, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.99,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.99%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2023",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); by storage-server cohort (241 Backblaze Vaults)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "The Drive Stats of Backblaze Storage Pods",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/the-drive-stats-of-backblaze-storage-pods/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-01-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the Backblaze 5.0 Vaults have a much lower AFR of 0.99% versus the Backblaze 6.0 Vault AFR at 2.14%—even though the drives in the 5.0 Vaults are nearly twice as old on average",
      "locator": "Closing section of the post",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The server a drive sits in matters: two Dell vaults moved to the top of 52U racks ran above 8% for the quarter. Backblaze found no correlation between drive age and failure across server cohorts.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-01-afr-by-server-type-5-0-vaults-0-99pct-vs-6-0-vaults-2-14pct",
      "citation_text": "0.99% of the hard drives in Backblaze's older Storage Pod 5.0 vaults failed on an annualized basis in Q3 2023, against 2.14% in its newer 6.0 vaults, although the 5.0 drives were about twice as old (Backblaze, 2024). Source: Backblaze, \"The Drive Stats of Backblaze Storage Pods\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/the-drive-stats-of-backblaze-storage-pods/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2024-01-afr-by-server-type-5-0-vaults-0-99pct-vs-6-0-vaults-2-14pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2015-04-seagate-3tb-47-2pct-failed-in-2014",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "47.2% of the Seagate 3TB hard drives (ST3000DM001) Backblaze deployed in 2012 failed during 2014, after 2.7% in 2012 and 5.4% in 2013 (Backblaze, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 47.2,
      "unit": "% of deployed drives failing in the year",
      "display_value": "47.2%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze, Seagate 3TB, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); 4,829 Seagate ST3000DM001 3TB drives deployed from January 2012, some shucked from external USB drives",
      "sample_n": 4829,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "CSI: Backblaze—Dissecting 3TB Drive Failure",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/3tb-hard-drive-failure/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-04-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In annual terms, 2.7% or the drives failed in 2012, 5.4% failed in 2013, and 47.2% failed in 2014.",
      "locator": "Section on the failure curve after 'November 2011: The Thailand Drive Crisis'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "By March 31, 2015, 1,423 of 4,829 (29.5%) had failed and only 251 of the 4,190 deployed in 2012 were still in service. Bought during the Thailand flood shortage. Backblaze's 2014 table gave the model a 43.1% annual failure rate. The class action over this model, which cited Backblaze data, belongs to the failure-events family.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2015-04-seagate-3tb-47-2pct-failed-in-2014",
      "citation_text": "47.2% of the Seagate 3TB hard drives (ST3000DM001) Backblaze deployed in 2012 failed during 2014, after 2.7% in 2012 and 5.4% in 2013 (Backblaze, 2015). Source: Backblaze, \"CSI: Backblaze—Dissecting 3TB Drive Failure\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/3tb-hard-drive-failure/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2015-04-seagate-3tb-47-2pct-failed-in-2014."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2015-01-seagate-st3000dm001-afr-2014-43-1pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "43.1% of Backblaze's Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2014, the worst large model in its 2014 table (Backblaze, 2015).",
      "short_statement": "One Seagate 3TB model failed at an annualized **43.1%** in 2014, the worst large model in a cloud fleet that year.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 43.1,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "43.1%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": 1163,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What Is the Best Hard Drive?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/best-hard-drive-q4-2014/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-01-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ( ST3000DM001 ) | 3TB | 1,163 | 2.2 | 43.1% | 40.8% – 45.4%",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates Through December 31, 2014'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same table, best: HGST Megascale 4000.B (HMS5C4040BLE640) 0.5%, HGST Deskstar 5K3000 3TB 0.6%. The model behind most of 2014's 6.39% fleet rate.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2015-01-seagate-st3000dm001-afr-2014-43-1pct",
      "citation_text": "43.1% of Backblaze's Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2014, the worst large model in its 2014 table (Backblaze, 2015). Source: Backblaze, \"What Is the Best Hard Drive?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/best-hard-drive-q4-2014/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2015-01-seagate-st3000dm001-afr-2014-43-1pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2009-0-114-usd",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "$0.114 per gigabyte was the average price Backblaze paid for hard drives in 2009, by its purchase records (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.114,
      "unit": "US dollars per gigabyte paid for hard drives (bulk purchase price)",
      "display_value": "$0.114/GB",
      "display_label": "Backblaze drive purchases, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Backblaze purchases)",
      "period": "2009",
      "population": "Hard drives Backblaze bought in bulk for its data centres (purchase prices, not retail)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-11-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Overall, the drop in the average price per gigabyte was from $0.114 in 2009 to just $0.014 as of November 2022.",
      "locator": "Paragraph after the 2009-2022 chart",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Bulk contract prices; Backblaze notes retail buyers pay more. An 87.4% fall to November 2022, about 0.52% a month.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2009-0-114-usd",
      "citation_text": "$0.114 per gigabyte was the average price Backblaze paid for hard drives in 2009, by its purchase records (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2009-0-114-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2011-09-0-044-usd",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "$0.044 per gigabyte was the average price Backblaze paid for hard drives in September 2011, by its purchase records (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.044,
      "unit": "US dollars per gigabyte paid for hard drives (bulk purchase price)",
      "display_value": "$0.044/GB",
      "display_label": "Backblaze drive purchases, September 2011",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Backblaze purchases)",
      "period": "September 2011",
      "population": "Hard drives Backblaze bought in bulk for its data centres (purchase prices, not retail)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Farming Hard Drives: Two Years and $1 Million Later",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/farming-hard-drives-2-years-and-1m-later/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In September 2011, our cost per gigabyte was $0.044.",
      "locator": "Section 'The End of a 30-Year Trend'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Bulk contract prices; Backblaze notes retail buyers pay more.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2011-09-0-044-usd",
      "citation_text": "$0.044 per gigabyte was the average price Backblaze paid for hard drives in September 2011, by its purchase records (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"Farming Hard Drives: Two Years and $1 Million Later\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/farming-hard-drives-2-years-and-1m-later/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2011-09-0-044-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2011-11-0-083-usd",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "$0.083 per gigabyte was what Backblaze paid for the Hitachi 3TB drives it relied on in November 2011, up from $0.044 two months earlier after the Thailand floods (Backblaze, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.083,
      "unit": "US dollars per gigabyte paid for hard drives (bulk purchase price)",
      "display_value": "$0.083/GB",
      "display_label": "Backblaze drive purchases, November 2011",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Backblaze purchases)",
      "period": "November 2011",
      "population": "Hard drives Backblaze bought in bulk for its data centres (purchase prices, not retail)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Farming Hard Drives: Two Years and $1 Million Later",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/farming-hard-drives-2-years-and-1m-later/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In November 2011, our cost for the same drive was $249 each ($0.083 per gigabyte), 88% higher, and they were really hard to find.",
      "locator": "Section 'The End of a 30-Year Trend'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Bulk contract prices; Backblaze notes retail buyers pay more. A Hitachi 3TB internal drive went from about $130 ($0.044 per GB) in September 2011 to $249 in November 2011 after the Thailand floods.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2011-11-0-083-usd",
      "citation_text": "$0.083 per gigabyte was what Backblaze paid for the Hitachi 3TB drives it relied on in November 2011, up from $0.044 two months earlier after the Thailand floods (Backblaze, 2013). Source: Backblaze, \"Farming Hard Drives: Two Years and $1 Million Later\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/farming-hard-drives-2-years-and-1m-later/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2011-11-0-083-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2017-0-033-usd",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "$0.033 per gigabyte was the average price Backblaze paid for hard drives in 2017, by its purchase records (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.033,
      "unit": "US dollars per gigabyte paid for hard drives (bulk purchase price)",
      "display_value": "$0.033/GB",
      "display_label": "Backblaze drive purchases, 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Backblaze purchases)",
      "period": "2017",
      "population": "Hard drives Backblaze bought in bulk for its data centres (purchase prices, not retail)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-11-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "From 2017 to November 2022, the average cost per gigabyte decreased by 56.36% for all of the drives ($0.033 down to $0.0144).",
      "locator": "Paragraph after the 2017-2022 chart",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Bulk contract prices; Backblaze notes retail buyers pay more.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2017-0-033-usd",
      "citation_text": "$0.033 per gigabyte was the average price Backblaze paid for hard drives in 2017, by its purchase records (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2017-0-033-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2022-11-0-014-usd",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "$0.014 per gigabyte was the average price Backblaze paid for hard drives in November 2022, by its purchase records (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.014,
      "unit": "US dollars per gigabyte paid for hard drives (bulk purchase price)",
      "display_value": "$0.014/GB",
      "display_label": "Backblaze drive purchases, November 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Backblaze purchases)",
      "period": "November 2022",
      "population": "Hard drives Backblaze bought in bulk for its data centres (purchase prices, not retail)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-11-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Today, we can get 16TB hard drives for about $0.014 per gigabyte on average.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Bulk contract prices; Backblaze notes retail buyers pay more. The newest figure Backblaze has published; it forecast $0.01 per GB as a street price by mid-2025 with 22TB or 24TB drives but has not reported whether that happened.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2022-11-0-014-usd",
      "citation_text": "$0.014 per gigabyte was the average price Backblaze paid for hard drives in November 2022, by its purchase records (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-hdd-cost-per-gb-2022-11-0-014-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-11-hdd-cost-per-gb-down-87-4pct-since-2009",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "87.4% is how far the average price per gigabyte Backblaze paid for hard drives fell from 2009 to November 2022, about 0.52% a month (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 87.4,
      "unit": "% decrease in cost per gigabyte, 2009 to November 2022",
      "display_value": "87.4%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Backblaze purchases)",
      "period": "2009 to November 2022",
      "population": "Hard drives Backblaze bought in bulk for its data centres (purchase prices, not retail)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-11-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "That equates to an 87.4% decrease in the average cost per terabyte since 2009.",
      "locator": "Paragraph after the 2009-2022 chart",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Based on 265,332 drives purchased since 2009 (Backblaze's approximate count).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-11-hdd-cost-per-gb-down-87-4pct-since-2009",
      "citation_text": "87.4% is how far the average price per gigabyte Backblaze paid for hard drives fell from 2009 to November 2022, about 0.52% a month (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-cost-per-gigabyte/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-11-hdd-cost-per-gb-down-87-4pct-since-2009."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2015-04-thailand-crisis-drive-prices-up-200-300pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**200% to 300%** was how much hard-drive prices jumped after the November 2011 Thailand floods, as Backblaze experienced it (Backblaze, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 250,
      "unit": "% price increase for hard drives (midpoint of 200% to 300%)",
      "display_value": "200% to 300%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Backblaze purchases)",
      "period": "November 2011",
      "population": "Hard drives Backblaze bought in bulk for its data centres (purchase prices, not retail)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "CSI: Backblaze—Dissecting 3TB Drive Failure",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/3tb-hard-drive-failure/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-04-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Prices had jumped 200-300% for hard drives and supplies were tight.",
      "locator": "Section 'November 2011: The Thailand Drive Crisis'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze 'farmed' external USB drives from retail stores and shucked them to keep buying capacity; the shortage drove it to the Seagate 3TB drives that later failed at high rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2015-04-thailand-crisis-drive-prices-up-200-300pct",
      "citation_text": "**200% to 300%** was how much hard-drive prices jumped after the November 2011 Thailand floods, as Backblaze experienced it (Backblaze, 2015). Source: Backblaze, \"CSI: Backblaze—Dissecting 3TB Drive Failure\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/3tb-hard-drive-failure/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2015-04-thailand-crisis-drive-prices-up-200-300pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-method-afr-formula-drive-days",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**AFR = (drive failures / (drive days / 365)) x 100** is the formula behind every Backblaze failure rate, counting each day each drive runs so drives added or removed mid-year are weighted fairly (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "method (formula)",
      "display_value": "failures per drive-year",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Method used 2013 to 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "AFR = (drive failures / (drive days / 365)) * 100",
      "locator": "Section 'Observations and Notes', 'AFR, What Does That Mean?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze: an annualized rate differs from an annual one because the drive count changes through the year. Drive days were devised with UC Santa Cruz professors. Writers should call the measure 'annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)', not 'percent of drives that failed'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-method-afr-formula-drive-days",
      "citation_text": "**AFR = (drive failures / (drive days / 365)) x 100** is the formula behind every Backblaze failure rate, counting each day each drive runs so drives added or removed mid-year are weighted fairly (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2021\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2021/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-method-afr-formula-drive-days."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-method-1pct-afr-means-one-in-100-a-year",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1 drive out of 100 is expected to fail in a year at a 1% annualized failure rate, Backblaze explains, adding that a single drive's owner faces all-or-nothing odds (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate used as the worked example",
      "display_value": "1 in 100 a year",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Explanation given in February 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A drive model with a 1% annualized failure rate means that you can expect one drive out of 100 to fail in a year.",
      "locator": "Section 'Lifetime hard drive stats', caveats",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze: 'If you're a personal drive user, that one drive could be yours ... always have a backup, and don't forget to test it.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-method-1pct-afr-means-one-in-100-a-year",
      "citation_text": "1 drive out of 100 is expected to fail in a year at a 1% annualized failure rate, Backblaze explains, adding that a single drive's owner faces all-or-nothing odds (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for 2024\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-method-1pct-afr-means-one-in-100-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-drive-stats-method-what-counts-as-a-failure",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3 conditions define a failed drive in Backblaze's data: it will not spin up or connect, it will not sync or stay synced in its array, or its SMART stats exceed Backblaze's thresholds (Backblaze, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "failure conditions in Backblaze's definition (count)",
      "display_value": "3 conditions",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "Definition stated January 2015",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 45 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What Is the Best Hard Drive?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/best-hard-drive-q4-2014/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-01-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A drive is recorded as failed when we remove it from a Storage Pod for one or more of the following reasons:",
      "locator": "Section 'What Is a Failure for Backblaze?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Migrated (retired working) drives are not failures. Since 2025 the definition is automated: a drive that vanishes from the daily log and is not cleared by a data-centre ticket counts as failed (Q3 2025 report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-method-what-counts-as-a-failure",
      "citation_text": "3 conditions define a failed drive in Backblaze's data: it will not spin up or connect, it will not sync or stay synced in its array, or its SMART stats exceed Backblaze's thresholds (Backblaze, 2015). Source: Backblaze, \"What Is the Best Hard Drive?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/best-hard-drive-q4-2014/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-drive-stats-method-what-counts-as-a-failure."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-11-cosmetic-failures-toshiba-16tb-16-95pct-firmware",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "16.95% was the Q3 2025 annualized failure rate of one Toshiba 16TB model in Backblaze's data centres, inflated because drives pulled for a firmware update were counted as failures (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 16.95,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "16.95%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q3 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-11-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Toshiba MG08ACA16TEY (16TB): 16.95%",
      "locator": "Section 'Notes and observations', 'The highest AFRs were really high'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze calls these 'cosmetic' failures: work lasting past the quarter's cut-off is recorded as failure. The model fell back to 4.14% in Q4 2025 but ended 2025 at 6.30%. A caution for anyone ranking brands on one quarter.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-11-cosmetic-failures-toshiba-16tb-16-95pct-firmware",
      "citation_text": "16.95% was the Q3 2025 annualized failure rate of one Toshiba 16TB model in Backblaze's data centres, inflated because drives pulled for a firmware update were counted as failures (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q3 2025\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q3-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-11-cosmetic-failures-toshiba-16tb-16-95pct-firmware."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-07-day-one-failures-probably-under-reported",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "Day-one failures have probably been under-reported in Backblaze's data since it began, Backblaze said in 2026, because a drive must survive its first day to enter the daily log (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "method caveat",
      "display_value": "under-reported",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Caveat stated July 2026, applies 2013 to 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Have we been completely under-reporting day one failures? Short answer: yes, probably.",
      "locator": "Section 'Always two there are'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze adds that drives are qualified before entering its data centres, so day-one failures are rare. Relevant to 'infant mortality' claims: Backblaze's near-absent early failures partly reflect qualification and this blind spot.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-07-day-one-failures-probably-under-reported",
      "citation_text": "Day-one failures have probably been under-reported in Backblaze's data since it began, Backblaze said in 2026, because a drive must survive its first day to enter the daily log (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-07-day-one-failures-probably-under-reported."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2022-05-small-sample-example-24-31pct-afr-76-drives",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "24.31% was the Q1 2022 annualized failure rate of a batch of 76 two-month-old HGST 8TB drives with 4,504 drive days, an example of why Backblaze warns against small samples (Backblaze, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 24.31,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate for the quarter (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "24.31%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Q1 2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": 76,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2022/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "You might have noticed the AFR for Q1 2022 of 24.31% for the 8TB HGST drives (model: HUH728080ALE604).",
      "locator": "First section of the Q1 2022 report",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "From 2024 Backblaze requires more than 100 drives and 10,000 drive days for a model to appear in a quarterly table (more for annual and lifetime).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-05-small-sample-example-24-31pct-afr-76-drives",
      "citation_text": "24.31% was the Q1 2022 annualized failure rate of a batch of 76 two-month-old HGST 8TB drives with 4,504 drive days, an example of why Backblaze warns against small samples (Backblaze, 2022). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2022\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2022/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2022-05-small-sample-example-24-31pct-afr-76-drives."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2014-01-excluded-models-wd-green-3tb-seagate-lp-2tb",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "**2** drive models, the Western Digital Green 3TB and the Seagate LP 2TB, were left out of Backblaze's first reliability report because they 'just don't work' in its servers, an early selection caveat (Backblaze, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "drive models excluded as unsuited to Backblaze's environment (count)",
      "display_value": "2 models",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "As of January 2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "What Hard Drive Should I Buy?",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-hard-drive-should-i-buy/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-01-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The drives that just don't work in our environment are Western Digital Green 3TB drives and Seagate LP (low power) 2TB drives.",
      "locator": "Section 'Excluded Drives'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze blamed vibration and aggressive spin-down. Its tables show only models that survive qualification, so they say nothing about drives it never deployed.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-01-excluded-models-wd-green-3tb-seagate-lp-2tb",
      "citation_text": "**2** drive models, the Western Digital Green 3TB and the Seagate LP 2TB, were left out of Backblaze's first reliability report because they 'just don't work' in its servers, an early selection caveat (Backblaze, 2014). Source: Backblaze, \"What Hard Drive Should I Buy?\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/what-hard-drive-should-i-buy/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-01-excluded-models-wd-green-3tb-seagate-lp-2tb."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2025-10-caveat-data-centre-use-differs-from-consumer-use",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "Backblaze warns that its drives are **used differently from consumers' drives**, and that its workloads and drive handling have changed over its 13 years of data (Backblaze, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "method caveat",
      "display_value": "data-centre use, not home use",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2013 to 2025",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, our usual caveats about how we use drives vs. how consumers use drives, how our workloads have changed over time, etc.",
      "locator": "Section 'Numbers can both define and obscure reality'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Backblaze's drives run continuously in climate-controlled racks and are migrated out while still working; home drives are switched on and off, moved, knocked and kept in warmer places. Its value is the like-for-like comparison of drives used the same way.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-caveat-data-centre-use-differs-from-consumer-use",
      "citation_text": "Backblaze warns that its drives are **used differently from consumers' drives**, and that its workloads and drive handling have changed over its 13 years of data (Backblaze, 2025). Source: Backblaze, \"Are Hard Drives Getting Better? Let’s Revisit the Bathtub Curve\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/are-hard-drives-getting-better-lets-revisit-the-bathtub-curve/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2025-10-caveat-data-centre-use-differs-from-consumer-use."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-07-some-risk-acceptable-software-prevents-data-loss",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "Backblaze tolerates drive failures by design: it says pushing hardware toward zero failures would be imprudent because its software layer largely prevents data loss (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "method caveat (operating philosophy)",
      "display_value": "failures tolerated by design",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "Statement of July 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A system that pushes for absolutely zero failures on the hardware level is imprudent, given that our software layer largely prevents data loss.",
      "locator": "Section 'Do or do not: When failure isn't the only metric in play'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Each file is split into 20 shards across 20 servers and can be rebuilt from 17, so Backblaze buys cheaper drives and tolerates failures. Its rates reflect 'people actively managing failure and risk', not drives left alone.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-07-some-risk-acceptable-software-prevents-data-loss",
      "citation_text": "Backblaze tolerates drive failures by design: it says pushing hardware toward zero failures would be imprudent because its software layer largely prevents data loss (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q1 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-07-some-risk-acceptable-software-prevents-data-loss."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-08-drive-stats-dataset-388-million-records",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "388 million daily drive records make up Backblaze's public Drive Stats dataset in 2026, growing by more than 240,000 a day (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 388000000,
      "unit": "daily drive records in the public dataset (count, approximate)",
      "display_value": "388 million",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2013 to August 2026",
      "population": "Backblaze's public Drive Stats dataset (data and boot drives, daily SMART snapshots)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats: How an Open Dataset Powers Academic and AI/ML Research",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-academic-ai-ml-research/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The repository contains over 388 million records and grows by more than 240,000 records per day.",
      "locator": "Section on Hugging Face publication",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Free to use with attribution. Backblaze counted 660 Google Scholar citations by 2023. The academic post also summarizes an outside duration-regression study (HGST at about 42% of Seagate's failure rate); that study belongs to the hdd-field-studies family.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-08-drive-stats-dataset-388-million-records",
      "citation_text": "388 million daily drive records make up Backblaze's public Drive Stats dataset in 2026, growing by more than 240,000 a day (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats: How an Open Dataset Powers Academic and AI/ML Research\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-academic-ai-ml-research/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-08-drive-stats-dataset-388-million-records."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-4tb-drives-afr-2-04pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.04% of Backblaze's 4TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 81 months (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.04,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.04%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 4TB, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "4TB | 0.0114 | 0.0204358916672133",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '3-Annual AFR by Drive Size' (columns: 2021 AFR, 2022 AFR, change); average ages from sheet '5-Age-vs-AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2022",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Capacity tracks age in Backblaze's fleet (older drives are the smaller ones); Backblaze's chart 'Drive Age vs Lifetime AFR' shows failure rising with average age within size groups. The 6TB group is one model of 886 drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-4tb-drives-afr-2-04pct",
      "citation_text": "2.04% of Backblaze's 4TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 81 months (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-4tb-drives-afr-2-04pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-6tb-drives-afr-0-68pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.68% of Backblaze's 6TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 92 months (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.68,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.68%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 6TB, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "6TB | 0.0011 | 0.006772071851991576",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '3-Annual AFR by Drive Size' (columns: 2021 AFR, 2022 AFR, change); average ages from sheet '5-Age-vs-AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2022",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Capacity tracks age in Backblaze's fleet (older drives are the smaller ones); Backblaze's chart 'Drive Age vs Lifetime AFR' shows failure rising with average age within size groups. The 6TB group is one model of 886 drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-6tb-drives-afr-0-68pct",
      "citation_text": "0.68% of Backblaze's 6TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 92 months (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-6tb-drives-afr-0-68pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-8tb-drives-afr-2-21pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "2.21% of Backblaze's 8TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 68 months (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.21,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "2.21%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 8TB, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "8TB | 0.0144 | 0.02206954571252802",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '3-Annual AFR by Drive Size' (columns: 2021 AFR, 2022 AFR, change); average ages from sheet '5-Age-vs-AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2022",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Capacity tracks age in Backblaze's fleet (older drives are the smaller ones); Backblaze's chart 'Drive Age vs Lifetime AFR' shows failure rising with average age within size groups. The 6TB group is one model of 886 drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-8tb-drives-afr-2-21pct",
      "citation_text": "2.21% of Backblaze's 8TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 68 months (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-8tb-drives-afr-2-21pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-10tb-drives-afr-3-73pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3.73% of Backblaze's 10TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 61 months (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.73,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "3.73%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 10TB, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "10TB | 0.0226 | 0.03734084800461297",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '3-Annual AFR by Drive Size' (columns: 2021 AFR, 2022 AFR, change); average ages from sheet '5-Age-vs-AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2022",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Capacity tracks age in Backblaze's fleet (older drives are the smaller ones); Backblaze's chart 'Drive Age vs Lifetime AFR' shows failure rising with average age within size groups. The 6TB group is one model of 886 drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-10tb-drives-afr-3-73pct",
      "citation_text": "3.73% of Backblaze's 10TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 61 months (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-10tb-drives-afr-3-73pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-12tb-drives-afr-1-23pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.23% of Backblaze's 12TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 33 months (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.23,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.23%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 12TB, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "12TB | 0.0084 | 0.012325216746819046",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '3-Annual AFR by Drive Size' (columns: 2021 AFR, 2022 AFR, change); average ages from sheet '5-Age-vs-AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2022",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Capacity tracks age in Backblaze's fleet (older drives are the smaller ones); Backblaze's chart 'Drive Age vs Lifetime AFR' shows failure rising with average age within size groups. The 6TB group is one model of 886 drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-12tb-drives-afr-1-23pct",
      "citation_text": "1.23% of Backblaze's 12TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 33 months (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-12tb-drives-afr-1-23pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-14tb-drives-afr-1-04pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "1.04% of Backblaze's 14TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 25 months (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.04,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "1.04%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 14TB, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "14TB | 0.0089 | 0.01041729156792361",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '3-Annual AFR by Drive Size' (columns: 2021 AFR, 2022 AFR, change); average ages from sheet '5-Age-vs-AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2022",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Capacity tracks age in Backblaze's fleet (older drives are the smaller ones); Backblaze's chart 'Drive Age vs Lifetime AFR' shows failure rising with average age within size groups. The 6TB group is one model of 886 drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-14tb-drives-afr-1-04pct",
      "citation_text": "1.04% of Backblaze's 14TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 25 months (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-14tb-drives-afr-1-04pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-16tb-drives-afr-0-84pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0.84% of Backblaze's 16TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 13 months (Backblaze, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.84,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year)",
      "display_value": "0.84%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze Drive Stats, 16TB, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with at least 60 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')",
      "source_url": "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "16TB | 0.0091 | 0.008370328820363338",
      "locator": "2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (ZIP linked from the 2022 report), sheet '3-Annual AFR by Drive Size' (columns: 2021 AFR, 2022 AFR, change); average ages from sheet '5-Age-vs-AFR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "backblaze-hdd-afr-by-capacity-2022",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Capacity tracks age in Backblaze's fleet (older drives are the smaller ones); Backblaze's chart 'Drive Age vs Lifetime AFR' shows failure rising with average age within size groups. The 6TB group is one model of 886 drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-16tb-drives-afr-0-84pct",
      "citation_text": "0.84% of Backblaze's 16TB hard drives failed on an annualized basis in 2022, at an average model age of about 13 months (Backblaze, 2023). Source: Backblaze, \"2022_Annual_-_charts_and_tables.xlsx (summary tables published with 'Backblaze Drive Stats for 2022')\" (https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/Backblaze_Blog/2022_Drive_Stats_Charts_and_Tables.zip). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2023-01-drive-stats-2022-16tb-drives-afr-0-84pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-no-smr-drives-in-fleet",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "0 shingled (SMR) hard drives were in Backblaze's fleet in 2026; every drive in its failure tables uses conventional (CMR) recording (Backblaze, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "SMR drives in the fleet (count)",
      "display_value": "none",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "September 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "There are no SMR drives in the Backblaze fleet today, and none of the drives in the tables above are shingled.",
      "locator": "Section 'What does this mean for Drive Stats?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "So Backblaze has no SMR failure data: claims that 'Backblaze shows SMR drives fail more' have no Backblaze source. Backblaze says it will flag SMR models if it deploys them. Its explainer puts SMR's extra capacity at roughly 10% to 25%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-no-smr-drives-in-fleet",
      "citation_text": "0 shingled (SMR) hard drives were in Backblaze's fleet in 2026; every drive in its failure tables uses conventional (CMR) recording (Backblaze, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-no-smr-drives-in-fleet."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2026-09-fleet-average-drive-age-3-8-years-derived",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "3.8 years (45.9 months) was the average age of the hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 failure table, weighting each model's average age by its drive count (Backblaze data, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 45.9,
      "unit": "months, drive-count-weighted average age of analysed drives",
      "display_value": "3.8 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (United States; also Amsterdam from 2019)",
      "period": "June 30, 2026",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); drive models with more than 100 drives and more than 10,000 drive days in the quarter",
      "sample_n": 354415,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Totals | | | 354,415 | | 31,553,350 | 1,498 | 1.73",
      "locator": "Table 'Backblaze Hard Drive Failure Rates for Q2 2026' (HTML table), columns 'Drive Count' and 'Avg. Age (Months)'; quote is the Totals row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum over the 31 model rows of (drive count x average age in months) / 354,415 drives = 45.9 months (3.8 years).",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Ranges from 3.4 months (WDC 26TB) to 114.8 months (Seagate 8TB ST8000DM002, 9.6 years). Backblaze does not publish a fleet average age itself.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-fleet-average-drive-age-3-8-years-derived",
      "citation_text": "3.8 years (45.9 months) was the average age of the hard drives in Backblaze's Q2 2026 failure table, weighting each model's average age by its drive count (Backblaze data, 2026). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Drive Stats for Q2 2026\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2026-09-fleet-average-drive-age-3-8-years-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2014-09-seagate-3tb-failure-rate-15-7pct",
      "family": "backblaze-drive-stats",
      "statement": "15.7% of Backblaze's Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB hard drives were failing per year by mid-2014, up from about 9% through 2013 (Backblaze, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 15.7,
      "unit": "% annual failure rate (failures per drive-year), cumulative to June 2014",
      "display_value": "15.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (California, United States)",
      "period": "April 2013 to June 2014",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (Backblaze Storage Pods and, later, other makers' servers), running around the clock to store customer data; data drives only (boot drives and drives in testing excluded); about 34,881 drives, models with at least 200 drives",
      "sample_n": 3846,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Reliability Update: September 2014",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-update-september-2014/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-09-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (ST3000DM001) | 3TB | 3846 | 1.9 | 15.7%",
      "locator": "Table 'Number of Hard Drives by Model at Backblaze' (models with at least 200 drives)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "One model, not the brand: Backblaze's Seagate 4TB drives ran at 3.0% in the same table. A possible origin of the 'Seagate 14% annual failure rate (2014)' figure repeated online (claims family to trace). The same post: Western Digital 3TB drives rose from 4% to 7%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-09-seagate-3tb-failure-rate-15-7pct",
      "citation_text": "15.7% of Backblaze's Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB hard drives were failing per year by mid-2014, up from about 9% through 2013 (Backblaze, 2014). Source: Backblaze, \"Hard Drive Reliability Update: September 2014\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hard-drive-reliability-update-september-2014/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2014-09-seagate-3tb-failure-rate-15-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "asurion-2026-claims-hdds-last-3-to-5-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard drives lasting **only 3 to 5 years** is how Asurion put it, citing no source; no measured study gives that range, and Backblaze's data-centre fleet had about 90% of drives still working at four years (Asurion, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Hard drives last only **3 to 5 years**, a device-repair company tells readers, citing no measurement (Asurion, 2026).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed lifespan range of hard disk drives)",
      "display_value": "3 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (general consumer advice, US site)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2026 (URL captured since April 2023)",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in general; the page applies the same range to external drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Asurion (uBreakiFix by Asurion)",
      "source_title": "How long do hard drives last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.asurion.com/connect/tech-tips/how-long-does-computer-hard-drive-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For this reason, HDDs tend to last only between 3–5 years.",
      "locator": "Section 'Which lasts longer: hard disk drives vs solid-state drives?', bullet 'Hard disk drives (HDD)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). Cites nothing. Asurion is a device-protection and repair company (uBreakiFix); page date 2026-05-18 (meta), oldest Wayback capture of the URL 2023-04-26. Origin: none found. The range matches no measurement we could trace: Backblaze, 'Hard Drive Lifespan: How Long Do Disk Drives Really Last?' (2021-12-17, updating the 2013 post at the same URL): about 90% of its data-centre drives lasted four years, 65% six years, median life expectancy estimated at six years nine months; the 2013 original reported 78% living longer than four years. Originals belong to backblaze-drive-stats. Secure Data Recovery (2026) says articles giving 3 to 5 years cite lower usage and warranty lengths as evidence (record sdr-2026-08-claims-external-drives-last-3-to-5-years). Number we will not publish as a finding. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years, backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years, backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months, backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years, backblaze-2013-11-median-drive-lifespan-over-6-years-projection.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#asurion-2026-claims-hdds-last-3-to-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives lasting **only 3 to 5 years** is how Asurion put it, citing no source; no measured study gives that range, and Backblaze's data-centre fleet had about 90% of drives still working at four years (Asurion, 2026). Source: Asurion (uBreakiFix by Asurion), \"How long do hard drives last?\" (https://www.asurion.com/connect/tech-tips/how-long-does-computer-hard-drive-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#asurion-2026-claims-hdds-last-3-to-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "asurion-2026-claims-ssds-last-about-10-years-or-more",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs having \"a long lifespan of about 10 years or more\" is how Asurion put it, citing no source; the SSD field studies measure replacement and error rates over four to six years, not a 10-year lifespan (Asurion, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years (claimed SSD lifespan, lower bound)",
      "display_value": "10 years or more",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (general consumer advice, US site)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2026",
      "population": "Solid-state drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Asurion (uBreakiFix by Asurion)",
      "source_title": "How long do hard drives last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.asurion.com/connect/tech-tips/how-long-does-computer-hard-drive-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSDs are incredibly durable, access data almost instantly, and have a long lifespan of about 10 years or more.",
      "locator": "Section 'Which lasts longer: hard disk drives vs solid-state drives?', bullet 'Solid-state drives (SSD)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). Cites nothing. Origin: none found. The earliest dated form we found of an SSD 'age limit around 10 years' is SolarWinds MSP's blog of 2019-11-27, also unsourced (record nable-2019-11-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years). Measured SSD data: ssd-field-studies (Google FAST '16: 4-10% of flash drives replaced within four years) and backblaze-drive-stats (boot-drive SSD AFRs). Number we will not publish as a finding. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): google-2016-02-ssd-4-to-10pct-replaced-in-4-years-vs-hdd-2-to-9pct-a-year (ssd-field-studies; note its derived annualisation google-2016-02-ssd-annual-replacement-about-1-to-2-5pct-derived is that family's arithmetic, not a figure in the paper).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#asurion-2026-claims-ssds-last-about-10-years-or-more",
      "citation_text": "SSDs having \"a long lifespan of about 10 years or more\" is how Asurion put it, citing no source; the SSD field studies measure replacement and error rates over four to six years, not a 10-year lifespan (Asurion, 2026). Source: Asurion (uBreakiFix by Asurion), \"How long do hard drives last?\" (https://www.asurion.com/connect/tech-tips/how-long-does-computer-hard-drive-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#asurion-2026-claims-ssds-last-about-10-years-or-more."
    },
    {
      "id": "sdr-2026-08-claims-external-drives-last-3-to-5-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "External hard drives lasting **3 to 5 years** is how Secure Data Recovery summed up \"most industry sources\", naming none, before reporting that the 3,453 failed external drives in its own sample had a median of 190 days of power-on time (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed external hard drive lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "3 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US recovery firm's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2026",
      "population": "External (portable and desktop) hard drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Most industry sources place the lifespan of an external hard drive between 3 and 5 years. The 190-day median and 665-day average in our sample starkly contrast with the widely accepted figures.",
      "locator": "Section 'What Is the Lifespan of an External Hard Drive?', paragraphs 1-2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore, flagged as such by the page itself). The intro adds: 'Many articles broadly claim that external hard drives last 3 to 5 years. These pieces often cite lower usage than desktop HDDs and warranty lengths as evidence.' Origin: none found; no measured study of external drives gives 3 to 5 years. Secure Data Recovery's own figures (3,453 failed external HDDs received January 2023 to June 2026; median 4,559 power-on hours, about 190 days; average 15,961 hours, 665 days; 60.8% failed within a year of power-on time) describe drives that failed and were sent for recovery, not all drives; they belong to consumer-drives-and-recovery. Updated 2026-10-16. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-median-190-days-power-on, securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-average-665-days-power-on, securedatarecovery-2026-08-60-8pct-of-failed-external-hdds-failed-in-first-year (consumer-drives-and-recovery).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sdr-2026-08-claims-external-drives-last-3-to-5-years",
      "citation_text": "External hard drives lasting **3 to 5 years** is how Secure Data Recovery summed up \"most industry sources\", naming none, before reporting that the 3,453 failed external drives in its own sample had a median of 190 days of power-on time (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sdr-2026-08-claims-external-drives-last-3-to-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "salvagedata-2026-06-claims-average-hard-drive-lasts-3-to-5-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "The average hard drive lasting **3 to 5 years** is how SalvageData put it, citing no study; the measured survival data it does not cite (Backblaze, 2021) has about 90% of data-centre drives working at four years and 65% at six (SalvageData, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed average hard drive lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "3 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US recovery firm's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2026",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "SalvageData Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "HDD Lifespan: How Long Do Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.salvagedata.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-06-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average hard drive lasts 3-5 years under regular use, but individual drives vary dramatically.",
      "locator": "Section 'What is the average hard drive lifespan?', first paragraph (also the Key Takeaways list and meta description)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). Cites nothing; the only attribution on the page is to 'SalvageData hard drive recovery engineers' for early-life failures. The page also says the wear-out phase begins 'after roughly 4-5 years' and that 'Enterprise environments typically replace drives at the 3-year mark preemptively', both unsourced. Origin: none found. Backblaze, 'Hard Drive Lifespan: How Long Do Disk Drives Really Last?' (2021-12-17, updating the 2013 post at the same URL): about 90% of its data-centre drives lasted four years, 65% six years, median life expectancy estimated at six years nine months; the 2013 original reported 78% living longer than four years. Originals belong to backblaze-drive-stats. Ranks #3 for 'how often do hard drives fail' (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years, backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years, backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#salvagedata-2026-06-claims-average-hard-drive-lasts-3-to-5-years",
      "citation_text": "The average hard drive lasting **3 to 5 years** is how SalvageData put it, citing no study; the measured survival data it does not cite (Backblaze, 2021) has about 90% of data-centre drives working at four years and 65% at six (SalvageData, 2026). Source: SalvageData Recovery Services, \"HDD Lifespan: How Long Do Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.salvagedata.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#salvagedata-2026-06-claims-average-hard-drive-lasts-3-to-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "prosoft-2020-09-restates-backblaze-2013-as-3-to-5-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard drives lasting **three to five years** on average is how Prosoft Engineering restated Backblaze's 2013 study of 25,000 drives, which reported 78% of its data-centre drives still alive after four years and gave no 3-to-5-year lifespan (Prosoft Engineering, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed average hard drive lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "3 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US software vendor's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2020; attributed study 2013",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in general (the study it cites measured about 25,000 consumer-grade drives in Backblaze's data centre)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Prosoft Engineering",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? Lifespan and Signs of Failure",
      "source_url": "https://prosofteng.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-09-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Generally speaking, you can rely on your hard drive for three to five years on average. A compelling study that proved this statistic comes from the online backup company Backblaze who analyzed the failure rates of 25,000 running hard drives.",
      "locator": "Section 'A Hard Drive's Life Span', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record. Links to backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/ (the 2013 post at the time). Drift: Backblaze's 2013 post measured survival, not a lifespan range; Backblaze's own later summary says 'in our original report we reported that 78% of the drives we purchased were living longer than four years', and IPVM's same-day summary says the provider projected an average of about six years. Prosoft adds '90% of hard drives survive for three years and 80% for four years' (rounded from the 2013 curve) and the three failure phases (5%, then 1%, then wear-out). The drives ran around the clock in a data centre, not in homes. Backblaze, 'Hard Drive Lifespan: How Long Do Disk Drives Really Last?' (2021-12-17, updating the 2013 post at the same URL): about 90% of its data-centre drives lasted four years, 65% six years, median life expectancy estimated at six years nine months; the 2013 original reported 78% living longer than four years. Originals belong to backblaze-drive-stats. Ranks #10 for 'how long does a hard drive last if not used'. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years, backblaze-2013-11-median-drive-lifespan-over-6-years-projection, backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-first-18-months-5-1pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#prosoft-2020-09-restates-backblaze-2013-as-3-to-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives lasting **three to five years** on average is how Prosoft Engineering restated Backblaze's 2013 study of 25,000 drives, which reported 78% of its data-centre drives still alive after four years and gave no 3-to-5-year lifespan (Prosoft Engineering, 2020). Source: Prosoft Engineering, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? Lifespan and Signs of Failure\" (https://prosofteng.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#prosoft-2020-09-restates-backblaze-2013-as-3-to-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "newegg-2021-06-restates-backblaze-2013-as-3-to-5-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Consumer hard drives typically lasting **three to five years** is how Newegg restated a 2013 Backblaze study, which reported 78% of its data-centre drives still working after four years and gave no 3-to-5-year lifespan (Newegg, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed typical hard drive lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "3 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US retailer's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published June 2021; attributed study 2013",
      "population": "Consumer hard drives, internal and external (the cited study measured about 25,000 drives in Backblaze's data centre)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Newegg (Newegg Insider)",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives (and SSDs) Last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210624235621/https://www.newegg.com/insider/how-long-do-hard-drives-and-ssds-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-06-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "According to a 2013 study by Backblaze, consumer HDDs typically last for three to five years.",
      "locator": "Section 'Why do HDDs fail?', first paragraph; read from Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20210624235621/https://www.newegg.com/insider/how-long-do-hard-drives-and-ssds-last/ (live page blocks automated fetches, HTTP 403)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record. Links to backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/ (still the 2013 post in June 2021). The page then advises: 'It's safest, then, to go by the three- to five-year estimated lifespan' (the line Google shows as the snippet, #1 for 'how long does an external hard drive last' on 2026-11-04) and applies it to external drives. It also calls MTBF a drive's 'expected lifespan' (a specification presented as a lifespan). Drift: a survival curve of data-centre drives (78% alive at four years, median projected beyond six years) turned into a 3-to-5-year consumer lifespan. Backblaze, 'Hard Drive Lifespan: How Long Do Disk Drives Really Last?' (2021-12-17, updating the 2013 post at the same URL): about 90% of its data-centre drives lasted four years, 65% six years, median life expectancy estimated at six years nine months; the 2013 original reported 78% living longer than four years. Originals belong to backblaze-drive-stats. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years, backblaze-2013-11-median-drive-lifespan-over-6-years-projection.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#newegg-2021-06-restates-backblaze-2013-as-3-to-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Consumer hard drives typically lasting **three to five years** is how Newegg restated a 2013 Backblaze study, which reported 78% of its data-centre drives still working after four years and gave no 3-to-5-year lifespan (Newegg, 2021). Source: Newegg (Newegg Insider), \"How Long Do Hard Drives (and SSDs) Last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624235621/https://www.newegg.com/insider/how-long-do-hard-drives-and-ssds-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#newegg-2021-06-restates-backblaze-2013-as-3-to-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "newegg-2021-06-claims-ssds-last-10-years-up-from-5-to-6",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs lasting 10 years under normal workloads, up from an older estimate of five to six years, is how Newegg reported \"some estimates\", naming none (Newegg, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years (claimed typical SSD lifespan)",
      "display_value": "10 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US retailer's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published June 2021",
      "population": "Solid-state drives in general, normal workloads",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Newegg (Newegg Insider)",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives (and SSDs) Last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210624235621/https://www.newegg.com/insider/how-long-do-hard-drives-and-ssds-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-06-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "some estimates say that the typical SSD will last for 10 years under normal workloads. That's an increase from the five to six years that was once used as an estimate.",
      "locator": "Section on SSD lifespan, paragraph after the MTBF example (WD Black NVMe 1.75M hours); Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20210624235621/https://www.newegg.com/insider/how-long-do-hard-drives-and-ssds-last/",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). No source named for either the 10-year or the five-to-six-year estimate. Origin: none found; the 10-year wording predates it at SolarWinds MSP (2019-11-27, 'Current estimates put the age limit for SSDs around 10 years', also unsourced; record nable-2019-11-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years). Number we will not publish as a finding.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#newegg-2021-06-claims-ssds-last-10-years-up-from-5-to-6",
      "citation_text": "SSDs lasting 10 years under normal workloads, up from an older estimate of five to six years, is how Newegg reported \"some estimates\", naming none (Newegg, 2021). Source: Newegg (Newegg Insider), \"How Long Do Hard Drives (and SSDs) Last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624235621/https://www.newegg.com/insider/how-long-do-hard-drives-and-ssds-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#newegg-2021-06-claims-ssds-last-10-years-up-from-5-to-6."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingspec-2022-07-claims-hdd-lasts-3-to-5-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An HDD lasting \"between **3 to 5 years**\" is how SSD maker KingSpec put it, citing no source; no measured study gives that range (KingSpec, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed HDD lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "3 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (Chinese SSD maker's English site)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2022",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "KingSpec (Shenzhen Kingspec Electronics)",
      "source_title": "Lifespan Comparison :HDD vs SSD vs NVMe?",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingspec.com/news/lifespan-comparison-hdd-vs-ssd-vs-nvme.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "An HDD tends to last between 3 to 5 years.",
      "locator": "Section 'HDD', last sentence",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore) by an SSD maker comparing its own product category favourably. Cites nothing. Origin: none found. Ranks #5 for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan' (2026-11-04); the page shows 106,225 views. Backblaze, 'Hard Drive Lifespan: How Long Do Disk Drives Really Last?' (2021-12-17, updating the 2013 post at the same URL): about 90% of its data-centre drives lasted four years, 65% six years, median life expectancy estimated at six years nine months; the 2013 original reported 78% living longer than four years. Originals belong to backblaze-drive-stats. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years, backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years, backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingspec-2022-07-claims-hdd-lasts-3-to-5-years",
      "citation_text": "An HDD lasting \"between **3 to 5 years**\" is how SSD maker KingSpec put it, citing no source; no measured study gives that range (KingSpec, 2022). Source: KingSpec (Shenzhen Kingspec Electronics), \"Lifespan Comparison :HDD vs SSD vs NVMe?\" (https://www.kingspec.com/news/lifespan-comparison-hdd-vs-ssd-vs-nvme.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingspec-2022-07-claims-hdd-lasts-3-to-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingspec-2022-07-rewords-ontrack-2016-unpowered-ssd-5-to-6-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An SSD left powered down not failing for \"around **5 to 6 years**\" is how KingSpec reworded Ontrack's 2016 line that data degradation should not occur for at least 10 years, changing the number and citing nothing (KingSpec, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed power-off data retention of an SSD)",
      "display_value": "5 to 6 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (Chinese SSD maker's English site)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2022",
      "population": "Solid-state drives stored unpowered in ideal conditions",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "KingSpec (Shenzhen Kingspec Electronics)",
      "source_title": "Lifespan Comparison :HDD vs SSD vs NVMe?",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingspec.com/news/lifespan-comparison-hdd-vs-ssd-vs-nvme.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "An SSD failure should not happen for somewhere around 5 to 6 years in the event that the drive is left shut down in ideal capacity conditions.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD', second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record. The sentence is a machine-style paraphrase of Ontrack's 2016 'SSD vs HDD: Which Tech Lasts Longer?' ('data degradation ... should not occur for at least 10 years if the drive is left powered down in optimum storage conditions'; record ontrack-2016-05-claims-unpowered-ssd-data-safe-at-least-10-years), with 'left powered down' turned into 'left shut down', 'optimum storage conditions' into 'ideal capacity conditions' and 10 years into 5 to 6. Neither figure has a traced origin; JEDEC's JESD218 retention requirement for client SSDs at the end of rated endurance is one year at 30 C (recorded by ratings-endurance-retention). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): jedec-2010-jesd218-client-ssd-retention-1-year-30c, jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-ssd-retention-3-months-40c, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-client-used-40c-stored-55c-2-weeks, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-55c-2-weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingspec-2022-07-rewords-ontrack-2016-unpowered-ssd-5-to-6-years",
      "citation_text": "An SSD left powered down not failing for \"around **5 to 6 years**\" is how KingSpec reworded Ontrack's 2016 line that data degradation should not occur for at least 10 years, changing the number and citing nothing (KingSpec, 2022). Source: KingSpec (Shenzhen Kingspec Electronics), \"Lifespan Comparison :HDD vs SSD vs NVMe?\" (https://www.kingspec.com/news/lifespan-comparison-hdd-vs-ssd-vs-nvme.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingspec-2022-07-rewords-ontrack-2016-unpowered-ssd-5-to-6-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingspec-2022-07-claims-nvme-ssd-average-lifespan-10-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An NVMe SSD's average lifespan being 10 years is how KingSpec put it, citing no measurement; no field study reports an average NVMe lifespan (KingSpec, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years (claimed average NVMe SSD lifespan)",
      "display_value": "10 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (Chinese SSD maker's English site)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2022",
      "population": "NVMe solid-state drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "KingSpec (Shenzhen Kingspec Electronics)",
      "source_title": "Lifespan Comparison :HDD vs SSD vs NVMe?",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingspec.com/news/lifespan-comparison-hdd-vs-ssd-vs-nvme.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average lifespan of an NVMe SSD is 10 years.",
      "locator": "Section 'NVMe SSD', last paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore, maker's claim about its own product category). Origin: none found. The one large NVMe field study (Lu et al., Alibaba, USENIX ATC '22, held by ssd-field-studies) reports failure rates by age, not an average lifespan. Number we will not publish as a finding. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-annual-replacement-rate-0-98pct-median-0-69pct (ssd-field-studies).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingspec-2022-07-claims-nvme-ssd-average-lifespan-10-years",
      "citation_text": "An NVMe SSD's average lifespan being 10 years is how KingSpec put it, citing no measurement; no field study reports an average NVMe lifespan (KingSpec, 2022). Source: KingSpec (Shenzhen Kingspec Electronics), \"Lifespan Comparison :HDD vs SSD vs NVMe?\" (https://www.kingspec.com/news/lifespan-comparison-hdd-vs-ssd-vs-nvme.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingspec-2022-07-claims-nvme-ssd-average-lifespan-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nable-2019-11-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An SSD \"age limit\" of around 10 years is how N-able (first published as SolarWinds MSP) put \"current estimates\", naming none; the Google study it cites next followed drives for four to six years and gives no age limit (N-able, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years (claimed SSD age limit)",
      "display_value": "around 10 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (IT-management vendor's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2019-11-27",
      "population": "Solid-state drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "N-able (originally SolarWinds MSP)",
      "source_title": "SSD Lifespan: How Long do Solid-State Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20191209192220/https://www.solarwindsmsp.com/blog/ssd-lifespan",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Current estimates put the age limit for SSDs around 10 years, though the average SSD lifespan is shorter.",
      "locator": "Section 'How long does a SSD last?', paragraph on the age of an SSD; same sentence in the SolarWinds MSP original (Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20191209192220/https://www.solarwindsmsp.com/blog/ssd-lifespan)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). The earliest dated appearance we found of the SSD '10 years' line with this wording: SolarWinds MSP blog, 2019-11-27 (byline 'SolarWinds MSP', saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/solarwindsmsp-2019-wayback.txt); moved to n-able.com after the 2021 spin-off (meta modified 2024-03-04). Ontrack copied the sentence in July 2020 ('The most recent estimates put the age limit for SSDs around 10 years', record ontrack-2020-07-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years). No estimate is named. Origin: none found. Ranks #3 for 'ssd lifespan' (2026-11-04).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nable-2019-11-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years",
      "citation_text": "An SSD \"age limit\" of around 10 years is how N-able (first published as SolarWinds MSP) put \"current estimates\", naming none; the Google study it cites next followed drives for four to six years and gives no age limit (N-able, 2019). Source: N-able (originally SolarWinds MSP), \"SSD Lifespan: How Long do Solid-State Drives Last?\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191209192220/https://www.solarwindsmsp.com/blog/ssd-lifespan). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nable-2019-11-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nable-2019-11-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs being replaced about 25% less often than HDDs is how N-able (first as SolarWinds MSP) restated the 2016 Google and University of Toronto flash study, which reports 4% to 10% of flash drives replaced within four years against 2% to 9% a year for hard drives in earlier studies, and no 25% figure (N-able, 2019).",
      "short_statement": "'SSDs are replaced **25%** less often than hard drives' is not in the Google study it cites.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 25,
      "unit": "% fewer replacements of SSDs than HDDs (as claimed)",
      "display_value": "25% less often",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (IT-management vendor's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2019-11-27; cited study 2016",
      "population": "SSDs against HDDs (the cited study measured Google data-centre flash drives over four to six years)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "N-able (originally SolarWinds MSP)",
      "source_title": "SSD Lifespan: How Long do Solid-State Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.n-able.com/blog/ssd-lifespan",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Researchers working on the study also found SSDs were replaced about 25% less often than HDDs.",
      "locator": "Section 'How long does a SSD last?', sentence after the link to usenix.org/conference/fast16/technical-sessions/presentation/schroeder",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; the figure is not in the cited original. Origin checked: Schroeder, Lagisetty and Merchant, 'Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected', USENIX FAST '16 (Google fleet, University of Toronto), the paper the sentence links to. Its section 8 says: 'The annual replacement rates of hard disk drives have previously been reported to be 2-9% [19,20], which is high compared to the 4-10% of flash drives we see being replaced in a 4 year period.' The paper contains no '25%' comparison (full text searched); its HDD rates come from earlier studies of other fleets, not a side-by-side measurement, and taken at face value they imply a gap far larger than 25%. The paper is held by ssd-field-studies; saved here as raw/claims-and-restatements/usenix-2016-fast16-schroeder-flash-reliability.txt. Earliest appearance: SolarWinds MSP, 2019-11-27 (Wayback). Copied by Ontrack (2020-07-30, record ontrack-2020-07-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often) and shown in Google's snippet for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan' and 'ssd lifespan'. Origin: none found. Do not publish the 25% figure. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): google-2016-02-ssd-4-to-10pct-replaced-in-4-years-vs-hdd-2-to-9pct-a-year (ssd-field-studies; note its derived annualisation google-2016-02-ssd-annual-replacement-about-1-to-2-5pct-derived is that family's arithmetic, not a figure in the paper).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nable-2019-11-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often",
      "citation_text": "SSDs being replaced about 25% less often than HDDs is how N-able (first as SolarWinds MSP) restated the 2016 Google and University of Toronto flash study, which reports 4% to 10% of flash drives replaced within four years against 2% to 9% a year for hard drives in earlier studies, and no 25% figure (N-able, 2019). Source: N-able (originally SolarWinds MSP), \"SSD Lifespan: How Long do Solid-State Drives Last?\" (https://www.n-able.com/blog/ssd-lifespan). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nable-2019-11-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2020-07-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An SSD \"age limit\" of around 10 years is how Ontrack put \"the most recent estimates\" in 2020, naming none, in a sentence nearly identical to SolarWinds MSP's of 2019 (Ontrack, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years (claimed SSD age limit)",
      "display_value": "around 10 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (data-recovery firm's US blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2020-07-30",
      "population": "Solid-state drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Ontrack (KLDiscovery)",
      "source_title": "SSD Lifespan: How Long do SSDs Really Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/how-long-do-ssds-really-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-07-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The most recent estimates put the age limit for SSDs around 10 years – though the average SSD lifespan is shorter.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD lifespan even longer than promised', first sentence",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). Same wording as SolarWinds MSP 2019-11-27 (record nable-2019-11-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years), which Ontrack does not credit. Page modified 2024-07-05; oldest Wayback capture 2020-08-04. Shown as Google's snippet for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan' (#6) and 'how long do nvme ssd last' (#2) on 2026-11-04. Origin: none found.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2020-07-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years",
      "citation_text": "An SSD \"age limit\" of around 10 years is how Ontrack put \"the most recent estimates\" in 2020, naming none, in a sentence nearly identical to SolarWinds MSP's of 2019 (Ontrack, 2020). Source: Ontrack (KLDiscovery), \"SSD Lifespan: How Long do SSDs Really Last?\" (https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/how-long-do-ssds-really-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2020-07-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2020-07-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs being replaced about 25% less often than HDDs is how Ontrack restated the 2016 Google and University of Toronto flash study, which reports 4% to 10% of flash drives replaced within four years against 2% to 9% a year for hard drives in earlier studies, and no 25% figure (Ontrack, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 25,
      "unit": "% fewer replacements of SSDs than HDDs (as claimed)",
      "display_value": "25% less often",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (data-recovery firm's US blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2020-07-30; cited study 2016",
      "population": "SSDs against HDDs (the cited study measured Google data-centre flash drives over four to six years)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Ontrack (KLDiscovery)",
      "source_title": "SSD Lifespan: How Long do SSDs Really Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/how-long-do-ssds-really-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-07-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "It was found that the age of the SSD was the primary determinant of when an SSD stopped working. The study also found that SSDs were replaced about 25% less often than HDDs.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD lifespan even longer than promised', sentences after the link to the FAST '16 paper",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; the figure is not in the cited original. Origin checked: Schroeder, Lagisetty and Merchant, 'Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected', USENIX FAST '16 (Google fleet, University of Toronto), the paper the sentence links to. Its section 8 says: 'The annual replacement rates of hard disk drives have previously been reported to be 2-9% [19,20], which is high compared to the 4-10% of flash drives we see being replaced in a 4 year period.' The paper contains no '25%' comparison (full text searched); its HDD rates come from earlier studies of other fleets, not a side-by-side measurement, and taken at face value they imply a gap far larger than 25%. The paper is held by ssd-field-studies; saved here as raw/claims-and-restatements/usenix-2016-fast16-schroeder-flash-reliability.txt. Ontrack's wording follows SolarWinds MSP's of 2019-11-27 (record nable-2019-11-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often). The 'age was the primary determinant' half is a fair paraphrase of the paper's finding that age, not wear, drives SSD failures. Origin of 25%: none found. Do not publish. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): google-2016-02-ssd-4-to-10pct-replaced-in-4-years-vs-hdd-2-to-9pct-a-year (ssd-field-studies; note its derived annualisation google-2016-02-ssd-annual-replacement-about-1-to-2-5pct-derived is that family's arithmetic, not a figure in the paper).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2020-07-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often",
      "citation_text": "SSDs being replaced about 25% less often than HDDs is how Ontrack restated the 2016 Google and University of Toronto flash study, which reports 4% to 10% of flash drives replaced within four years against 2% to 9% a year for hard drives in earlier studies, and no 25% figure (Ontrack, 2020). Source: Ontrack (KLDiscovery), \"SSD Lifespan: How Long do SSDs Really Last?\" (https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/how-long-do-ssds-really-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2020-07-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2020-07-claims-hdds-last-about-10-years-max",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard drives lasting \"about 10 years max\" in reality is how Ontrack put it, citing nothing; Backblaze's fleet data has drives running past 10 years and gives no maximum (Ontrack, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years (claimed maximum HDD life)",
      "display_value": "about 10 years max",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (data-recovery firm's US blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2020-07-30",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Ontrack (KLDiscovery)",
      "source_title": "SSD Lifespan: How Long do SSDs Really Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/how-long-do-ssds-really-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-07-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "While normal HDDs can – in theory – last forever (in reality about 10 years max.), an SSD lifespan has a built-in “time of death.”",
      "locator": "Section 'What are the disadvantages of SSDs?', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). Cites nothing. Origin: none found. It sits oddly with Ontrack's own 2016 post, which says its engineers boot and read HDD systems 'well over 30 years old - error free' (record ontrack-2016-05-claims-30-year-old-hdds-still-read-error-free), and with the recovery firms' own samples, which include drives with more than 10 years of power-on time (Secure Data Recovery 2026: an external drive at 124,292 hours, about 14 years; consumer-drives-and-recovery).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2020-07-claims-hdds-last-about-10-years-max",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives lasting \"about 10 years max\" in reality is how Ontrack put it, citing nothing; Backblaze's fleet data has drives running past 10 years and gives no maximum (Ontrack, 2020). Source: Ontrack (KLDiscovery), \"SSD Lifespan: How Long do SSDs Really Last?\" (https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/how-long-do-ssds-really-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2020-07-claims-hdds-last-about-10-years-max."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-2025-claims-most-ssds-last-5-to-10-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Most SSDs lasting **5 to 10 years** under normal use, and often longer, is how SanDisk put it, citing no measurement; the range describes no field study, and SanDisk's own commitment on its WD Black and WD Blue SSDs is a five-year warranty capped by rated writes (SanDisk, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed SSD lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's global site; the 'en-se' and 'en-au' versions omit the range)",
      "period": "Claim as published (undated page, first captured June 2025)",
      "population": "Solid-state drives in general, normal use",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "SanDisk",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Solid State Drives (SSDs) Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/topics/ssd/how-long-do-ssds-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Under normal usage conditions, most SSDs will last anywhere from 5 to 10 years, and in many cases, even longer.",
      "locator": "Introduction, first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore, maker's claim about its own product category). Page carries no date; published_at is the oldest Wayback capture of shop.sandisk.com/topics/ssd/how-long-do-ssds-last (2025-06-21). Cites nothing. Origin: none found. SanDisk's warranty years and TBW ratings are the specification (ratings-endurance-retention: sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years, sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years). Cited in Google's AI overviews for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan', 'ssd lifespan' and 'how long do nvme ssd last' (2026-11-04). Number we will not publish as a finding.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2025-claims-most-ssds-last-5-to-10-years",
      "citation_text": "Most SSDs lasting **5 to 10 years** under normal use, and often longer, is how SanDisk put it, citing no measurement; the range describes no field study, and SanDisk's own commitment on its WD Black and WD Blue SSDs is a five-year warranty capped by rated writes (SanDisk, 2025). Source: SanDisk, \"How Long Do Solid State Drives (SSDs) Last?\" (https://www.sandisk.com/topics/ssd/how-long-do-ssds-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2025-claims-most-ssds-last-5-to-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-2025-derives-600-tbw-at-20gb-a-day-as-82-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An SSD rated 600 TBW lasting 82.2 years at 20GB of writes a day is how SanDisk turned an endurance rating into a lifespan, though TBW is the warranty's write limit and SSDs fail from controller, firmware and age-related causes long before wear-out (SanDisk, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 82.2,
      "unit": "years (rated endurance divided by daily writes)",
      "display_value": "82.2 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's global site)",
      "period": "Claim as published (undated page, first captured June 2025)",
      "population": "A hypothetical SSD rated 600 TBW written at 20GB a day",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "SanDisk",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Solid State Drives (SSDs) Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/topics/ssd/how-long-do-ssds-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, if you write 20GB per day to a drive with a 600 TBW rating: 600 ÷ (0.02 × 365) = 82.2 years",
      "locator": "Section 'How to Estimate How Long Your SSD Will Last', worked example",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "SanDisk's own: TBW / (daily writes in TB x 365) = 600 / (0.02 x 365) = 82.2",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record: a specification presented as a lifespan. The arithmetic is right; the reading is not. The field studies (ssd-field-studies: Google FAST '16, Facebook SIGMETRICS '15, Alibaba ATC '22) find age and non-wear causes dominate SSD failures and few drives approach their rated P/E cycles (Google FAST '16, Table 1: its four MLC models averaged 529 to 949 P/E cycles against a 3,000-cycle limit, at most about 32% used, after four to six years in the field). The page adds that home users writing 20-40GB a day get 'decades of reliable performance'. Do not publish as a lifespan. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): google-2016-02-ssd-4-to-10pct-replaced-in-4-years-vs-hdd-2-to-9pct-a-year, netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-under-2pct-of-rated-life-used-in-2-to-3-years (ssd-field-studies).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2025-derives-600-tbw-at-20gb-a-day-as-82-years",
      "citation_text": "An SSD rated 600 TBW lasting 82.2 years at 20GB of writes a day is how SanDisk turned an endurance rating into a lifespan, though TBW is the warranty's write limit and SSDs fail from controller, firmware and age-related causes long before wear-out (SanDisk, 2025). Source: SanDisk, \"How Long Do Solid State Drives (SSDs) Last?\" (https://www.sandisk.com/topics/ssd/how-long-do-ssds-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2025-derives-600-tbw-at-20gb-a-day-as-82-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An SSD lasting 8 years on average with a 0.9% annualized failure rate, against 4 years and 1.7% for a hard drive, is how Kingston put it, citing nothing; the two rates match Backblaze's 2023 figures for different measures (boot-drive SSDs over their lifetime, data-centre HDDs in 2023 alone), and no source gives the 8 and 4 year lifespans (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "An SSD maker says SSDs last **8 years** and hard drives 4, pairing two unrelated failure rates.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "years (claimed average SSD lifespan; HDD 4 years)",
      "display_value": "8 years vs 4 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's global blog; also published in Spanish, German, Japanese, Portuguese and Vietnamese)",
      "period": "Claim as published May 2026",
      "population": "Contemporary SSDs against hard disk drives, unspecified",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "The Lifespans of SSDs and HDDs",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "a contemporary SSD has an average lifespan of 8 years, with an AFR (Annualized Failure Rate) of 0.9% compared to 4 years and a 1.7% AFR for a hard disk drive.",
      "locator": "Section 'Failure rates of SSDs and HDDs', second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (maker's claim about its own product category, unsourced). Trace: Backblaze's SSD Edition 2023 Mid-Year review gives a lifetime AFR of 0.90% for its boot SSDs (Q4 2018 to Q2 2023, 3,144 SSDs) and Backblaze Drive Stats for 2023 gives 1.70% for its data-centre HDDs in 2023 (both saved in raw/claims-and-restatements; originals belong to backblaze-drive-stats). Pairing a lifetime boot-drive rate with a one-year data-drive rate is not like-for-like; Backblaze's own like-for-like comparison of boot drives of the same age is the one to use. The 8-year and 4-year lifespans have no source found (an AFR is not a lifespan). Same figures later appear on SalvageData (updated 2026-10-09, record salvagedata-2026-10-restates-ssd-8-years-0-9pct-vs-hdd-4-years-1-7pct). Cited in AI overviews for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan', 'ssd lifespan', 'how long do nvme ssd last'. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct; like-for-like boot drives: backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months, backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct",
      "citation_text": "An SSD lasting 8 years on average with a 0.9% annualized failure rate, against 4 years and 1.7% for a hard drive, is how Kingston put it, citing nothing; the two rates match Backblaze's 2023 figures for different measures (boot-drive SSDs over their lifetime, data-centre HDDs in 2023 alone), and no source gives the 8 and 4 year lifespans (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"The Lifespans of SSDs and HDDs\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-05-derives-ssds-47pct-less-likely-to-fail",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs being 47% less likely to fail and lasting twice as long as hard drives is how Kingston read its own unsourced pairing of a 0.9% and a 1.7% failure rate, rates that come from different Backblaze measures (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 47,
      "unit": "% lower likelihood of failure, SSD against HDD (as claimed)",
      "display_value": "47% less likely to fail",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's global blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published May 2026",
      "population": "Contemporary SSDs against hard disk drives, unspecified",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "The Lifespans of SSDs and HDDs",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In other words, SSDs are 47% less likely to fail and typically experience a lifespan double that of an HDD.",
      "locator": "Section 'Failure rates of SSDs and HDDs', second paragraph, last sentence",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Kingston's own arithmetic: 1 - 0.9 / 1.7 = 0.47",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record. Arithmetic correct, inputs not comparable (see record kingston-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct). Backblaze's like-for-like comparison of SSD and HDD boot drives of the same age (2021 and 2022 posts; backblaze-drive-stats) is the measured answer to 'which fails more'. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct; like-for-like boot drives: backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months, backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-05-derives-ssds-47pct-less-likely-to-fail",
      "citation_text": "SSDs being 47% less likely to fail and lasting twice as long as hard drives is how Kingston read its own unsourced pairing of a 0.9% and a 1.7% failure rate, rates that come from different Backblaze measures (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"The Lifespans of SSDs and HDDs\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-05-derives-ssds-47pct-less-likely-to-fail."
    },
    {
      "id": "salvagedata-2026-10-restates-ssd-8-years-0-9pct-vs-hdd-4-years-1-7pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An SSD lasting about 8 years with a 0.9% failure rate, against roughly 4 years and 1.7% for hard drives, is how SalvageData repeated Kingston's unsourced pairing of two different Backblaze measures (SalvageData, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "years (claimed average SSD lifespan; HDD about 4 years)",
      "display_value": "8 years vs 4 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US recovery firm's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published (page updated 2026-10-09; first published 2022-12-19)",
      "population": "SSDs against HDDs, unspecified",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "SalvageData Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "SSD Lifespan: How Long Do SSDs Really Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.salvagedata.com/blog/how-long-do-ssd-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-10-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSDs generally last longer and fail less often than HDDs: about an 8-year average lifespan with a 0.9% annualized failure rate, compared to roughly 4 years and a 1.7% failure rate for HDDs.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD vs. HDD: which lasts longer?', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record. Cites nothing. The same four numbers appear on Kingston's blog of 2026-05-21 (record kingston-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct); SalvageData's version is dated by its October 2026 update, so Kingston's is the earlier dated one we found. The page's opening also says 'Most consumer and enterprise Solid-state drives (SSDs) last between 5 and 10 years, with an average lifespan of about 8 years under normal use' (unsourced). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct; like-for-like boot drives: backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months, backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#salvagedata-2026-10-restates-ssd-8-years-0-9pct-vs-hdd-4-years-1-7pct",
      "citation_text": "An SSD lasting about 8 years with a 0.9% failure rate, against roughly 4 years and 1.7% for hard drives, is how SalvageData repeated Kingston's unsourced pairing of two different Backblaze measures (SalvageData, 2026). Source: SalvageData Recovery Services, \"SSD Lifespan: How Long Do SSDs Really Last?\" (https://www.salvagedata.com/blog/how-long-do-ssd-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#salvagedata-2026-10-restates-ssd-8-years-0-9pct-vs-hdd-4-years-1-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "ipvm-2013-11-restates-backblaze-afr-5-1-then-1-4-then-11-8pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Drives failing at 5.1% a year for their first 1.5 years, 1.4% for the next 1.5 years and 11.8% a year after three years is how IPVM restated Backblaze's 2013 lifespan post on about 25,000 consumer-grade drives in its data centre, the same day it was published (IPVM, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.1,
      "unit": "% annual failure rate in the first 18 months (with 1.4% and 11.8% for later phases)",
      "display_value": "5.1%, then 1.4%, then 11.8%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (US), as restated",
      "period": "Data to 2013; restated 2013-11-12",
      "population": "About 25,000 consumer-grade hard drives running around the clock in Backblaze's data centre (as the original described them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "IPVM",
      "source_title": "New Hard Drive Failure Statistics Released",
      "source_url": "https://ipvm.com/discussions/new-hard-drive-failure-statistics-released",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the first 1.5 years, drives fail at 5.1% per year. For the next 1.5 years, drives fail LESS, at about 1.4% per year. After 3 years though, failures rates skyrocket to 11.8% per year.",
      "locator": "Opening post by John Honovich, section after the four-year survival chart",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (faithful, but stale). Links to blog.backblaze.com/2013/11/12/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/. The three-phase rates describe 2009-2013 consumer drives in one data centre; Backblaze replaced that post in 2021 with a version that found early failures much lower ('the bathtub to be leaking') and about 90% of drives alive at four years (Backblaze 2021-12-17; originals belong to backblaze-drive-stats). Pages that still repeat 5.1% (Prosoft 2020: 'where 5% of the hard drives fail per year') present a 2013 phase rate as current. Ranks #2 for 'hard drive failure statistics' (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-first-18-months-5-1pct, backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-18-months-to-3-years-1-4pct, backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-after-3-years-11-8pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ipvm-2013-11-restates-backblaze-afr-5-1-then-1-4-then-11-8pct",
      "citation_text": "Drives failing at 5.1% a year for their first 1.5 years, 1.4% for the next 1.5 years and 11.8% a year after three years is how IPVM restated Backblaze's 2013 lifespan post on about 25,000 consumer-grade drives in its data centre, the same day it was published (IPVM, 2013). Source: IPVM, \"New Hard Drive Failure Statistics Released\" (https://ipvm.com/discussions/new-hard-drive-failure-statistics-released). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ipvm-2013-11-restates-backblaze-afr-5-1-then-1-4-then-11-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "ipvm-2013-11-restates-own-2012-integrator-survey-3-to-4-year-drive-life",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A **3 to 4 year** average hard-drive life span is how IPVM summed up its own 2012 survey of surveillance integrators, a consensus of opinions rather than a measurement, set against Backblaze's projection of about six years (IPVM, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (surveyed integrators' estimate of average drive life)",
      "display_value": "3 to 4 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Surveillance integrators (IPVM members, mostly US)",
      "period": "Survey 2012; restated 2013-11-12",
      "population": "Opinions of video-surveillance integrators about drives in recorders, not a fleet measurement",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "IPVM",
      "source_title": "New Hard Drive Failure Statistics Released",
      "source_url": "https://ipvm.com/discussions/new-hard-drive-failure-statistics-released",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Last year, IPVM released the surveillance industry's first survey results on hard drive failure / duration, showing a consensus around 3 to 4 year average life span.",
      "locator": "Opening post by John Honovich, first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record. The earliest dated '3 to 4 years' we found is this opinion survey, not a measurement; the same post adds that the cloud provider (Backblaze) projected an average of about six years and that surveillance drives often sit in hot, poorly ventilated places. A plausible ancestor of the '3 to 5 years' folklore, not proven as its origin. The 2012 survey itself is behind IPVM's paywall (not fetched).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ipvm-2013-11-restates-own-2012-integrator-survey-3-to-4-year-drive-life",
      "citation_text": "A **3 to 4 year** average hard-drive life span is how IPVM summed up its own 2012 survey of surveillance integrators, a consensus of opinions rather than a measurement, set against Backblaze's projection of about six years (IPVM, 2013). Source: IPVM, \"New Hard Drive Failure Statistics Released\" (https://ipvm.com/discussions/new-hard-drive-failure-statistics-released). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ipvm-2013-11-restates-own-2012-integrator-survey-3-to-4-year-drive-life."
    },
    {
      "id": "phiston-2024-10-restates-backblaze-2021-median-6-years-9-months",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A median HDD life expectancy of **six years and nine months** is how Phiston Technologies restated Backblaze's 2021 estimate, which Backblaze extrapolated from six years of data on its data-centre drives and said it lacked the data to be certain of (Phiston Technologies, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.75,
      "unit": "years (median life expectancy, extrapolated)",
      "display_value": "6 years 9 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (as restated)",
      "period": "Estimate 2021; restated 2024-10-16",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers (the restatement says 'HDDs' without qualification)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Phiston Technologies",
      "source_title": "Comparing Hard Drive and Solid-State Drive Life Spans",
      "source_url": "https://phiston.com/hdd-ssd-lifespans/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-10-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "One study estimates the median life expectancy for HDDs is six years and nine months, though some last longer under ideal conditions.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD Vs. HDD Lifespan', subsection 'HDD Life Spans', first paragraph (link on 'six years and nine months')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (traced, mostly faithful). Links to backblaze.com/blog/how-long-do-disk-drives-last/, where Backblaze writes 'It would appear a reasonable estimate of the median life expectancy is six years and nine months ... we don't have quite enough data to be certain' (saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/backblaze-2021-how-long-do-disk-drives-last.txt; original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats). Drift: 'one study' becomes a general HDD median, the data-centre population and the extrapolation caveat are dropped. Phiston adds that life expectancy 'decreases annually by 2% to 2.5% through its first four years' and gives 'a 65% chance of the drive making it to six years' (both from the same Backblaze post). Phiston sells drive shredders. Cited by Google's AI overview for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan'. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years, backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years, backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months, backblaze-2021-12-life-expectancy-falls-2-to-2-5pct-a-year-first-four-years.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#phiston-2024-10-restates-backblaze-2021-median-6-years-9-months",
      "citation_text": "A median HDD life expectancy of **six years and nine months** is how Phiston Technologies restated Backblaze's 2021 estimate, which Backblaze extrapolated from six years of data on its data-centre drives and said it lacked the data to be certain of (Phiston Technologies, 2024). Source: Phiston Technologies, \"Comparing Hard Drive and Solid-State Drive Life Spans\" (https://phiston.com/hdd-ssd-lifespans/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#phiston-2024-10-restates-backblaze-2021-median-6-years-9-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "phiston-2024-10-claims-typical-ssd-lasts-10-years-or-more",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A typical SSD lasting 10 years or more with proper care is how Phiston Technologies put it, citing nothing, directly after a sourced HDD figure (Phiston Technologies, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years (claimed typical SSD lifespan, lower bound)",
      "display_value": "10 years or more",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US data-destruction vendor's blog)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2024-10-16",
      "population": "Solid-state drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Phiston Technologies",
      "source_title": "Comparing Hard Drive and Solid-State Drive Life Spans",
      "source_url": "https://phiston.com/hdd-ssd-lifespans/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-10-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A typical SSD can last 10 years or more with proper care and maintenance.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD Life Span – How Long Do SSDs Last?', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). Unlike the HDD paragraph above it, no link or source. Origin: none found (see nable-2019-11-claims-ssd-age-limit-around-10-years for the earliest dated '10 years' wording we found).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#phiston-2024-10-claims-typical-ssd-lasts-10-years-or-more",
      "citation_text": "A typical SSD lasting 10 years or more with proper care is how Phiston Technologies put it, citing nothing, directly after a sourced HDD figure (Phiston Technologies, 2024). Source: Phiston Technologies, \"Comparing Hard Drive and Solid-State Drive Life Spans\" (https://phiston.com/hdd-ssd-lifespans/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#phiston-2024-10-claims-typical-ssd-lasts-10-years-or-more."
    },
    {
      "id": "gamersnexus-2014-01-restates-backblaze-seagate-14pct-annual-failure-rate",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Seagate having a 14% annual failure rate across all of its drives is how GamersNexus restated Backblaze's January 2014 post, whose chart puts only Seagate's 1.5TB drives near 14% while its 3TB drives were at 9.8% and its 4TB drives at 3.8% (GamersNexus, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 14,
      "unit": "% annual failure rate (claimed for all Seagate drives)",
      "display_value": "14%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (US), as restated",
      "period": "Data to end of 2013; restated 2014-01-21",
      "population": "About 27,000 consumer-grade drives in Backblaze's storage pods (the restatement says 25,000)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "GamersNexus",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Failure Rates Studied: Seagate vs. WD vs. Hitachi",
      "source_url": "https://gamersnexus.net/news/1293-backblaze-hard-drive-failure-rates",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-01-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The worst hard drive manufacturer, according to Backblaze, is Seagate -- swaggering in with a 14% annual failure rate across all of its offerings.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; drifted. Links to blog.backblaze.com/2014/01/21/what-hard-drive-should-i-buy/ (now backblaze.com/blog/what-hard-drive-should-i-buy/, saved in raw/claims-and-restatements). The original's 'Annual Failure Rate' chart (image blog-fail-drives-manufacture.jpg, viewed 2026-11-04) shows bars by brand and capacity: Seagate 1.5TB just under 14%, 3TB about 9.5%, 4TB about 3.5%; its table gives per-model rates (Barracuda 7200 1.5TB 25.4%, Barracuda LP 1.5TB 9.9%, Barracuda 3TB ST3000DM001 9.8%, Desktop HDD.15 4TB 3.8%, average ages 0.3 to 3.8 years). Drift: one capacity group's bar (old 1.5TB drives averaging 3.8 years) became a brand-wide rate. Original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats. Ranks #6 for 'hard drive failure rate' (2026-11-04), 12 years on. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2013-seagate-hdd-afr-10-52pct (Seagate's 2013 brand AFR as Backblaze later computed it: 10.52%, not 14%), backblaze-2017-01-workbook-2014-seagate-hdd-afr-12-56pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gamersnexus-2014-01-restates-backblaze-seagate-14pct-annual-failure-rate",
      "citation_text": "Seagate having a 14% annual failure rate across all of its drives is how GamersNexus restated Backblaze's January 2014 post, whose chart puts only Seagate's 1.5TB drives near 14% while its 3TB drives were at 9.8% and its 4TB drives at 3.8% (GamersNexus, 2014). Source: GamersNexus, \"Hard Drive Failure Rates Studied: Seagate vs. WD vs. Hitachi\" (https://gamersnexus.net/news/1293-backblaze-hard-drive-failure-rates). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gamersnexus-2014-01-restates-backblaze-seagate-14pct-annual-failure-rate."
    },
    {
      "id": "xda-2026-09-restates-siemroth-park-one-brand-fails-twice-as-often",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "One hard drive brand failing **twice as often** as another is how XDA headlined a peer-reviewed analysis of 443,156 Backblaze data-centre drives, which found adjusted failure rates for HGST about 41% and WD about 52% of Seagate's, with Toshiba slightly above Seagate (XDA, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 443156,
      "unit": "drives in the study (headline: 'twice as often')",
      "display_value": "twice as often",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US and Europe), as restated",
      "period": "Data 2013 to Q2 2025; restated 2026-09-09",
      "population": "443,156 hard drives in Backblaze's data centres, 2013 to Q2 2025, mostly enterprise models",
      "sample_n": 443156,
      "publisher": "XDA Developers",
      "source_title": "A 443,000 drive study just proved one hard drive brand fails twice as often as another",
      "source_url": "https://www.xda-developers.com/re-evaluating-all-of-the-hdds-in-my-nas/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the Cox model put HGST’s adjusted failure hazard at 39.5% of Seagate’s, with Western Digital at 51.4% and Toshiba at 107%.",
      "locator": "Section 'What the study concluded was alarming', third paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (traced, with a headline drift). Original: Siemroth and Park, 'Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability?', IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 14(2), April 2026, DOI 10.1109/TCC.2026.3679404, built on Backblaze's public dataset (443,156 data-centre drives, 2013 to Q2 2025); abstract: 'HGST HDD failure rates are the lowest, about 41% of Seagate's', WD 'about 52% of Seagate's', Toshiba 'slightly above Seagate's' (abstract saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/skku-2026-siemroth-park-abstract.txt; full author copy arXiv:2606.29078 saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/arxiv-2026-siemroth-park-hdd-manufacturer-differences.txt; Table I Cox hazard ratios HGST 0.395, Toshiba 1.070, WD 0.514, temperature 1.021 per degree; 'we observe durations of more than 10 years for only 0.52% of HDDs'; the paper belongs to hdd-field-studies). The ratios are adjusted relative hazards for data-centre drives, not annual failure rates and not home drives. XDA's body gives the Cox-model ratios (39.5%, 51.4%, 107%) and says the drives were Backblaze's, with brands unevenly spread over years; 'twice as often' fits Seagate against WD (about 1.9x) and is understated for Seagate against HGST (about 2.5x) and Toshiba against HGST (about 2.7x, the paper's widest gap). 'Proved' overstates an observational survival model. The article adds 'every 1°C increase in average drive temperature is associated with roughly a 2% increase in failure rate'. Ranks #1 for 'how often do hard drives fail' (2026-11-04). Do not cite XDA; cite the paper (hdd-field-studies). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): essex-2026-hgst-hdd-failure-rate-41pct-of-seagate-wd-52pct-toshiba-107pct (hdd-field-studies).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#xda-2026-09-restates-siemroth-park-one-brand-fails-twice-as-often",
      "citation_text": "One hard drive brand failing **twice as often** as another is how XDA headlined a peer-reviewed analysis of 443,156 Backblaze data-centre drives, which found adjusted failure rates for HGST about 41% and WD about 52% of Seagate's, with Toshiba slightly above Seagate (XDA, 2026). Source: XDA Developers, \"A 443,000 drive study just proved one hard drive brand fails twice as often as another\" (https://www.xda-developers.com/re-evaluating-all-of-the-hdds-in-my-nas/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#xda-2026-09-restates-siemroth-park-one-brand-fails-twice-as-often."
    },
    {
      "id": "xda-2026-09-restates-siemroth-park-10c-hotter-23pct-more-likely-to-fail",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Every 10°C hotter making a hard drive about 23% more likely to fail is how XDA put the study's finding, which compounds a 2.1% higher failure rate per extra degree of average temperature in Backblaze's data-centre drives to 23.1% (XDA, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 23,
      "unit": "% higher failure rate for a 10°C higher average drive temperature (relative, from a hazard ratio)",
      "display_value": "about 23%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US and Europe), as restated",
      "period": "Data 2013 to Q2 2025; restated 2026-09-29",
      "population": "443,156 data-centre hard drives (Backblaze dataset)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "XDA Developers",
      "source_title": "Every 10°C hotter makes a hard drive about 23% more likely to fail, and I make sure my NAS fans work now",
      "source_url": "https://www.xda-developers.com/heat-makes-hdds-more-likely-to-fail-so-fixed-nas-fans/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "they found that each additional degree Celsius in average drive temperature increased the failure rate by 2.1%. Compound that over 10 degrees, and you get about 23%.",
      "locator": "Section 'Why 10°C matters more than it sounds', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (traced, faithful). Original: Siemroth and Park, 'Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability?', IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 14(2), April 2026, DOI 10.1109/TCC.2026.3679404, built on Backblaze's public dataset (443,156 data-centre drives, 2013 to Q2 2025); abstract: 'HGST HDD failure rates are the lowest, about 41% of Seagate's', WD 'about 52% of Seagate's', Toshiba 'slightly above Seagate's' (abstract saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/skku-2026-siemroth-park-abstract.txt; full author copy arXiv:2606.29078 saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/arxiv-2026-siemroth-park-hdd-manufacturer-differences.txt; Table I Cox hazard ratios HGST 0.395, Toshiba 1.070, WD 0.514, temperature 1.021 per degree; 'we observe durations of more than 10 years for only 0.52% of HDDs'; the paper belongs to hdd-field-studies). The ratios are adjusted relative hazards for data-centre drives, not annual failure rates and not home drives. The 23% is the paper's own: 'an additional 10 degrees of mean temperature is predicted to increase the failure rate by 1.021^10 = 1.231, about 23.1%' (section on Table I). XDA adds 'The authors' own example is a drive with a 2% annual failure rate at 40°C, which would drop to about 1.6% if you cooled it by 10°C' and says it is 'an association in data-center drives, not a lab experiment'. The per-degree figure is in XDA's 443,000-drive article too ('roughly a 2% increase'). Google's 2007 study found the opposite at low temperatures (cool drives under 30°C failing more in their first months; hdd-field-studies record google-2007-hdd-drives-under-30c-afr-first-3-months-8-9pct). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): essex-2026-hgst-hdd-failure-rate-41pct-of-seagate-wd-52pct-toshiba-107pct (hdd-field-studies).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#xda-2026-09-restates-siemroth-park-10c-hotter-23pct-more-likely-to-fail",
      "citation_text": "Every 10°C hotter making a hard drive about 23% more likely to fail is how XDA put the study's finding, which compounds a 2.1% higher failure rate per extra degree of average temperature in Backblaze's data-centre drives to 23.1% (XDA, 2026). Source: XDA Developers, \"Every 10°C hotter makes a hard drive about 23% more likely to fail, and I make sure my NAS fans work now\" (https://www.xda-developers.com/heat-makes-hdds-more-likely-to-fail-so-fixed-nas-fans/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#xda-2026-09-restates-siemroth-park-10c-hotter-23pct-more-likely-to-fail."
    },
    {
      "id": "xda-2026-09-claims-hdds-now-last-5-to-10-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Most hard drives lasting somewhere between **5 and 10 years** is how XDA read the 13-year Backblaze dataset behind the 443,156-drive study, a lifespan range the study does not give; it reports relative failure rates by brand, age, capacity and temperature (XDA, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed typical hard drive lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (restating a study of Backblaze data-centre drives)",
      "period": "Claim as published 2026-09-22",
      "population": "Hard drives in general (the study measured Backblaze data-centre drives, mostly enterprise models)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "XDA Developers",
      "source_title": "13 years of hard drive failures could tell us what age HDDs actually become risky",
      "source_url": "https://www.xda-developers.com/13-years-of-hdd-failures-tells-us-when-drives-become-risky/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The Backblaze dataset is reassuring for users who want to invest in hard drives for their NAS devices or even PCs. It shows that most hard drives last somewhere between 5 and 10 years.",
      "locator": "Closing section, first paragraph (also: 'The newer timeline of hard drive failure seems to be between 5 and 10 years.')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; a new folklore range in the making. Original: Siemroth and Park, 'Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability?', IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 14(2), April 2026, DOI 10.1109/TCC.2026.3679404, built on Backblaze's public dataset (443,156 data-centre drives, 2013 to Q2 2025); abstract: 'HGST HDD failure rates are the lowest, about 41% of Seagate's', WD 'about 52% of Seagate's', Toshiba 'slightly above Seagate's' (abstract saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/skku-2026-siemroth-park-abstract.txt; full author copy arXiv:2606.29078 saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/arxiv-2026-siemroth-park-hdd-manufacturer-differences.txt; Table I Cox hazard ratios HGST 0.395, Toshiba 1.070, WD 0.514, temperature 1.021 per degree; 'we observe durations of more than 10 years for only 0.52% of HDDs'; the paper belongs to hdd-field-studies). The ratios are adjusted relative hazards for data-centre drives, not annual failure rates and not home drives. The paper gives no lifespan in years ('our estimates reflect short- to mid-term manufacturer differences in failure rates', and only 0.52% of its drives were observed for more than 10 years), and Backblaze's own survival analysis (2021) estimated a median of six years nine months for its drives. The article also says the '3-to-5 year average HDD lifespan is a bit dated' and that 'A 1TB increase in capacity lowers the failure rate by 3.4%' (which matches the paper's capacity estimate). Do not publish 5 to 10 years as a finding. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): essex-2026-hgst-hdd-failure-rate-41pct-of-seagate-wd-52pct-toshiba-107pct (hdd-field-studies), backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years, backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years, backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#xda-2026-09-claims-hdds-now-last-5-to-10-years",
      "citation_text": "Most hard drives lasting somewhere between **5 and 10 years** is how XDA read the 13-year Backblaze dataset behind the 443,156-drive study, a lifespan range the study does not give; it reports relative failure rates by brand, age, capacity and temperature (XDA, 2026). Source: XDA Developers, \"13 years of hard drive failures could tell us what age HDDs actually become risky\" (https://www.xda-developers.com/13-years-of-hdd-failures-tells-us-when-drives-become-risky/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#xda-2026-09-claims-hdds-now-last-5-to-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "xda-2026-10-restates-backblaze-q2-2026-354415-drives-lifetime-afr-0-5-to-5-88pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Lifetime failure rates ranging from about half a percent to nearly 6% across **354,415** hard drives is how XDA restated Backblaze's Q2 2026 Drive Stats, whose lifetime table covers 353,041 drives with a fleet-wide lifetime AFR of 1.41%, the 354,415 count being the quarterly table's (XDA, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 354415,
      "unit": "drives (as restated); lifetime AFR range 0.5% to 5.88%",
      "display_value": "0.5% to 5.88%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US and Europe), as restated",
      "period": "Lifetime to 2026-06-30; restated 2026-10-06",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers, almost all enterprise models",
      "sample_n": 354415,
      "publisher": "XDA Developers",
      "source_title": "Enterprise hard drives fail at wildly different rates, and Backblaze's data proves the label means almost nothing",
      "source_url": "https://www.xda-developers.com/enterprise-hard-drives-fail-at-wildly-different-rates-and-backblazes-data-proves-the-label-means-almost-nothing/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-10-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Across 354,415 hard drives, almost all of them enterprise models, lifetime failure rates range from about half a percent to nearly 6%.",
      "locator": "Introduction, second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (traced, minor drift). Links to backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q2-2026/ (published 2026-09-29; saved in raw/claims-and-restatements; original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats): quarterly table 'Totals 354,415 ... 1.73' (Q2 2026 quarterly AFR 1.73%), lifetime table 'Totals 353,041 ... 1.41', Toshiba MG11ACA24TE 0.5%, Seagate ST14000NM0138 5.88% lifetime. Drift: the quarterly drive count is attached to the lifetime rates. XDA's model comparisons (WD 14TB 0.54% against Seagate 14TB 5.88%, 'nearly 11 times') match the lifetime table. Ranks #3 for 'hard drive failure rate' (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2026-09-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-q2-2026-1-41pct, backblaze-drive-stats-q2-2026-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-73pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#xda-2026-10-restates-backblaze-q2-2026-354415-drives-lifetime-afr-0-5-to-5-88pct",
      "citation_text": "Lifetime failure rates ranging from about half a percent to nearly 6% across **354,415** hard drives is how XDA restated Backblaze's Q2 2026 Drive Stats, whose lifetime table covers 353,041 drives with a fleet-wide lifetime AFR of 1.41%, the 354,415 count being the quarterly table's (XDA, 2026). Source: XDA Developers, \"Enterprise hard drives fail at wildly different rates, and Backblaze's data proves the label means almost nothing\" (https://www.xda-developers.com/enterprise-hard-drives-fail-at-wildly-different-rates-and-backblazes-data-proves-the-label-means-almost-nothing/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#xda-2026-10-restates-backblaze-q2-2026-354415-drives-lifetime-afr-0-5-to-5-88pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "techspot-2023-05-restates-backblaze-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "\"When HDDs fail, it's typically within 3 years of operation\" is how TechSpot headlined Backblaze's analysis of 17,155 failed data-centre drives, whose figure is the average age of the drives that had failed (two years six months) in a fleet where about 1.4% of drives failed a year (TechSpot, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.5,
      "unit": "years (average age at failure of the failed drives, as restated)",
      "display_value": "2 years 6 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres, as restated",
      "period": "Failures to Q1 2023; restated 2023-05-05",
      "population": "17,155 failed hard drives (72 models) in Backblaze's data centres; drives still working are excluded",
      "sample_n": 17155,
      "publisher": "TechSpot",
      "source_title": "Study finds that when HDDs fail, it's typically within 3 years of operation",
      "source_url": "https://www.techspot.com/news/98574-backblaze-study-finds-hdds-typically-fail-under-3.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A new study of 17,155 failed HDDs by Backblaze found that the average age at which these drives borked was two years and six months.",
      "locator": "Introduction ('In a nutshell'), first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (body faithful, framing drifted). Links to backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-drive-stats-for-q1-2023/ (2023-05-04; saved in raw/claims-and-restatements): 'We are left with 17,155 failed drives to analyze. When we compute the average age at which this cohort of drives failed we get 22,360 hours, which is 932 days, or just over two years and six months.' Original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats. The 'In a nutshell' advice ('Are you still using a hard disk drive that's coming up to three years old?') turns the average age of failures into a lifespan; in the same post Backblaze's fleet had a lifetime AFR of about 1.4%. Same framing: Ars Technica 'HDDs typically failed in under 3 years in Backblaze study of 17,155 failed drives' (2023-05-03; blocked to automated fetch, title from Slashdot's listing) and a Reddit thread ranking #1 for 'hard drive failure statistics'. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2023-05-17155-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2023-1-46pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techspot-2023-05-restates-backblaze-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months",
      "citation_text": "\"When HDDs fail, it's typically within 3 years of operation\" is how TechSpot headlined Backblaze's analysis of 17,155 failed data-centre drives, whose figure is the average age of the drives that had failed (two years six months) in a fleet where about 1.4% of drives failed a year (TechSpot, 2023). Source: TechSpot, \"Study finds that when HDDs fail, it's typically within 3 years of operation\" (https://www.techspot.com/news/98574-backblaze-study-finds-hdds-typically-fail-under-3.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techspot-2023-05-restates-backblaze-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "esf-2023-05-restates-backblaze-hard-drives-fail-after-2-5-years-on-average",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard drives failing after **two and a half years** on average is how Enterprise Storage Forum restated Backblaze's average age of 17,155 failed drives, turning an age at failure into a lifespan; the wording is the one a Facebook post shows in Google's results (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023).",
      "short_statement": "'Hard drives fail after **2.5 years**' turned the average age of failed drives into a lifespan.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.5,
      "unit": "years (average age at failure of the failed drives, restated as when drives fail)",
      "display_value": "two and a half years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres, as restated",
      "period": "Failures to Q1 2023; restated 2023-05-04",
      "population": "17,155 failed hard drives in Backblaze's data centres (the restatement says 'hard drives')",
      "sample_n": 17155,
      "publisher": "Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice)",
      "source_title": "Study Tracks Hard Drive Reliability and Annual Failure Rates (AFR)",
      "source_url": "https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/news/study-tracks-hard-drive-reliability-and-annual-failure-rates-afr",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "On average, hard drives fail after two and a half years, according to new results of an ongoing study published by specialized storage cloud platform provider Backblaze.",
      "locator": "First paragraph (also the meta description)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; drifted (a changed measure). Backblaze's Q1 2023 post (same day) computed the average age of drives that had failed, 'just over two years and six months'; it is not the age at which drives fail on average, since most drives had not failed (fleet lifetime AFR about 1.4%, which the ESF article itself also gives: 'The average AFR over the last decade was was 1.4%'). The Facebook post Google shows for 'how often do hard drives fail' (#8, 2026-11-04: 'On average, hard drives fail after two and a half years, according to new results of an ongoing study published by specialized storage cloud ...') repeats this ESF lede word for word; the Facebook page itself could not be fetched. Original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2023-05-17155-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2023-1-46pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-05-restates-backblaze-hard-drives-fail-after-2-5-years-on-average",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives failing after **two and a half years** on average is how Enterprise Storage Forum restated Backblaze's average age of 17,155 failed drives, turning an age at failure into a lifespan; the wording is the one a Facebook post shows in Google's results (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023). Source: Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice), \"Study Tracks Hard Drive Reliability and Annual Failure Rates (AFR)\" (https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/news/study-tracks-hard-drive-reliability-and-annual-failure-rates-afr). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-05-restates-backblaze-hard-drives-fail-after-2-5-years-on-average."
    },
    {
      "id": "networkworld-2023-04-restates-sdr-failed-drives-lifespan-2-years-10-months",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A hard-drive lifespan of **two years and 10 months** is how Network World restated Secure Data Recovery's 2023 sample of 2,007 failed drives sent to it for recovery, whose figure is the average power-on time of drives that had failed (Network World, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.83,
      "unit": "years (average power-on time of failed drives, restated as a lifespan)",
      "display_value": "2 years 10 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Secure Data Recovery's US labs, as restated",
      "period": "Drives received 2022; restated 2023-04-12",
      "population": "2,007 failed hard drives from six makers sent to Secure Data Recovery",
      "sample_n": 2007,
      "publisher": "Network World (Foundry)",
      "source_title": "Failed hard drives lasted less than three years, analysis finds",
      "source_url": "https://www.networkworld.com/article/972134/failed-hard-drives-lasted-less-than-three-years-analysis-finds.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Failed hard disk drives ran for an average of 25,233 hours before their demise, which translates to a lifespan of two years and 10 months.",
      "locator": "First paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; the headline keeps 'failed', the body's 'lifespan' drops it. Original: Secure Data Recovery's 2023 study (2,007 failed drives, average 25,233 power-on hours, 1,051 days), held by consumer-drives-and-recovery; Secure Data Recovery's 2026 update (over 5,000 failed drives, 2023 to mid-2026) gives a median of 8,687 hours and an average of 19,375 hours (807 days), saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/sdr-hdd-2026.txt. This 2023 figure is what prompted Backblaze's own 17,155-drive calculation (Backblaze Q1 2023). Old URL networkworld.com/article/3693091 redirects here. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-25233-power-on-hours-2-years-10-months (consumer-drives-and-recovery).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#networkworld-2023-04-restates-sdr-failed-drives-lifespan-2-years-10-months",
      "citation_text": "A hard-drive lifespan of **two years and 10 months** is how Network World restated Secure Data Recovery's 2023 sample of 2,007 failed drives sent to it for recovery, whose figure is the average power-on time of drives that had failed (Network World, 2023). Source: Network World (Foundry), \"Failed hard drives lasted less than three years, analysis finds\" (https://www.networkworld.com/article/972134/failed-hard-drives-lasted-less-than-three-years-analysis-finds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#networkworld-2023-04-restates-sdr-failed-drives-lifespan-2-years-10-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "tomshardware-2026-02-restates-backblaze-2025-afr-1-36pct-21-points-lower",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An annualized failure rate of 1.36% for 2025 that is \"21 percentage points lower than last year\" is how Tom's Hardware headlined Backblaze's 2025 report, where the rate fell from 1.55% in 2024, a drop of 0.19 points (Tom's Hardware, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.36,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate 2025 (headline change misstated)",
      "display_value": "1.36%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US and Europe), as restated",
      "period": "2025; restated 2026-02-15",
      "population": "344,196 data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers",
      "sample_n": 344196,
      "publisher": "Tom's Hardware (Future)",
      "source_title": "Cloud storage company releases its 2025 hard drive reliability report — overall Annualized Failure Rate drops to 1.36%, 21 percentage points lower than last year",
      "source_url": "https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/hdds/cloud-storage-company-releases-its-2025-hard-drive-reliability-report-overall-annualized-failure-rate-drops-to-1-36-percent-21-percentage-points-lower-than-last-year",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The 1.36% AFR is the company’s best result since 2022, improving on 2025’s 1.57% AFR and the 1.70% AFR from the year before that.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph (headline: '... drops to 1.36%, 21 percentage points lower than last year')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; the level is right, the change is not. Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025 (saved in raw/claims-and-restatements; original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats): 'This year finishes strong at 1.36%, down from 1.55% in 2024', across 344,196 drives. Tom's Hardware gives the prior year as 1.57% (the 2024 rate as Backblaze first published it in February 2025, since restated to 1.55%) and calls it 2025's, then states the change as 21 percentage points (0.21 points, or about 13% in relative terms, at most). Ranks #3 for 'hard drive failure statistics' (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-36pct, backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2024-restated-1-55pct, backblaze-2025-02-drive-stats-2024-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-57pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#tomshardware-2026-02-restates-backblaze-2025-afr-1-36pct-21-points-lower",
      "citation_text": "An annualized failure rate of 1.36% for 2025 that is \"21 percentage points lower than last year\" is how Tom's Hardware headlined Backblaze's 2025 report, where the rate fell from 1.55% in 2024, a drop of 0.19 points (Tom's Hardware, 2026). Source: Tom's Hardware (Future), \"Cloud storage company releases its 2025 hard drive reliability report — overall Annualized Failure Rate drops to 1.36%, 21 percentage points lower than last year\" (https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/hdds/cloud-storage-company-releases-its-2025-hard-drive-reliability-report-overall-annualized-failure-rate-drops-to-1-36-percent-21-percentage-points-lower-than-last-year). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#tomshardware-2026-02-restates-backblaze-2025-afr-1-36pct-21-points-lower."
    },
    {
      "id": "moutfitters-2011-10-restates-cmu-3pct-afr-as-google",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Google finding a 3% hard-drive failure rate against the makers' 0.88% is how Mobile Outfitters restated the 2007 studies, but the 3% (3.01% weighted average) and the 0.88% datasheet rate are Carnegie Mellon's findings, while Google's paper gave rates by age from 1.7% to 8.6% (Mobile Outfitters, 2011).",
      "short_statement": "The **3%** failure rate often credited to Google comes from Carnegie Mellon's 2007 study, misattributed by a 2011 blog.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "% annual failure rate (claimed for Google's study)",
      "display_value": "3%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (as restated); the 3% is from CMU's seven US sites",
      "period": "Studies 2007; restated 2011-10-20",
      "population": "Over 100,000 drives (as restated)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Mobile Outfitters",
      "source_title": "The Life & Death of a Hard Drive",
      "source_url": "https://www.moutfitters.com/blog/the-life-death-of-a-hard-drive/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "They also noted that while manufacturers claim a failure rate of just .88%, Google found it to be 3% (over 100,000 drives from varying brands).",
      "locator": "Body, third paragraph (credited '[via Google Labs]')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; misattributed. Origin checked: Schroeder and Gibson, 'Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you?', USENIX FAST '07 (CMU; about 100,000 disks at seven sites), which found 'The average ARR over all data sets (weighted by the number of drives in each data set) is 3.01%' against datasheet MTTFs of 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours, 'suggesting a nominal annual failure rate of at most 0.88%'. Google's paper at the same conference (Pinheiro, Weber and Barroso, FAST '07) gives AFR by drive age, 'from 1.7%, for drives that were in their first year of operation, to over 8.6%, observed in the 3-year old population', and no single average (both saved in raw/claims-and-restatements; held by hdd-field-studies, e.g. google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct and google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct). Both papers were presented at FAST '07 in February 2007 and covered about 100,000 drives each, which is how the press merged them; Google's own three-month AFR of 2.8% (google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-months-2-8pct) is the only Google figure near 3%, and it is not an average. This blog (a phone-accessory maker) is the only page we found crediting 3% to Google; Wikipedia's 'Annualized failure rate' entry attributes it correctly to CMU (record wikipedia-afr-attributes-3pct-mean-afr-to-cmu-2007). The page also restates Google's scan-error finding correctly ('39 times more likely to die within 60 days'). Do not publish '3% (Google)'; publish CMU's 3.01% and Google's age series from hdd-field-studies. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): cmu-2007-hdd-annual-replacement-rate-weighted-average-3-01pct, cmu-2007-hdd-datasheet-mttf-1-to-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58-to-0-88pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#moutfitters-2011-10-restates-cmu-3pct-afr-as-google",
      "citation_text": "Google finding a 3% hard-drive failure rate against the makers' 0.88% is how Mobile Outfitters restated the 2007 studies, but the 3% (3.01% weighted average) and the 0.88% datasheet rate are Carnegie Mellon's findings, while Google's paper gave rates by age from 1.7% to 8.6% (Mobile Outfitters, 2011). Source: Mobile Outfitters, \"The Life & Death of a Hard Drive\" (https://www.moutfitters.com/blog/the-life-death-of-a-hard-drive/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#moutfitters-2011-10-restates-cmu-3pct-afr-as-google."
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-afr-attributes-3pct-mean-afr-to-cmu-2007",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A 3% mean annualized failure rate over one to five years is how Wikipedia summarises the 2007 Carnegie Mellon study, correctly, next to Google's 2007 range of 1.7% for first-year drives to over 8.6% for three-year-old drives (Wikipedia, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "% mean annualized failure rate (CMU 2007, as summarised)",
      "display_value": "3%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "CMU study: seven US sites (HPC and internet services)",
      "period": "Studies 2007; article as read 2026-11-04",
      "population": "About 100,000 data-centre and HPC disks (CMU); over 100,000 consumer-grade drives in Google's fleet",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "source_title": "Annualized failure rate",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annualized_failure_rate",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Google's 2007 study found, based on a large field sample of drives, that actual AFRs for individual drives ranged from 1.7% for first year drives to over 8.6% for three-year-old drives.",
      "locator": "Article body, last paragraph (followed by: 'A CMU 2007 study showed an estimated 3% mean AFR over 1–5 years based on replacement logs for a large sample of drives.')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (faithful). published_at is the date read (live wiki page, no fixed date). Included because it is the likely seed of the '3%' figure for later writers and AI answers and shows the correct attribution: the 3% is CMU's, the Google paper gives no single average. Origin checked: Schroeder and Gibson, 'Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you?', USENIX FAST '07 (CMU; about 100,000 disks at seven sites), which found 'The average ARR over all data sets (weighted by the number of drives in each data set) is 3.01%' against datasheet MTTFs of 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours, 'suggesting a nominal annual failure rate of at most 0.88%'. Google's paper at the same conference (Pinheiro, Weber and Barroso, FAST '07) gives AFR by drive age, 'from 1.7%, for drives that were in their first year of operation, to over 8.6%, observed in the 3-year old population', and no single average (both saved in raw/claims-and-restatements; held by hdd-field-studies, e.g. google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct and google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): cmu-2007-hdd-annual-replacement-rate-weighted-average-3-01pct, cmu-2007-hdd-datasheet-mttf-1-to-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58-to-0-88pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wikipedia-afr-attributes-3pct-mean-afr-to-cmu-2007",
      "citation_text": "A 3% mean annualized failure rate over one to five years is how Wikipedia summarises the 2007 Carnegie Mellon study, correctly, next to Google's 2007 range of 1.7% for first-year drives to over 8.6% for three-year-old drives (Wikipedia, 2026). Source: Wikipedia, \"Annualized failure rate\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annualized_failure_rate). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wikipedia-afr-attributes-3pct-mean-afr-to-cmu-2007."
    },
    {
      "id": "askleo-2007-03-restates-google-7pct-a-year-for-drives-over-2-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "About 7% a year for drives older than two years is how Ask Leo! summed up Google's 2007 paper, a fair reading of its rates by age (8.0% at two years, 8.6% at three, 5.9% at four, 7.3% at five) for drives in Google's data centres (Ask Leo!, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7,
      "unit": "% annual failure rate, drives over two years old (as restated)",
      "display_value": "about 7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (as restated)",
      "period": "Study 2007; restated 2007-03-24",
      "population": "Consumer-grade drives in Google's services, more than 100,000 drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Ask Leo! (Leo Notenboom)",
      "source_title": "Your hard disk is more likely to fail than you think.",
      "source_url": "https://askleo.com/your_hard_disk_is_more_likely_to_fail_than_you_think/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-03-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, for drives older than 2 years, Google reports seeing about a 7% failure rate per year. Put another way, one out of every 14 drives will fail within a year.",
      "locator": "Body, paragraph after the SMART discussion",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (roughly faithful). Google FAST '07 Figure 2 AFR by age as recorded by hdd-field-studies: google-2007-hdd-afr-age-2-years-8-0pct, -3-years-8-6pct, -4-years-5-9pct, -5-years-7-3pct (ages 2 to 5 average about 7.5%). 'One out of every 14 drives will fail within a year' turns a population rate into a per-drive chance, which is fair for drives of that age in that fleet only. Stale: 2001-2006 drives. Contrast the '3% (Google)' misattribution (record moutfitters-2011-10-restates-cmu-3pct-afr-as-google). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): google-2007-hdd-afr-age-2-years-8-0pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-4-years-5-9pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-5-years-7-3pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#askleo-2007-03-restates-google-7pct-a-year-for-drives-over-2-years",
      "citation_text": "About 7% a year for drives older than two years is how Ask Leo! summed up Google's 2007 paper, a fair reading of its rates by age (8.0% at two years, 8.6% at three, 5.9% at four, 7.3% at five) for drives in Google's data centres (Ask Leo!, 2007). Source: Ask Leo! (Leo Notenboom), \"Your hard disk is more likely to fail than you think.\" (https://askleo.com/your_hard_disk_is_more_likely_to_fail_than_you_think/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#askleo-2007-03-restates-google-7pct-a-year-for-drives-over-2-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "makeuseof-2015-08-debunks-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-as-171-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "MakeUseOf explained that an MTBF of 1.5 million hours does not mean a drive lasts **171 years**, correctly treating MTBF as a population failure rate (MakeUseOf, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 171,
      "unit": "years (1.5 million hours divided by 8,760 hours a year; the misreading)",
      "display_value": "171 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (explainer)",
      "period": "Published 2015-08-17, updated 2021-12-04",
      "population": "SSDs rated at 1.5 million hours MTBF (example: Samsung 850 EVO 250GB)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "MakeUseOf",
      "source_title": "7 Terms You Need to Know When Buying a New SSD",
      "source_url": "https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/7-terms-need-know-buying-new-ssd/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-08-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Most people interpret MTBF as \"this drive will, on average, last me 1.5 million hours\", which is completely wrong! In fact, 1.5 million hours translates into 171 years. That would be absurd!",
      "locator": "Section '5. MTBF', second paragraph",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "1,500,000 hours / 8,760 hours a year = 171.2 years (the misreading being debunked)",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (a debunk, not the folklore). What MTBF means: a population failure rate under the maker's test conditions; converted, AFR = 8,760 / MTBF hours, so 1.5 million hours is about 0.58% a year (the derivation belongs to ratings-endurance-retention). Reading MTBF as one drive's life is the error; field studies found real replacement rates several times the datasheet rate (CMU FAST '07: weighted average 3.01% against at most 0.88%). The same page explains MTBF as one failure every 187.5 days among 1,000 drives running 8 hours a day (1.5M / 1,000 / 8). Seagate's own knowledge-base article makes the same point for its ratings (ratings-endurance-retention: seagate-kb-mtbf-300000-1200000-hours-does-not-mean-30-120-years, seagate-kb-field-mtbf-typically-50-60pct-of-projected-mtbf). The '171 years' misreading itself lives mostly in forum posts (a Tom's Hardware forum thread was blocked to automated fetch); every ranking page we fetched that mentions 171 years does so to debunk it (also OSCOO 2026, ITIGIC 2020). Origin of the misreading: none found in a published document. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58pct, derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-is-not-171-years (ratings-endurance-retention).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#makeuseof-2015-08-debunks-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-as-171-years",
      "citation_text": "MakeUseOf explained that an MTBF of 1.5 million hours does not mean a drive lasts **171 years**, correctly treating MTBF as a population failure rate (MakeUseOf, 2015). Source: MakeUseOf, \"7 Terms You Need to Know When Buying a New SSD\" (https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/7-terms-need-know-buying-new-ssd/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#makeuseof-2015-08-debunks-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-as-171-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "oscoo-2026-05-debunks-mtbf-171-years-gives-afr-0-58pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "1.5 million hours MTBF converting to roughly 171 years but meaning about a 0.58% annual failure rate is how SSD maker OSCOO explained the rating, correctly (OSCOO, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.58,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate implied by 1.5 million hours MTBF",
      "display_value": "0.58% a year (not 171 years)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (maker's explainer, Chinese SSD maker)",
      "period": "Published 2026-05-19",
      "population": "SSDs rated at 1.5 million hours MTBF",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "OSCOO",
      "source_title": "SSD Reliability: What Is MTBF?",
      "source_url": "https://www.oscoo.com/news/ssd-reliability-what-is-mtbf/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "This converts to roughly 171 years, but it obviously does not mean every drive will last 171 years.",
      "locator": "Section explaining MTBF, paragraph before the AFR formula ('For 1.5 million hours, the AFR is about 1 / (1,500,000 / 365 / 24) ≈ 0.58%')",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "OSCOO's own: AFR = 1 / (1,500,000 / 365 / 24) = 0.58%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (a debunk). What MTBF means: a population failure rate under the maker's test conditions; converted, AFR = 8,760 / MTBF hours, so 1.5 million hours is about 0.58% a year (the derivation belongs to ratings-endurance-retention). Reading MTBF as one drive's life is the error; field studies found real replacement rates several times the datasheet rate (CMU FAST '07: weighted average 3.01% against at most 0.88%). OSCOO also states consumer SSDs 'typically have MTBF between 1 and 1.5 million hours (AFR around 0.6%–0.9%)' and enterprise SSDs 2 million hours or more (0.44%). Published in eight languages (ar, fr, ru, de, es, it, ja, pt versions exist). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58pct, derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-is-not-171-years (ratings-endurance-retention).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#oscoo-2026-05-debunks-mtbf-171-years-gives-afr-0-58pct",
      "citation_text": "1.5 million hours MTBF converting to roughly 171 years but meaning about a 0.58% annual failure rate is how SSD maker OSCOO explained the rating, correctly (OSCOO, 2026). Source: OSCOO, \"SSD Reliability: What Is MTBF?\" (https://www.oscoo.com/news/ssd-reliability-what-is-mtbf/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#oscoo-2026-05-debunks-mtbf-171-years-gives-afr-0-58pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "itigic-2020-08-restates-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-as-171-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "1.5 million hours of MTBF being \"equivalent to more than 171 years\" is how ITIGIC framed the rating before explaining that nobody tests a part for 171 years and the figure is a prediction (ITIGIC, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 171,
      "unit": "years (MTBF hours divided by 8,760)",
      "display_value": "more than 171 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (explainer, Spanish tech site in English)",
      "period": "Published 2020-08-26",
      "population": "Hardware rated at 1.5 million hours MTBF (SSD example)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ITIGIC",
      "source_title": "MTBF of the Hardware : What is it For and How is it Calculated?",
      "source_url": "https://itigic.com/mtbf-of-hardware-what-is-it-for/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-08-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "It is an expression with a very high value (1.5 million hours is equivalent to more than 171 years) that is related to the reliability of a component",
      "locator": "Introduction, first paragraph",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "1,500,000 / 8,760 = 171.2",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (half debunk). Closes with 'nobody has been testing a fan for 171 years to make sure its mean time between failures is 1.5 million hours'. What MTBF means: a population failure rate under the maker's test conditions; converted, AFR = 8,760 / MTBF hours, so 1.5 million hours is about 0.58% a year (the derivation belongs to ratings-endurance-retention). Reading MTBF as one drive's life is the error; field studies found real replacement rates several times the datasheet rate (CMU FAST '07: weighted average 3.01% against at most 0.88%). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58pct, derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-is-not-171-years (ratings-endurance-retention).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#itigic-2020-08-restates-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-as-171-years",
      "citation_text": "1.5 million hours of MTBF being \"equivalent to more than 171 years\" is how ITIGIC framed the rating before explaining that nobody tests a part for 171 years and the figure is a prediction (ITIGIC, 2020). Source: ITIGIC, \"MTBF of the Hardware : What is it For and How is it Calculated?\" (https://itigic.com/mtbf-of-hardware-what-is-it-for/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#itigic-2020-08-restates-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-as-171-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "esf-2023-04-claims-hdd-mtbf-half-million-hours-about-57-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An HDD's MTBF of about half a million hours, **approximately 57 years**, is how Enterprise Storage Forum put it, turning a rating into years, with SSD MTBF 'reported' at 2.5 million hours and no source for either (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 57,
      "unit": "years (MTBF hours divided by 8,760; a specification read as a lifespan)",
      "display_value": "about 57 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US trade site)",
      "period": "Published 2023-04-12",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in general (MTBF ratings)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice)",
      "source_title": "How Long Does an SSDs Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/ssd-lifespan-how-long-will-your-ssd-work/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For an HDD, the MTBF is about half a million hours. It approximates 57 years. The average MTBF for SSDs is reported to be 2.5 million hours.",
      "locator": "Section on MTBF, paragraph before 'So, when calculating the SSD lifespan, TBW and DWPD offer...'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "500,000 / 8,760 = 57.1 (the outlet's conversion)",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; a specification presented in years. What MTBF means: a population failure rate under the maker's test conditions; converted, AFR = 8,760 / MTBF hours, so 1.5 million hours is about 0.58% a year (the derivation belongs to ratings-endurance-retention). Reading MTBF as one drive's life is the error; field studies found real replacement rates several times the datasheet rate (CMU FAST '07: weighted average 3.01% against at most 0.88%). Today's HDD datasheets rate 1 to 2.5 million hours (ratings-endurance-retention), so 'about half a million' is also stale. Enterprise Storage Forum is cited in Google's AI overviews for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan', 'ssd lifespan' and 'how long does an external hard drive last'. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58pct, derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-is-not-171-years (ratings-endurance-retention), cmu-2007-hdd-field-replacement-rates-up-to-15x-datasheet-afr.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-04-claims-hdd-mtbf-half-million-hours-about-57-years",
      "citation_text": "An HDD's MTBF of about half a million hours, **approximately 57 years**, is how Enterprise Storage Forum put it, turning a rating into years, with SSD MTBF 'reported' at 2.5 million hours and no source for either (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023). Source: Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice), \"How Long Does an SSDs Last?\" (https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/ssd-lifespan-how-long-will-your-ssd-work/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-04-claims-hdd-mtbf-half-million-hours-about-57-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "esf-2023-04-derives-ssd-oxide-layer-lasts-342-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An SSD's oxide layer lasting 342 years is how Enterprise Storage Forum worked out SSD lifespan from 3,000 write cycles, a 1,000GB capacity, a write amplification of 5 and 1,750GB written a year, a rated-endurance sum presented as a lifespan (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 342,
      "unit": "years (rated write cycles x capacity / (write amplification x yearly writes))",
      "display_value": "342 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US trade site)",
      "period": "Published 2023-04-12",
      "population": "A hypothetical 1TB SSD with 3,000 P/E cycles",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice)",
      "source_title": "How Long Does an SSDs Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/ssd-lifespan-how-long-will-your-ssd-work/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "(3,000 * 1,000)/(5 * 1,750) = 342 years The drive cannot be guaranteed to be relied upon for 342 years. But based on these assumptions, the oxide layer of the SSD will last this long.",
      "locator": "Section 'Calculation', worked example",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "The outlet's own: (3,000 x 1,000) / (5 x 1,750) = 342.9",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; the arithmetic of wear-out, not a measured lifespan. Field studies find SSDs fail from age and non-wear causes long before rated P/E cycles run out (Google FAST '16 Table 1: MLC drives at 529 to 949 of 3,000 cycles after four to six years; ssd-field-studies). Same move as SanDisk's 82.2 years (record sandisk-2025-derives-600-tbw-at-20gb-a-day-as-82-years). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-under-2pct-of-rated-life-used-in-2-to-3-years, heise-2017-ct-endurance-samsung-850-pro-256gb-9-1-pb-written.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-04-derives-ssd-oxide-layer-lasts-342-years",
      "citation_text": "An SSD's oxide layer lasting 342 years is how Enterprise Storage Forum worked out SSD lifespan from 3,000 write cycles, a 1,000GB capacity, a write amplification of 5 and 1,750GB written a year, a rated-endurance sum presented as a lifespan (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023). Source: Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice), \"How Long Does an SSDs Last?\" (https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/ssd-lifespan-how-long-will-your-ssd-work/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-04-derives-ssd-oxide-layer-lasts-342-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "esf-2023-08-claims-manufacturers-say-hdds-last-4-to-7-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard drives lasting four to seven years is how Enterprise Storage Forum put what \"manufacturers say\", naming none; drive makers publish MTBF or AFR ratings and warranty years, not a lifespan range (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed planned HDD life expectancy)",
      "display_value": "4 to 7 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US trade site)",
      "period": "Published 2023-08-16 (body revised in 2026 to cite Backblaze Q1 2026)",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice)",
      "source_title": "Life Expectancy of a Drive: HDD, SSD, and Flash",
      "source_url": "https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/life-expectancy-of-a-drive/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-08-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Generally, manufacturers say to expect HDDs to last from four to seven years before it starts to fail.",
      "locator": "Section 'HDDs: How Long Do They Last?', first paragraph (also the 'Drive Life Expectancy at-a-Glance' table: 'Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) 4-7 years')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore attributed to unnamed makers). Origin: none found; no maker document we know of states a 4-to-7-year HDD lifespan (the ratings family holds the makers' actual MTBF, AFR and warranty specifications). The page says 'Real-world field data mostly backs up these manufacturer ranges' and cites Backblaze Q1 2026 (lifetime AFR 1.39% across 341,263 drives), though an AFR does not give a lifespan. Meta dates still say 2023-08-16. Cited in Google's AI overviews (2026-11-04).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-08-claims-manufacturers-say-hdds-last-4-to-7-years",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives lasting four to seven years is how Enterprise Storage Forum put what \"manufacturers say\", naming none; drive makers publish MTBF or AFR ratings and warranty years, not a lifespan range (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023). Source: Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice), \"Life Expectancy of a Drive: HDD, SSD, and Flash\" (https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/life-expectancy-of-a-drive/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-08-claims-manufacturers-say-hdds-last-4-to-7-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "esf-2023-08-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-flash-10-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs lasting **5 to 10 years** and flash storage about 10 years is how Enterprise Storage Forum put the \"planned life expectancy\" of drives, citing no source for either range (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed planned SSD life expectancy)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US trade site)",
      "period": "Published 2023-08-16 (body revised in 2026)",
      "population": "Solid-state drives and flash memory in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice)",
      "source_title": "Life Expectancy of a Drive: HDD, SSD, and Flash",
      "source_url": "https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/life-expectancy-of-a-drive/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-08-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDDs typically last 4–7 years, SSDs 5–10 years, and flash storage about 10 years.",
      "locator": "Meta description and summary; the at-a-glance table reads 'Solid-State Drives (SSDs) 5-10 years Flash 10 years average use'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). Origin: none found. Same 5-to-10-year SSD range as SanDisk (record sandisk-2025-claims-most-ssds-last-5-to-10-years) and SalvageData. Number we will not publish as a finding.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-08-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-flash-10-years",
      "citation_text": "SSDs lasting **5 to 10 years** and flash storage about 10 years is how Enterprise Storage Forum put the \"planned life expectancy\" of drives, citing no source for either range (Enterprise Storage Forum, 2023). Source: Enterprise Storage Forum (TechnologyAdvice), \"Life Expectancy of a Drive: HDD, SSD, and Flash\" (https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/life-expectancy-of-a-drive/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#esf-2023-08-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-flash-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2016-05-claims-unpowered-ssd-data-safe-at-least-10-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Data on an unpowered SSD not degrading for at least 10 years in optimum storage is how Ontrack put it in 2016, citing nothing; JEDEC's requirement for client SSDs at the end of their rated endurance is one year powered off at 30°C, and Ontrack itself adds that TLC flash can lose data within months (Ontrack, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years (claimed minimum power-off data retention of an SSD)",
      "display_value": "at least 10 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (data-recovery firm's US blog)",
      "period": "Published 2016-05-19 (modified 2024-07-30)",
      "population": "Solid-state drives left powered down in optimum storage conditions",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Ontrack (then Kroll Ontrack)",
      "source_title": "SSD vs HDD: Which Tech Lasts Longer?",
      "source_url": "https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/hdds-vs-ssds",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "with SSDs, data degradation (that is sufficient enough to prevent the correction of stored data with ‘Error Correction Algorithms’) should not occur for at least 10 years if the drive is left powered down in optimum storage conditions.",
      "locator": "Section on data retention ('Many of us would assume...'), third paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (vendor claim, unsourced). The next sentences qualify it: 'This time frame does however depend on the type of NAND flash memory used. For example, ‘Triple-Level Cell’ (TLC) memory can actually lose data far more quickly – even as soon as a few months.' Origin: none found. The 10-year figure matches the retention NAND chip makers historically quoted for fresh (unworn) cells, but no such document is cited. JEDEC JESD218 (client: one year at 30°C power-off after the rated endurance is used up; enterprise: three months at 40°C) is held by ratings-endurance-retention. KingSpec reworded this line in 2022 with '5 to 6 years' (record kingspec-2022-07-rewords-ontrack-2016-unpowered-ssd-5-to-6-years). Shown in Google's snippet for 'ssd lifespan' (#8, 2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): jedec-2010-jesd218-client-ssd-retention-1-year-30c, jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-ssd-retention-3-months-40c, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-client-used-40c-stored-55c-2-weeks, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-55c-2-weeks, crucial-2026-01-new-ssd-unpowered-retention-several-years.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2016-05-claims-unpowered-ssd-data-safe-at-least-10-years",
      "citation_text": "Data on an unpowered SSD not degrading for at least 10 years in optimum storage is how Ontrack put it in 2016, citing nothing; JEDEC's requirement for client SSDs at the end of their rated endurance is one year powered off at 30°C, and Ontrack itself adds that TLC flash can lose data within months (Ontrack, 2016). Source: Ontrack (then Kroll Ontrack), \"SSD vs HDD: Which Tech Lasts Longer?\" (https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/hdds-vs-ssds). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2016-05-claims-unpowered-ssd-data-safe-at-least-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2016-05-claims-30-year-old-hdds-still-read-error-free",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard-drive systems well over **30 years** old still booting and reading error-free is how Ontrack described its engineers' experience, an anecdote with no count of drives tried or failed (Ontrack, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "years (age of HDD systems Ontrack says it read without errors; anecdote)",
      "display_value": "over 30 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (data-recovery firm's US blog)",
      "period": "Published 2016-05-19",
      "population": "Old HDD systems handled by Ontrack engineers (number not given)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Ontrack (then Kroll Ontrack)",
      "source_title": "SSD vs HDD: Which Tech Lasts Longer?",
      "source_url": "https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/hdds-vs-ssds",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Well, every 10 years or so some of our engineers have been successfully booting up and reading data from HDD systems that are well over 30 years old - error free!",
      "locator": "Section on data retention, paragraph 'How does this compare to HDDs?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (anecdote). Relevant to Google's question 'Can HDD last 100 years?' (no measured data on unpowered HDD shelf life beyond such anecdotes was found on the ranking pages; archivists' guidance belongs to flash-cards-and-archival-media). Not a statistic; do not publish as one.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2016-05-claims-30-year-old-hdds-still-read-error-free",
      "citation_text": "Hard-drive systems well over **30 years** old still booting and reading error-free is how Ontrack described its engineers' experience, an anecdote with no count of drives tried or failed (Ontrack, 2016). Source: Ontrack (then Kroll Ontrack), \"SSD vs HDD: Which Tech Lasts Longer?\" (https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/blog/hdds-vs-ssds). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2016-05-claims-30-year-old-hdds-still-read-error-free."
    },
    {
      "id": "payam-2025-05-claims-50pct-of-failures-physical-damage",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Half of hard-drive failures stemming from physical damage such as drops is how Payam Data Recovery summarised its own lab's 30,000 drives (2020 to 2025), giving no counts, categories or method behind the 50-50 split (Payam Data Recovery, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% of failures attributed to physical damage (lab's own claim)",
      "display_value": "50%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Australia (Payam's lab)",
      "period": "Drives received 2020 to 2025; published 2025-05-07, updated 2026-10-17",
      "population": "About 30,000 hard drives submitted to Payam Data Recovery by everyday users, 2020 to 2025",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "Payam Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Failure Statistics for 2025: Insights from Payam Data Recovery",
      "source_url": "https://www.payam.com.au/hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-05-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Our Hard Drive Failure Statistics show 50% of failures stem from physical damage (e.g., drops), while the other 50% are due to mechanical or electronic issues, often linked to these cost-saving measures.",
      "locator": "Section 'Why Some Drives Fail More', paragraph after 'Design Trade-Offs'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Claim record (the firm's own data, as stated; nothing further to trace). The page names three failure types (severe head crashes, head failures, bad sectors) but gives no shares for them; the 50% appears once, unsupported by a table. The sample is drives sent for recovery in Australia, not all drives. If consumer-drives-and-recovery records it, that family holds the figure; this record documents how thin it is. Shown in Google's snippet for 'hard drive failure rate' (#9, 2026-11-04). Publish only as Payam's own unquantified claim, or not at all. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): payam-2025-05-50pct-of-hdd-failures-physical-damage (consumer-drives-and-recovery records the same claim).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#payam-2025-05-claims-50pct-of-failures-physical-damage",
      "citation_text": "Half of hard-drive failures stemming from physical damage such as drops is how Payam Data Recovery summarised its own lab's 30,000 drives (2020 to 2025), giving no counts, categories or method behind the 50-50 split (Payam Data Recovery, 2025). Source: Payam Data Recovery, \"Hard Drive Failure Statistics for 2025: Insights from Payam Data Recovery\" (https://www.payam.com.au/hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#payam-2025-05-claims-50pct-of-failures-physical-damage."
    },
    {
      "id": "bgr-2026-09-restates-sdr-almost-50pct-of-hard-drives-fail-too-soon",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Almost 50% of hard drives failing way too soon is how BGR headlined Secure Data Recovery's 2026 sample, in which 49.8% of the 5,106 failed drives sent for recovery had run less than a year, a share of failures, not of all drives (BGR, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "'Almost **50%** of hard drives fail too soon' came from a recovery lab's count of failed drives only.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 49.8,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with under 8,760 power-on hours (headlined as 'of hard drives')",
      "display_value": "almost 50%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Secure Data Recovery's US labs, as restated",
      "period": "Drives received 2023 to mid-2026; restated 2026-09-20",
      "population": "5,106 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery (the headline says 'hard drives')",
      "sample_n": 5106,
      "publisher": "BGR (Static Media)",
      "source_title": "Study Finds That Almost 50% Of Hard Drives Fail Way Too Soon",
      "source_url": "https://www.bgr.com/2262517/hard-drives-fail-within-a-year-study/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In total, 49.8% of drives failed with less than one year of constant usage. It's important to take this study in context, however.",
      "locator": "First section, paragraphs 1-2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; the body is careful ('only examined drives that had already failed ... this study doesn't say anything about the lifespan of a typical HDD'), the headline is not. Links to securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026 (saved; held by consumer-drives-and-recovery): '49.8% of the hard drives failed in fewer than 8,760 power-on hours (365 days)', median 8,687 hours, 5,106 drives in the median table. The article also says 'Conventional wisdom says that a typical hard disk drive (HDD) should last about five years' (unsourced), 'In 2025, Backblaze reported an annualized failure rate of 1.13%' (Backblaze's 2025 annual AFR is 1.36%; record bgr-2026-09-misstates-backblaze-2025-afr-as-1-13pct) and that SSDs 'tend to last longer; eight years on average' (Kingston's unsourced figure). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): securedatarecovery-2026-07-49-8pct-of-failed-hdds-failed-in-first-year, securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-median-362-days-power-on (consumer-drives-and-recovery).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#bgr-2026-09-restates-sdr-almost-50pct-of-hard-drives-fail-too-soon",
      "citation_text": "Almost 50% of hard drives failing way too soon is how BGR headlined Secure Data Recovery's 2026 sample, in which 49.8% of the 5,106 failed drives sent for recovery had run less than a year, a share of failures, not of all drives (BGR, 2026). Source: BGR (Static Media), \"Study Finds That Almost 50% Of Hard Drives Fail Way Too Soon\" (https://www.bgr.com/2262517/hard-drives-fail-within-a-year-study/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#bgr-2026-09-restates-sdr-almost-50pct-of-hard-drives-fail-too-soon."
    },
    {
      "id": "bgr-2026-09-misstates-backblaze-2025-afr-as-1-13pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A 2025 annualized failure rate of 1.13%, or one drive in 88, is how BGR reported Backblaze's year, but 1.13% was the fourth quarter alone; Backblaze's 2025 annual rate is 1.36% across 344,196 drives, about one in 74 (BGR, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.13,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate 2025 (as misreported)",
      "display_value": "1.13%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres, as restated",
      "period": "2025; restated 2026-09-20",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "BGR (Static Media)",
      "source_title": "Study Finds That Almost 50% Of Hard Drives Fail Way Too Soon",
      "source_url": "https://www.bgr.com/2262517/hard-drives-fail-within-a-year-study/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In 2025, Backblaze reported an annualized failure rate of 1.13%, meaning roughly one in every 88 of its drives failed that year.",
      "locator": "First section, paragraph 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; wrong figure. Backblaze Drive Stats for 2025 (saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/backblaze-2026-drive-stats-2025.txt; original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats): 'This year finishes strong at 1.36%, down from 1.55% in 2024'. 1.13% is Backblaze's quarterly AFR for Q4 2025 alone (backblaze-drive-stats record backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-13pct), presented as the year's rate. No link to Backblaze in the article. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-36pct, backblaze-drive-stats-q4-2025-hdd-quarterly-afr-1-13pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#bgr-2026-09-misstates-backblaze-2025-afr-as-1-13pct",
      "citation_text": "A 2025 annualized failure rate of 1.13%, or one drive in 88, is how BGR reported Backblaze's year, but 1.13% was the fourth quarter alone; Backblaze's 2025 annual rate is 1.36% across 344,196 drives, about one in 74 (BGR, 2026). Source: BGR (Static Media), \"Study Finds That Almost 50% Of Hard Drives Fail Way Too Soon\" (https://www.bgr.com/2262517/hard-drives-fail-within-a-year-study/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#bgr-2026-09-misstates-backblaze-2025-afr-as-1-13pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "lifehacker-2015-04-restates-backblaze-80pct-at-four-years-as-four-year-average",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard drives lasting about four years on average is how Lifehacker read Backblaze's finding that about 80% of its data-centre drives survived four years, turning a survival share into an average life (Lifehacker, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "years (claimed average hard drive life)",
      "display_value": "about 4 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (restating Backblaze's US data centre)",
      "period": "Published 2015-04-27",
      "population": "Hard drives in general (the cited data: Backblaze's data-centre drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Lifehacker",
      "source_title": "How Long Will My Hard Drives Really Last?",
      "source_url": "https://lifehacker.com/how-long-will-my-hard-drives-really-last-1700405627",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-04-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "you’re looking at about four years on average. Online backup service Backblaze studied the drives in their infrastructure and found about 80% of them survived for four years.",
      "locator": "Section on hard drives, first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; drifted (a survival share read as an average lifespan; if 80% survive four years the average life is well beyond four years). Original: Backblaze 2013 'How long do disk drives last?' (78% alive after four years, per Backblaze's 2021 update; backblaze-drive-stats). The article adds that most warranties are 'about two to three years' and to 'be ready for failures after that point'. Ranks #7 for 'how long does a hard drive last if not used' (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years, backblaze-2013-11-median-drive-lifespan-over-6-years-projection.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lifehacker-2015-04-restates-backblaze-80pct-at-four-years-as-four-year-average",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives lasting about four years on average is how Lifehacker read Backblaze's finding that about 80% of its data-centre drives survived four years, turning a survival share into an average life (Lifehacker, 2015). Source: Lifehacker, \"How Long Will My Hard Drives Really Last?\" (https://lifehacker.com/how-long-will-my-hard-drives-really-last-1700405627). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lifehacker-2015-04-restates-backblaze-80pct-at-four-years-as-four-year-average."
    },
    {
      "id": "ibtimes-2015-05-claims-unpowered-ssds-lose-data-in-a-week",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs starting to lose data if left without power for as little as a week is how IBTimes UK reported a JEDEC presentation by Seagate's Alvin Cox, whose tables concern worn-out drives stored hot; Cox later said 'This all pertains to end of life' (IBTimes UK, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7,
      "unit": "days (claimed power-off time before an SSD starts losing data)",
      "display_value": "a week",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (UK news site)",
      "period": "Published 2015-05-08",
      "population": "Solid-state drives in general (the source tables: SSDs at the end of their rated endurance, stored at high temperature)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "International Business Times UK",
      "source_title": "SSDs lose data if left without power for just 7 days",
      "source_url": "https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ssds-lose-data-if-left-without-power-just-7-days-1500402",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The standards body for the microelectronics industry has found that Solid State Drives (SSD) can start to lose their data and become corrupted if they are left without power for as little as a week.",
      "locator": "First paragraph (headline: 'SSDs lose data if left without power for just 7 days')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; drifted (an end-of-life specification presented as normal behaviour). Origin: Alvin Cox (Seagate), 'JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained', a JEDEC presentation of about 2010 on JESD218, whose retention table shows how the required power-off retention of a worn-out SSD (client: one year at 30°C; enterprise: three months at 40°C) shortens at higher storage temperatures. The presentation and JESD218 belong to ratings-endurance-retention. The tables describe drives at the end of their rated endurance, not new drives. IBTimes also wrote that retention 'is halved for every 5 degrees Celsius' rise and that enterprise SSDs 'are only expected to retain data for a period of three months'. The story came via a forensic blog (KoreLogic, 2015-03-24). Seagate's Cox and Kent Smith told PCWorld it was misread (record pcworld-2015-05-debunk-cox-retention-tables-pertain-to-end-of-life). Still repeated in 2026 answers to 'Do SSD drives degrade over time?'. Do not publish 'a week' as SSD behaviour. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): jedec-2010-jesd218-client-ssd-retention-1-year-30c, jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-ssd-retention-3-months-40c, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-client-used-40c-stored-55c-2-weeks, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-55c-2-weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ibtimes-2015-05-claims-unpowered-ssds-lose-data-in-a-week",
      "citation_text": "SSDs starting to lose data if left without power for as little as a week is how IBTimes UK reported a JEDEC presentation by Seagate's Alvin Cox, whose tables concern worn-out drives stored hot; Cox later said 'This all pertains to end of life' (IBTimes UK, 2015). Source: International Business Times UK, \"SSDs lose data if left without power for just 7 days\" (https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ssds-lose-data-if-left-without-power-just-7-days-1500402). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ibtimes-2015-05-claims-unpowered-ssds-lose-data-in-a-week."
    },
    {
      "id": "pcworld-2015-05-restates-jedec-unpowered-ssd-data-loss-in-weeks-at-40c",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A powered-off SSD at 104°F (40°C) possibly losing data after **a couple of weeks** is how PCWorld restated Alvin Cox's JEDEC tables three days after IBTimes, before PCWorld itself reported they apply only to worn-out drives (PCWorld, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "weeks (claimed power-off retention at 40°C)",
      "display_value": "a couple of weeks at 40°C",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US tech news site)",
      "period": "Published 2015-05-11",
      "population": "Solid-state drives, powered off at 40°C (source tables: SSDs at the end of rated endurance)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "PCWorld (IDG, now Foundry)",
      "source_title": "Leaving unpowered SSDs in a warm room can kill your data fast",
      "source_url": "https://www.pcworld.com/article/427391/leaving-unpowered-ssds-in-a-warm-room-can-kill-your-data-fast.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A powered-off drive in 104 degrees Fahrenheit may start seeing data loss after a couple of weeks. The information comes from Seagate’s Alvin Cox, who was part of a presentation to the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC).",
      "locator": "First and second paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; drifted, then corrected by the same outlet on 2015-05-21. Origin: Alvin Cox (Seagate), 'JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained', a JEDEC presentation of about 2010 on JESD218, whose retention table shows how the required power-off retention of a worn-out SSD (client: one year at 30°C; enterprise: three months at 40°C) shortens at higher storage temperatures. The presentation and JESD218 belong to ratings-endurance-retention. The tables describe drives at the end of their rated endurance, not new drives. This article gives the client requirement correctly ('consumer SSDs, when powered-off in 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius), should retain data for about a year') and says 'Store your SSD in 131 degree heat, and it might start losing data after a couple of days', without saying the table assumes a drive already worn out. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): jedec-2010-jesd218-client-ssd-retention-1-year-30c, jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-ssd-retention-3-months-40c, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-client-used-40c-stored-55c-2-weeks, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-55c-2-weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pcworld-2015-05-restates-jedec-unpowered-ssd-data-loss-in-weeks-at-40c",
      "citation_text": "A powered-off SSD at 104°F (40°C) possibly losing data after **a couple of weeks** is how PCWorld restated Alvin Cox's JEDEC tables three days after IBTimes, before PCWorld itself reported they apply only to worn-out drives (PCWorld, 2015). Source: PCWorld (IDG, now Foundry), \"Leaving unpowered SSDs in a warm room can kill your data fast\" (https://www.pcworld.com/article/427391/leaving-unpowered-ssds-in-a-warm-room-can-kill-your-data-fast.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pcworld-2015-05-restates-jedec-unpowered-ssd-data-loss-in-weeks-at-40c."
    },
    {
      "id": "pcworld-2015-05-debunk-cox-retention-tables-pertain-to-end-of-life",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "\"This all pertains to end of life\" is how Seagate's Alvin Cox, author of the JEDEC presentation behind the one-week claim, put it to PCWorld, which reported that even a worn-out SSD would **keep data a year** stored at about 30°C under the original tables (PCWorld, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "years (power-off retention of a worn-out client SSD at about 30°C, per the original tables)",
      "display_value": "1 year (worn-out drive)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US tech news site)",
      "period": "Published 2015-05-21",
      "population": "Client SSDs at the end of their rated endurance (the JEDEC requirement)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "PCWorld (IDG, now Foundry)",
      "source_title": "Debunked: Your SSD won't lose data if left unplugged after all",
      "source_url": "https://www.pcworld.com/article/427602/debunked-your-ssd-wont-lose-data-if-left-unplugged-after-all.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "“I wouldn’t worry about [losing data],” Cox told PCWorld. “This all pertains to end of life.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph; later: 'Even a worn-out SSD would still go a year without data loss, according to the original presentation'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Debunk record (the original's author on how to read it). PCWorld calls the source 'this 5-year-old PowerPoint page' and says it 'surfaced in a forensic computing blog'. Origin: Alvin Cox (Seagate), 'JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained', a JEDEC presentation of about 2010 on JESD218, whose retention table shows how the required power-off retention of a worn-out SSD (client: one year at 30°C; enterprise: three months at 40°C) shortens at higher storage temperatures. The presentation and JESD218 belong to ratings-endurance-retention. The tables describe drives at the end of their rated endurance, not new drives. Fetched via the cio.de copy, which redirects to PCWorld (saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/pcworld-2015-05-debunked-ssd-unplugged.txt). AnandTech's 'The Truth About SSD Data Retention' (2015) made the same point but the site is gone and Wayback refused automated fetches. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): jedec-2010-jesd218-client-ssd-retention-1-year-30c, jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-ssd-retention-3-months-40c, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-client-used-40c-stored-55c-2-weeks, jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-55c-2-weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pcworld-2015-05-debunk-cox-retention-tables-pertain-to-end-of-life",
      "citation_text": "\"This all pertains to end of life\" is how Seagate's Alvin Cox, author of the JEDEC presentation behind the one-week claim, put it to PCWorld, which reported that even a worn-out SSD would **keep data a year** stored at about 30°C under the original tables (PCWorld, 2015). Source: PCWorld (IDG, now Foundry), \"Debunked: Your SSD won't lose data if left unplugged after all\" (https://www.pcworld.com/article/427602/debunked-your-ssd-wont-lose-data-if-left-unplugged-after-all.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pcworld-2015-05-debunk-cox-retention-tables-pertain-to-end-of-life."
    },
    {
      "id": "production-expert-2021-08-restates-backblaze-hdd-6-26pct-vs-ssd-0-79pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard drives failing at 6.26% a year against 0.79% for SSDs is how Production Expert led its summary of Backblaze's first SSD comparison, figures Backblaze itself called unfair because the boot HDDs were far older than the SSDs; matched by age, the rates were close (Production Expert, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.26,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate of HDD boot drives (against 0.79% for SSD boot drives), Q4 2020 as restated",
      "display_value": "6.26% vs 0.79%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres, as restated",
      "period": "Q4 2020 data; restated 2021-08-15",
      "population": "Boot drives (HDD and SSD) in Backblaze storage servers, of very different ages",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Production Expert",
      "source_title": "If You Think That Your SSD Won’t Fail - Read This Now",
      "source_url": "https://www.production-expert.com/production-expert-1/if-you-think-that-your-ssd-wont-fail-read-this-now",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "suggested that the SSDs where much more reliable than SSDs with an Average Failure Rate for the HHDs of 6.26% compared to 0.79% for SSDs",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) Versus Solid State Drives (SSDs)', first paragraph (Google's snippet for 'ssd failure rate', #8)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; the snippet keeps the unfair pairing, the body goes on to Backblaze's age-matched comparison. Backblaze's own post 'Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?' (2021-09-30, saved in raw/claims-and-restatements; original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats): after turning back the clock on the HDDs, 'Suddenly, the annualized failure rate (AFR) difference between SSDs and HDDs is not so massive. In fact, each drive type is within the other's 95% confidence interval window.' Do not publish 6.26% vs 0.79% as an SSD-versus-HDD finding. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2021-08-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-54pct-vs-ssd-0-79pct-at-12-months, backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months, backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#production-expert-2021-08-restates-backblaze-hdd-6-26pct-vs-ssd-0-79pct",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives failing at 6.26% a year against 0.79% for SSDs is how Production Expert led its summary of Backblaze's first SSD comparison, figures Backblaze itself called unfair because the boot HDDs were far older than the SSDs; matched by age, the rates were close (Production Expert, 2021). Source: Production Expert, \"If You Think That Your SSD Won’t Fail - Read This Now\" (https://www.production-expert.com/production-expert-1/if-you-think-that-your-ssd-wont-fail-read-this-now). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#production-expert-2021-08-restates-backblaze-hdd-6-26pct-vs-ssd-0-79pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "ulinkda-2025-07-restates-backblaze-ssd-0-98pct-vs-hdd-1-64pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs failing at 0.98% a year against 1.64% for hard drives is how ULINK DA restated Backblaze via Blocks & Files, a pairing of Backblaze's 2022 SSD boot-drive rate with a separate hard-drive table rather than an age-matched comparison (ULINK DA, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.98,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate of SSDs (against 1.64% for HDDs), as restated",
      "display_value": "0.98% vs 1.64%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres, as restated",
      "period": "2022 data; restated 2025-07-01 (updated 2025-11-24)",
      "population": "Backblaze SSD boot drives and hard drives (as compared by Blocks & Files)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ULINK Technology (DA Drive Analyzer)",
      "source_title": "SSD vs HDD: Which One Fails First?",
      "source_url": "https://ulink-da.com/ssd-vs-hdd-which-one-fails-first/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "According to Backblaze, SSDs have a lower failure rate of 0.98% compared to 1.64% for HDDs.",
      "locator": "Section 'Failure Rates: SSDs vs HDDs', first sentence",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (second-hand). Links to Blocks & Files, 'Backblaze: SSDs fail slightly less than HDDs' (2023-03-10, saved in raw/claims-and-restatements): 'Backblaze has found its SSD annual failure rate was 0.98 percent compared to 1.64 percent for disk drives', with the HDD figure taken from 'An equivalent table of its disk drive statistics'. The original Backblaze SSD Edition 2022 review belongs to backblaze-drive-stats; its like-for-like boot-drive comparison is the figure to use. The same ULINK page says 'SSDs generally have a planned life expectancy of 5-10 years' and 'HDDs generally have a planned life expectancy of 3-5 years' (both unsourced; the Google snippet for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan' #3). ULINK sells drive-monitoring software. Cited by Google's AI overview for 'ssd failure rate'. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-ssd-edition-2022-ssd-boot-drive-annual-afr-0-98pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ulinkda-2025-07-restates-backblaze-ssd-0-98pct-vs-hdd-1-64pct",
      "citation_text": "SSDs failing at 0.98% a year against 1.64% for hard drives is how ULINK DA restated Backblaze via Blocks & Files, a pairing of Backblaze's 2022 SSD boot-drive rate with a separate hard-drive table rather than an age-matched comparison (ULINK DA, 2025). Source: ULINK Technology (DA Drive Analyzer), \"SSD vs HDD: Which One Fails First?\" (https://ulink-da.com/ssd-vs-hdd-which-one-fails-first/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ulinkda-2025-07-restates-backblaze-ssd-0-98pct-vs-hdd-1-64pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "microflash-2026-07-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-hdds-3-to-5",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Most SSDs lasting **5 to 10 years** and most HDDs 3 to 5 years is how SSD seller Microflash put it, outlasting 'their 3- to 5-year manufacturer warranties', citing nothing for either range (Microflash, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed SSD lifespan range; HDD 3 to 5 years)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years (SSD), 3 to 5 years (HDD)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US SSD seller's blog)",
      "period": "Published 2026-07-28",
      "population": "NVMe, M.2 and SATA SSDs and HDDs in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Microflash",
      "source_title": "How Long Do SSDs Last? Real Lifespan of NVMe, SATA & M.2 Drives",
      "source_url": "https://www.microflashssd.com/blogs/news/ssd-lifespan-how-long-do-ssds-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Most modern NVMe, M.2, and SATA SSDs last 5 to 10 years under normal daily use, often outlasting their 3- to 5-year manufacturer warranties.",
      "locator": "Introduction, first sentence; comparison table 'Lifespan 5 – 10 Years / 3 – 5 Years'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore, seller's claim). Origin: none found. The page later cites Backblaze's boot-drive comparison in general terms. A 2026 example of the two folklore ranges travelling together; the warranty years it mentions are the actual specification (ratings-endurance-retention). Ranks #9 for 'ssd lifespan'; cited in the AI overview for 'how long do nvme ssd last' (2026-11-04).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microflash-2026-07-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-hdds-3-to-5",
      "citation_text": "Most SSDs lasting **5 to 10 years** and most HDDs 3 to 5 years is how SSD seller Microflash put it, outlasting 'their 3- to 5-year manufacturer warranties', citing nothing for either range (Microflash, 2026). Source: Microflash, \"How Long Do SSDs Last? Real Lifespan of NVMe, SATA & M.2 Drives\" (https://www.microflashssd.com/blogs/news/ssd-lifespan-how-long-do-ssds-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microflash-2026-07-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-hdds-3-to-5."
    },
    {
      "id": "archiware-2021-04-claims-average-hard-disk-lasts-3-to-5-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "The average hard disk lasting somewhere between **3 and 5 years** is how backup-software maker Archiware answered the question, citing no study, though it points readers to Backblaze's statistics further down (Archiware, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed average hard disk lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "3 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (German software maker's English blog)",
      "period": "Published 2021-04-19 (modified 2025-03-06)",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Archiware",
      "source_title": "How Long Does a Hard Drive Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.archiware.com/blog/de/how-long-does-a-hard-drive-last/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-04-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the average hard disk lasts somewhere between 3 and 5 years before it will fail and need to be replaced. Some will last beyond 10 years, but these are the outliers.",
      "locator": "First section, answer paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore). Origin: none found. Ranks #4 for 'how long does a hard drive last if not used' (2026-11-04). Backblaze's measured survival of data-centre drives (2021: about 90% at four years, 65% at six, median estimate six years nine months) puts the average well above 3 to 5 years; whether drives past 10 years are 'outliers' is unmeasured, since Backblaze had too few drives past six years to say (backblaze-drive-stats).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#archiware-2021-04-claims-average-hard-disk-lasts-3-to-5-years",
      "citation_text": "The average hard disk lasting somewhere between **3 and 5 years** is how backup-software maker Archiware answered the question, citing no study, though it points readers to Backblaze's statistics further down (Archiware, 2021). Source: Archiware, \"How Long Does a Hard Drive Last?\" (https://www.archiware.com/blog/de/how-long-does-a-hard-drive-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#archiware-2021-04-claims-average-hard-disk-lasts-3-to-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "datarecoverycom-2025-11-claims-hdds-3-to-5-years-not-100-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Most hard drives having an expected lifespan of **three to five years** with regular use is how Datarecovery.com answered 'Can a hard drive last for 100 years?', citing no measurement, while adding that it still receives working drives made in the 1990s (Datarecovery.com, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed expected hard drive lifespan range)",
      "display_value": "3 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US recovery firm's blog)",
      "period": "Published 2025-11-20 (modified 2026-10-17)",
      "population": "Hard drives in regular use; unpowered drives in storage",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Datarecovery.com",
      "source_title": "Can a Hard Drive Last for 100 Years?",
      "source_url": "https://datarecovery.com/rd/can-a-hard-drive-last-for-100-years/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-11-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "most hard drives have an expected lifespan of three to five years with regular use, even a drive sitting untouched in a climate-controlled vault is unlikely to survive 100 years without significant data corruption or mechanical failure.",
      "locator": "Introduction, first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore) answering Google's question 'Can HDD last 100 years?'. Origin of the 3-to-5: none found. The page also advises migrating archives 'Every 5 to 10 years' and says LTO tape 'can last 15 to 30 years if stored correctly' (tape and archival-media figures belong to flash-cards-and-archival-media). No measured study of century-scale HDD storage exists that we found.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#datarecoverycom-2025-11-claims-hdds-3-to-5-years-not-100-years",
      "citation_text": "Most hard drives having an expected lifespan of **three to five years** with regular use is how Datarecovery.com answered 'Can a hard drive last for 100 years?', citing no measurement, while adding that it still receives working drives made in the 1990s (Datarecovery.com, 2025). Source: Datarecovery.com, \"Can a Hard Drive Last for 100 Years?\" (https://datarecovery.com/rd/can-a-hard-drive-last-for-100-years/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#datarecoverycom-2025-11-claims-hdds-3-to-5-years-not-100-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "pcworld-2024-12-claims-manufacturer-ssd-estimate-5-to-7-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A manufacturer's SSD lifespan estimate of **5 to 7 years**, which light use could stretch past 10 and heavy use cut to 3 to 5, is how PCWorld framed SSD life, naming no manufacturer or estimate (PCWorld, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed typical manufacturer SSD lifespan estimate)",
      "display_value": "5 to 7 years",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (US tech news site)",
      "period": "Published 2024-12-19 (modified 2025-04-30)",
      "population": "Solid-state drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "PCWorld (Foundry)",
      "source_title": "How long does an SSD last? It's a tricky question to answer",
      "source_url": "https://www.pcworld.com/article/2555556/how-long-does-an-ssd-last-its-a-tricky-question-to-answer.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-12-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "If a manufacturer’s estimate is 5 to 7 years, an SSD could just as easily last over 10 years with light and infrequent usage and without being exposed to other unfavorable conditions.",
      "locator": "Section on manufacturers' estimations",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore attributed to unnamed makers). Origin: none found; SSD makers publish warranty years and TBW, not lifespans (ratings-endurance-retention). Appears in results for Google's question 'Is a 10 year old SSD still good?'. Shows the range drifting by outlet: 5 to 7 (PCWorld), 5 to 10 (SanDisk, ESF), about 8 (Kingston), 10 (Asurion, Phiston).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pcworld-2024-12-claims-manufacturer-ssd-estimate-5-to-7-years",
      "citation_text": "A manufacturer's SSD lifespan estimate of **5 to 7 years**, which light use could stretch past 10 and heavy use cut to 3 to 5, is how PCWorld framed SSD life, naming no manufacturer or estimate (PCWorld, 2024). Source: PCWorld (Foundry), \"How long does an SSD last? It's a tricky question to answer\" (https://www.pcworld.com/article/2555556/how-long-does-an-ssd-last-its-a-tricky-question-to-answer.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pcworld-2024-12-claims-manufacturer-ssd-estimate-5-to-7-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "computerweekly-de-2014-03-restates-backblaze-2013-78pct-alive-at-four-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "78% of drives living longer than four years and only 22% dying sooner is how ComputerWeekly.de restated Backblaze's 2013 data on consumer drives running around the clock in its data centre, a faithful restatement still ranking for German lifespan searches (ComputerWeekly.de, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 78,
      "unit": "% of drives alive after four years (Backblaze 2013, as restated)",
      "display_value": "78%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (US), as restated in German",
      "period": "Data to 2013; restated 2014-03-13",
      "population": "About 25,000 consumer-grade drives in Backblaze storage pods, running 24x7",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ComputerWeekly.de (TechTarget)",
      "source_title": "Welche Lebensdauer haben Festplatten wirklich?",
      "source_url": "https://www.computerweekly.com/de/antwort/Welche-Lebensdauer-haben-Festplatten-wirklich",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-03-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "78 Prozent der Laufwerke leben länger als vier Jahre, nur 22 Prozent sterben einen früheren Tod. In den ersten 18 Monaten liegt die Fehlerrate bei rund fünf Prozent",
      "locator": "Section 'Die Hälfte der Festplatten wird über sechs Jahre alt', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (faithful, stale). German. Matches Backblaze's own later summary of its 2013 report ('78% of the drives we purchased were living longer than four years'; backblaze-drive-stats). It keeps the context ('Festplatten, die 24x7 rund um die Uhr permanent laufen') and gives the projection as 'die Hälfte der Festplatten wird über sechs Jahre alt'. Ranks first for 'Festplatte Lebensdauer wie lange hält eine Festplatte Jahre' in our search (2026-11-04). Backblaze's 2021 update (about 90% at four years, median six years nine months) supersedes these figures. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years, backblaze-2013-11-median-drive-lifespan-over-6-years-projection.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#computerweekly-de-2014-03-restates-backblaze-2013-78pct-alive-at-four-years",
      "citation_text": "78% of drives living longer than four years and only 22% dying sooner is how ComputerWeekly.de restated Backblaze's 2013 data on consumer drives running around the clock in its data centre, a faithful restatement still ranking for German lifespan searches (ComputerWeekly.de, 2014). Source: ComputerWeekly.de (TechTarget), \"Welche Lebensdauer haben Festplatten wirklich?\" (https://www.computerweekly.com/de/antwort/Welche-Lebensdauer-haben-Festplatten-wirklich). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#computerweekly-de-2014-03-restates-backblaze-2013-78pct-alive-at-four-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "wuv-de-2023-05-restates-backblaze-failed-drives-age-as-warning-over-three-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A warning to beware of any backup drive older than **three years** is how W&V turned Backblaze's average age of 17,155 failed drives (two years six months) into advice, adding that the drives fail even faster than Secure Data Recovery had found (W&V, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.5,
      "unit": "years (average age of failed drives, presented as a warning age)",
      "display_value": "2 years 6 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres, as restated in German",
      "period": "Failures to Q1 2023; restated 2023-05-08",
      "population": "17,155 failed hard drives (72 models) in Backblaze's data centres",
      "sample_n": 17155,
      "publisher": "W&V (Werben & Verkaufen)",
      "source_title": "Vorsicht! So schnell fallen Festplatten aus",
      "source_url": "https://www.wuv.de/themen/ki-tech/vorsicht-so-schnell-fallen-festplatten-aus",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Achtung, wenn du eine Festplatte für Backups nutzt, die älter als drei Jahre ist! Eine neue Studie des US-Cloud- und Datensicherungsdienstes Backblaze zeigt: Das Durchschnittsalter der ausgefallenen 17.155 Laufwerke von 72 Modellen lag bei zwei Jahren und sechs Monaten.",
      "locator": "Introduction, first paragraph (URL redirected from wuv.de/Themen/Tech/Vorsicht!-So-schnell-fallen-Festplatten-aus)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; drifted (German). The figure is quoted correctly, the reading is not: an average age of drives that failed, in a fleet where about 1.4% failed a year, became 'Datenverlust droht schon nach kurzer Zeit'. The article also says 'Die breiter angelegte Untersuchung von Backblaze zeigt, dass die Festplatten sogar noch schneller ausfallen' (comparing averages of two different failed samples) and advises buying drives up to 4TB because they 'halten länger', which Siemroth and Park (2026) contradict once age is held constant (each extra TB about 3.4% lower failure rate; record xda-2026-09-claims-hdds-now-last-5-to-10-years notes). Original: Backblaze Q1 2023 (backblaze-drive-stats). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2023-05-17155-failed-drives-average-age-2-years-6-months, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2023-1-46pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wuv-de-2023-05-restates-backblaze-failed-drives-age-as-warning-over-three-years",
      "citation_text": "A warning to beware of any backup drive older than **three years** is how W&V turned Backblaze's average age of 17,155 failed drives (two years six months) into advice, adding that the drives fail even faster than Secure Data Recovery had found (W&V, 2023). Source: W&V (Werben & Verkaufen), \"Vorsicht! So schnell fallen Festplatten aus\" (https://www.wuv.de/themen/ki-tech/vorsicht-so-schnell-fallen-festplatten-aus). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wuv-de-2023-05-restates-backblaze-failed-drives-age-as-warning-over-three-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "easeus-de-2022-03-restates-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs being replaced 25% less often than ordinary hard drives is how EaseUS repeated the untraceable SolarWinds MSP and Ontrack claim on its German site, with no source (EaseUS, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 25,
      "unit": "% fewer replacements of SSDs than HDDs (as claimed)",
      "display_value": "25 % seltener",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (Chinese software maker's German site)",
      "period": "Published 2022-03-31 (updated 2026-11-02)",
      "population": "SSDs against HDDs in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "EaseUS",
      "source_title": "Wie lange halten Festplatten oder externe Festplatten?",
      "source_url": "https://www.easeus.de/speichermedien-wiederherstellen/wie-lange-halten-festplatten.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-03-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSDs werden sogar 25 % seltener ausgetauscht als herkömmliche Festplatten, was bedeutet, dass Ihr Computer an Lebensdauer gewinnt.",
      "locator": "Section 'Wie lange halten SSDs?', second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (German) of a figure with no origin: the Google and University of Toronto paper that SolarWinds MSP (2019) and Ontrack (2020) cite contains no 25% comparison (record nable-2019-11-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often). Shows the claim crossing into translated pages. EaseUS sells data-recovery software.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#easeus-de-2022-03-restates-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often",
      "citation_text": "SSDs being replaced 25% less often than ordinary hard drives is how EaseUS repeated the untraceable SolarWinds MSP and Ontrack claim on its German site, with no source (EaseUS, 2022). Source: EaseUS, \"Wie lange halten Festplatten oder externe Festplatten?\" (https://www.easeus.de/speichermedien-wiederherstellen/wie-lange-halten-festplatten.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#easeus-de-2022-03-restates-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often."
    },
    {
      "id": "easeus-de-2022-03-claims-hdds-3-to-5-years-ssd-10-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "Hard drives lasting **3 to 5 years** and an SSD 10 years is how EaseUS summed up drive life on its German site, citing nothing; it adds that most brands give external drives 3 to 5 years, naming none (EaseUS, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed HDD lifespan range; SSD 10 years)",
      "display_value": "3 bis 5 Jahre / 10 Jahre",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (Chinese software maker's German site)",
      "period": "Published 2022-03-31 (updated 2026-11-02)",
      "population": "Hard drives, SSDs and external drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "EaseUS",
      "source_title": "Wie lange halten Festplatten oder externe Festplatten?",
      "source_url": "https://www.easeus.de/speichermedien-wiederherstellen/wie-lange-halten-festplatten.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-03-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDDs halten theoretisch 3 bis 5 Jahre, während eine SSD 10 Jahre lang funktioniert.",
      "locator": "Section 'Die Quintessenz', first paragraph; external drives: 'Die meisten Marken geben eine allgemeine Lebensdauer von 3 bis 5 Jahren für ihre externen Festplatten an.'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore, German). Origin: none found for either figure; the 'Marken' (brands) are not named and drive makers state warranty years, not lifespans (ratings-endurance-retention). Ranks for 'Festplatte Lebensdauer' (2026-11-04).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#easeus-de-2022-03-claims-hdds-3-to-5-years-ssd-10-years",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives lasting **3 to 5 years** and an SSD 10 years is how EaseUS summed up drive life on its German site, citing nothing; it adds that most brands give external drives 3 to 5 years, naming none (EaseUS, 2022). Source: EaseUS, \"Wie lange halten Festplatten oder externe Festplatten?\" (https://www.easeus.de/speichermedien-wiederherstellen/wie-lange-halten-festplatten.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#easeus-de-2022-03-claims-hdds-3-to-5-years-ssd-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-de-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-jahre-hdd-4-jahre-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A modern SSD lasting 8 years on average with a 0.9% failure rate against 4 years and 1.7% for an HDD is how Kingston put it on its German blog, the same unsourced pairing as its English post (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "years (claimed average SSD lifespan; HDD 4 years)",
      "display_value": "8 Jahre vs 4 Jahre",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's German blog)",
      "period": "Published 2026-05-21",
      "population": "Contemporary SSDs against hard disk drives, unspecified",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Die Lebenserwartung von SSDs und HDDs",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/de/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Dank dieser Innovationen hat eine moderne SSD eine durchschnittliche Lebensdauer von 8 Jahren mit einer AFR (Annualized Failure Rate – jährlichen Ausfallrate) von 0,9% im Vergleich zu 4 Jahren und einer AFR von 1,7 % für eine HDD.",
      "locator": "Section on failure rates of SSDs and HDDs, second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (German). Same unsourced pairing as Kingston's English post (record kingston-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct): the 0.9% matches Backblaze's lifetime AFR for its boot SSDs to mid-2023 and the 1.7% its 2023 HDD AFR, different measures; no source for the 8 and 4 year lifespans. Continues: 'bei SSDs ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Ausfalls um 47 % geringer'. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct; like-for-like boot drives: backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months, backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-de-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-jahre-hdd-4-jahre-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct",
      "citation_text": "A modern SSD lasting 8 years on average with a 0.9% failure rate against 4 years and 1.7% for an HDD is how Kingston put it on its German blog, the same unsourced pairing as its English post (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Die Lebenserwartung von SSDs und HDDs\" (https://www.kingston.com/de/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-de-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-jahre-hdd-4-jahre-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "tomsguide-fr-2013-11-restates-backblaze-first-year-5-1pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A 5.1% risk of failure in a drive's first year, falling to 1.4% in years two and three, is how Tom's Guide France restated Backblaze's 2013 rates, which applied to the first 18 months and to the following 18 months, adding that 80% of drives on the market survive four years (Tom's Guide France, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.1,
      "unit": "% annual failure risk in the first year (as restated; the original's phase is the first 18 months)",
      "display_value": "5,1 %",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centre (US), as restated in French",
      "period": "Data to 2013; published 2013-11-14, modified 2024-05-23",
      "population": "About 25,000 consumer drives in Backblaze's data centre (restated as 'disques durs du marché')",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Tom's Guide France",
      "source_title": "Un disque dur, ça vit combien de temps ?",
      "source_url": "https://www.tomsguide.fr/un-disque-dur-ca-vit-combien-de-temps/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "la première année, le risque de panne d’un disque est de 5,1%, et tombe à 1,4% au cours des deuxième et troisième années.",
      "locator": "Body, paragraph on the three risk cycles (continues: 'passé trois ans, le risque de panne grimpe à 11,8%')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record; drifted (French). Original phases (Backblaze 2013, as restated faithfully by IPVM: 'For the first 1.5 years, drives fail at 5.1% per year. For the next 1.5 years ... 1.4%'; record ipvm-2013-11-restates-backblaze-afr-5-1-then-1-4-then-11-8pct). Also: 'Ses conclusions : 80% des disques durs du marché peuvent survivre au moins quatre ans sans problème' (data-centre drives presented as all drives on the market) and 'ce taux pourrait monter à près de 50% après six ans' (Backblaze's projection). Cited in our French search results (2026-11-04) as 'selon le fabricant', though Backblaze is a backup service, not a drive maker. Originals belong to backblaze-drive-stats. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2013-11-hdd-failure-rate-by-age-first-18-months-5-1pct, backblaze-2013-11-78pct-of-drives-survive-four-years.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#tomsguide-fr-2013-11-restates-backblaze-first-year-5-1pct",
      "citation_text": "A 5.1% risk of failure in a drive's first year, falling to 1.4% in years two and three, is how Tom's Guide France restated Backblaze's 2013 rates, which applied to the first 18 months and to the following 18 months, adding that 80% of drives on the market survive four years (Tom's Guide France, 2013). Source: Tom's Guide France, \"Un disque dur, ça vit combien de temps ?\" (https://www.tomsguide.fr/un-disque-dur-ca-vit-combien-de-temps/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#tomsguide-fr-2013-11-restates-backblaze-first-year-5-1pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "clubic-fr-2007-02-restates-google-afr-1-7-8-and-8-6pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "1.7% of Google's 100,000 drives replaced in their first year, 8% in the second and 8.6% in the third is how Clubic restated Google's 2007 study, faithfully (Clubic, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.7,
      "unit": "% of drives replaced in the first year (Google 2007, as restated; 8% and 8.6% in years two and three)",
      "display_value": "1,7 %, 8 %, 8,6 %",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres, as restated in French",
      "period": "Drives deployed from 2001; restated 2007-02-19",
      "population": "Over 100,000 consumer-grade drives (80 to 400GB, 5400 and 7200 rpm) in Google's services",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Clubic",
      "source_title": "La durée de vie des disques durs selon Google",
      "source_url": "https://www.clubic.com/actualite-69935-duree-vie-disques-durs-google.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "1.7% des 100 000 disques durs employés par Google auraient ainsi du être remplacés. Ce pourcentage serait passé à 8% pendant la deuxième année et à 8,6% pendant la troisième année.",
      "locator": "Body, paragraph after the study description",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (faithful, French). Matches Google FAST '07 (hdd-field-studies: google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-2-years-8-0pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct). Note the French press of 2007 carried Google's per-age rates, not a single '3%' (contrast record moutfitters-2011-10-restates-cmu-3pct-afr-as-google). The article opens with unsourced folklore: 'En règle générale, un utilisateur change son disque dur tous les 5 ans'. Ranks first for 'durée de vie disque dur' in our search (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-2-years-8-0pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#clubic-fr-2007-02-restates-google-afr-1-7-8-and-8-6pct",
      "citation_text": "1.7% of Google's 100,000 drives replaced in their first year, 8% in the second and 8.6% in the third is how Clubic restated Google's 2007 study, faithfully (Clubic, 2007). Source: Clubic, \"La durée de vie des disques durs selon Google\" (https://www.clubic.com/actualite-69935-duree-vie-disques-durs-google.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#clubic-fr-2007-02-restates-google-afr-1-7-8-and-8-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "chronodisk-fr-claims-10-to-12pct-more-failures-a-year-50pct-after-3-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "**10% to 12%** more drives failing each year, so a 50% chance of failure after three years, is how French recovery firm Chronodisk put it on television, citing nothing; even 12% a year compounds to about 32% over three years, and Backblaze's measured fleets lose about 1.4% a year (Chronodisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% chance a hard drive has failed after three years (claimed)",
      "display_value": "50 % après 3 ans",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (TV interview quoted by the firm)",
      "period": "Undated TV report; quoted on a page dated 2026-08-10",
      "population": "Hard drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Chronodisk",
      "source_title": "Chronodisk dans la presse",
      "source_url": "https://www.chronodisk-recuperation-de-donnees.fr/recuperation-de-donnees/presse/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "On estime que, chaque année, il y a un pourcentage d’environ 10 à 12 % de pannes supplémentaires qui s’additionnent, c’est-à-dire qu’au bout de 3 ans, il y a environ 50 % de chances qu’un disque dur tombe en panne",
      "locator": "Press page, item '01net, groupe BFM TV, reportage techno : au bout de 3 ans votre disque a 50 % de chances de tomber en panne' (English version of the page saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/chronodisk-press-en.txt)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Check: 1 - (1 - 0.12)^3 = 0.32; additive 3 x 12% = 36%; neither reaches 50%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Claim record (folklore, French recovery firm quoted from a 01net/BFM TV report; report date not given). Origin: none found. The arithmetic does not hold on its own terms, and the rates are far above measured fleets: Backblaze about 1.4% a year lifetime (2023) and 1.36% in 2025 (backblaze-drive-stats); Google 2007 by age 1.7% to 8.6% (hdd-field-studies). published_at is the page's date. Do not publish. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-lifetime-afr-end-2023-1-46pct, backblaze-2026-02-drive-stats-2025-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-36pct, google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#chronodisk-fr-claims-10-to-12pct-more-failures-a-year-50pct-after-3-years",
      "citation_text": "**10% to 12%** more drives failing each year, so a 50% chance of failure after three years, is how French recovery firm Chronodisk put it on television, citing nothing; even 12% a year compounds to about 32% over three years, and Backblaze's measured fleets lose about 1.4% a year (Chronodisk, 2026). Source: Chronodisk, \"Chronodisk dans la presse\" (https://www.chronodisk-recuperation-de-donnees.fr/recuperation-de-donnees/presse/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#chronodisk-fr-claims-10-to-12pct-more-failures-a-year-50pct-after-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-fr-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-ans-hdd-4-ans-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A modern SSD lasting 8 years on average with a 0.9% failure rate against 4 years and 1.7% for a hard drive is how Kingston put it on its French blog, the same unsourced pairing as its English post (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "years (claimed average SSD lifespan; HDD 4 years)",
      "display_value": "8 ans vs 4 ans",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's French blog)",
      "period": "Published 2026-05-21",
      "population": "Contemporary SSDs against hard disk drives, unspecified",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Durée de vie des SSD et des disques durs",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/fr/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Grâce à ces innovations, un SSD moderne a une durée de vie moyenne de 8 ans, avec un taux de défaillance annualisé (AFR) de 0,9 %, contre 4 ans et un AFR de 1,7 % pour un disque dur.",
      "locator": "Section on failure rates of SSDs and HDDs, second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (French). Same unsourced pairing as Kingston's English post (record kingston-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct): the 0.9% matches Backblaze's lifetime AFR for its boot SSDs to mid-2023 and the 1.7% its 2023 HDD AFR, different measures; no source for the 8 and 4 year lifespans. Ranks for 'durée de vie disque dur' (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct; like-for-like boot drives: backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months, backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-fr-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-ans-hdd-4-ans-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct",
      "citation_text": "A modern SSD lasting 8 years on average with a 0.9% failure rate against 4 years and 1.7% for a hard drive is how Kingston put it on its French blog, the same unsourced pairing as its English post (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Durée de vie des SSD et des disques durs\" (https://www.kingston.com/fr/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-fr-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-ans-hdd-4-ans-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "atmarkit-ja-2022-02-restates-backblaze-2021-median-6-years-9-months",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "A median HDD life of six years and nine months, as Backblaze estimated from its data-centre drives with the caveat that its data past six years is thin, is how ITmedia's @IT restated the 2021 analysis in Japanese, faithfully (@IT, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.75,
      "unit": "years (median life expectancy, extrapolated; as restated)",
      "display_value": "6年9カ月",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres, as restated in Japanese",
      "period": "Data to September 2021; restated 2022-02-01",
      "population": "Data-centre hard drives in Backblaze's storage servers",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "@IT (ITmedia)",
      "source_title": "あなたのHDDの寿命は何年なのか：データセンターでの記録から分かったこと",
      "source_url": "https://atmarkit.itmedia.co.jp/ait/articles/2202/01/news144.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "そこで同社は、6年目までのデータを使い、寿命を外挿し、HDDの半数が故障する時点を推定した。 HDDの寿命（中央値）は、6年9カ月と推定するのが妥当だと、Backblazeは述べている。これは、同社が収集した最小限のデータと一致しているという。 BackblazeのHDDの生存率推移の予測",
      "locator": "Section 'HDDの寿命はどのくらいか', paragraphs 2-3 and the following figure caption",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (faithful, Japanese). Keeps the data-centre population, the extrapolation and Backblaze's caveat, and gives the 65% survival at six years and the 2 to 2.5% a year decline over the first four years. Original: Backblaze 2021-12-17 (backblaze-drive-stats). Page decoded from Shift_JIS. Ranks for 'HDD 寿命 何年' (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years, backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years, backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#atmarkit-ja-2022-02-restates-backblaze-2021-median-6-years-9-months",
      "citation_text": "A median HDD life of six years and nine months, as Backblaze estimated from its data-centre drives with the caveat that its data past six years is thin, is how ITmedia's @IT restated the 2021 analysis in Japanese, faithfully (@IT, 2022). Source: @IT (ITmedia), \"あなたのHDDの寿命は何年なのか：データセンターでの記録から分かったこと\" (https://atmarkit.itmedia.co.jp/ait/articles/2202/01/news144.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#atmarkit-ja-2022-02-restates-backblaze-2021-median-6-years-9-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "exidea-ja-2026-09-claims-hdd-life-10000-hours-3-to-4-years",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An average HDD life of **10,000 hours**, three to four years at eight hours a day, is how Japanese review site HonNe (Exidea) put it, adding that PC makers' 3-to-4-year warranties assume the drive dies by then, all without a source (HonNe, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10000,
      "unit": "power-on hours (claimed average HDD life)",
      "display_value": "10,000 hours (3 to 4 years)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan (Japanese review and affiliate site)",
      "period": "Claim as published (page last updated 2026-09-07)",
      "population": "Hard disk drives in PCs and external drives in general",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Exidea (HonNe)",
      "source_title": "HDD(ハードディスク)に寿命が来る時間は？症状の診断方法も解説",
      "source_url": "https://exidea.co.jp/blog/daily-necessaties/hdd/hdd-last/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "目安の使用時間は1万時間 HDDの寿命期間は平均で1万時間と言われています。1万時間なので1日8時間パソコンを使うと3年～4年での寿命が目安です。 パソコンメーカーがパソコンの保証期間が3年～4年なのも、購入後3年～4年以内にHDDに寿命がくることを想定しているからだそうです。",
      "locator": "Section 'HDD(ハードディスク)の寿命は平均で何年？目安の使用時間は1万時間', paragraphs 1-2 (also the meta description: '一般的に10,000時間といわれている')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Claim record (folklore, Japanese). Origin: none found ('と言われています', 'it is said'). The figure is far below measurement: Backblaze's drives run around the clock (8,760 hours a year) and about 90% lasted four years (about 35,000 hours) in its 2021 analysis; Secure Data Recovery's failed external drives averaged 15,961 power-on hours (consumer-drives-and-recovery). The page is an affiliate guide recommending data-recovery firms. A Japanese counterpart of the English '3 to 5 years' folklore, with an hour count attached. Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-2021-12-about-90pct-of-drives-last-four-years, backblaze-2021-12-65pct-of-drives-survive-six-years, backblaze-2021-12-median-drive-life-6-years-9-months, securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-average-665-days-power-on.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#exidea-ja-2026-09-claims-hdd-life-10000-hours-3-to-4-years",
      "citation_text": "An average HDD life of **10,000 hours**, three to four years at eight hours a day, is how Japanese review site HonNe (Exidea) put it, adding that PC makers' 3-to-4-year warranties assume the drive dies by then, all without a source (HonNe, 2026). Source: Exidea (HonNe), \"HDD(ハードディスク)に寿命が来る時間は？症状の診断方法も解説\" (https://exidea.co.jp/blog/daily-necessaties/hdd/hdd-last/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#exidea-ja-2026-09-claims-hdd-life-10000-hours-3-to-4-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-ja-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "An average SSD lifespan of **8 years** with a 0.9% failure rate against 4 years and 1.7% for a hard drive is how Kingston put it on its Japanese blog, the same unsourced pairing as its English post (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "years (claimed average SSD lifespan; HDD 4 years)",
      "display_value": "8年 vs 4年",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's Japanese blog)",
      "period": "Published 2026-05-21",
      "population": "Contemporary SSDs against hard disk drives, unspecified",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "SSD と HDD の耐用年数",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/jp/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "これらのイノベーションにより、現代の SSD の平均寿命は、8 年間で、AFR (年間故障率) は 0.9% です。ハードディスクドライブの場合は、寿命は 4 年で、AFR は 1.7% になります。",
      "locator": "Section on failure rates of SSDs and HDDs, second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (Japanese). Same unsourced pairing as Kingston's English post (record kingston-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct): the 0.9% matches Backblaze's lifetime AFR for its boot SSDs to mid-2023 and the 1.7% its 2023 HDD AFR, different measures; no source for the 8 and 4 year lifespans. Ranks for 'HDD 寿命 何年' (2026-11-04). Original record ids (other families, as of 2026-11-04): backblaze-ssd-mid-2023-lifetime-ssd-afr-q2-2023-0-90pct, backblaze-2024-02-drive-stats-2023-hdd-annualized-failure-rate-1-70pct; like-for-like boot drives: backblaze-2021-09-ssd-boot-drives-afr-1-05pct-at-14-months, backblaze-2021-09-hdd-boot-drives-afr-1-38pct-at-14-months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-ja-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct",
      "citation_text": "An average SSD lifespan of **8 years** with a 0.9% failure rate against 4 years and 1.7% for a hard drive is how Kingston put it on its Japanese blog, the same unsourced pairing as its English post (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"SSD と HDD の耐用年数\" (https://www.kingston.com/jp/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-ja-2026-05-claims-ssd-8-years-hdd-4-years-afr-0-9-vs-1-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-hdds-3-to-5",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs lasting **5 to 10 years** under normal use and HDDs 3 to 5 years is how SSD maker Crucial answered its own FAQ, citing nothing; Crucial's own ratings for its MX500, P3 Plus and T500 SSDs are five-year warranties capped by rated writes, not lifespans (Crucial, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years (claimed SSD lifespan range; HDD 3 to 5 years)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years (SSD), 3 to 5 years (HDD)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's global site)",
      "period": "Undated FAQ, as read 2026-11-04 (article URL captured since 2020-11-12)",
      "population": "SSDs and HDDs in general, normal use",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "SSD vs HDD (Crucial article 'about SSD')",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/articles/about-ssd/ssd-vs-hdd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Generally, SSDs have a lifespan measured in terabytes written (TBW) and can last anywhere from 5 to 10 years under normal usage conditions. HDDs, on the other hand, typically have a lifespan of 3 to 5 years",
      "locator": "FAQ 'What is the average lifespan of an SSD versus an HDD?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record (folklore, maker's claim about its own and its rival's product categories). The page carries no date; published_at is the date read, and the FAQ may be later than the URL's first Wayback capture (2020-11-12). Origin: none found. Same pair of ranges as Microflash (2026), ULINK (2025) and Enterprise Storage Forum's SSD range; it is the most repeated pairing on the pages Google's AI overviews cite. Crucial's own support article puts end-of-life power-off retention at 'about one year in an unpowered state' (crucial.com/support/articles-faq-ssd/why-does-ssd-seem-to-be-wearing-prematurely, saved as raw/claims-and-restatements/crucial-ssd-wearing.txt; a maker's restatement of JEDEC's client requirement, held by ratings-endurance-retention). Crucial's ratings: ratings-endurance-retention records crucial-2021-mx500-1tb-rated-endurance-360-tbw-5-years, crucial-p3-plus-1tb-rated-endurance-220-tbw-5-years, crucial-t500-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years. Crucial is cited in Google's AI overview for 'ssd vs hdd lifespan' (2026-11-04).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-hdds-3-to-5",
      "citation_text": "SSDs lasting **5 to 10 years** under normal use and HDDs 3 to 5 years is how SSD maker Crucial answered its own FAQ, citing nothing; Crucial's own ratings for its MX500, P3 Plus and T500 SSDs are five-year warranties capped by rated writes, not lifespans (Crucial, 2026). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"SSD vs HDD (Crucial article 'about SSD')\" (https://www.crucial.com/articles/about-ssd/ssd-vs-hdd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-claims-ssds-last-5-to-10-years-hdds-3-to-5."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-05-claims-ssds-20-times-more-shock-resilient-1500g-vs-70-80g",
      "family": "claims-and-restatements",
      "statement": "SSDs being about 20 times more resilient than hard drives, withstanding 1,500G against 70 to 80G, is how Kingston presented shock figures as 'experimental testing', citing no test; such figures are datasheet operating-shock ratings measured under set pulse conditions, not tests of drives in use (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "times more shock-resilient while operating (1,500G against 70 to 80G, as claimed)",
      "display_value": "20 times (1,500G vs 70-80G)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not stated (maker's global blog)",
      "period": "Published 2026-05-21",
      "population": "Modern SSDs against HDDs, in operation",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "The Lifespans of SSDs and HDDs",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Experimental testing has shown that, while operating, a modern SSD can withstand shocks of up to 1500G, while HDDs’ resistance caps out between 70 and 80G. This means SSDs are approximately 20 times more resilient while in operation.",
      "locator": "Section on why SSDs are more resilient, paragraph before 'Failure rates of SSDs and HDDs'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Kingston's own: 1,500 / 75 = 20",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Claim record bearing on Google's question 'Which is safer, SSD or HDD?'. No test is cited. 1,500G is a common operating-shock rating on SSD datasheets and 70 to 80G on 3.5-inch desktop HDD datasheets, typically at different pulse lengths (0.5 ms against 2 ms, from general datasheet knowledge, not checked for this record); laptop and portable HDDs are rated higher, so the ratio compares specifications, not tested resilience (datasheets belong to ratings-endurance-retention). Physical damage as a cause of failure in recovery-lab samples (Payam's unquantified 50%, Secure Data Recovery's drops and surges) is the measured side, held by consumer-drives-and-recovery.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-05-claims-ssds-20-times-more-shock-resilient-1500g-vs-70-80g",
      "citation_text": "SSDs being about 20 times more resilient than hard drives, withstanding 1,500G against 70 to 80G, is how Kingston presented shock figures as 'experimental testing', citing no test; such figures are datasheet operating-shock ratings measured under set pulse conditions, not tests of drives in use (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"The Lifespans of SSDs and HDDs\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/personal-storage/ssds-hdds-lifespan). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-05-claims-ssds-20-times-more-shock-resilient-1500g-vs-70-80g."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-89pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.89% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.89,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.89%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2008-09 to 2009-03",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-10-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 0.89% - Hitachi 0.92% - Samsung 2.25% - Maxtor 2.79% - Seagate 2.89%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 0.89%' (English: 'Western 0.89%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (1)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold September 2008 to March 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr corrected a calculation bug that had inflated the rates in its earlier news items on the subject. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-773-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-89pct",
      "citation_text": "0.89% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-92pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.92% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.92,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.92%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2008-09 to 2009-03",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-10-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 0.89% - Hitachi 0.92% - Samsung 2.25% - Maxtor 2.79% - Seagate 2.89%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 0.92%' (English: 'Hitachi 0.92%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (1)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold September 2008 to March 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. hardware.fr corrected a calculation bug that had inflated the rates in its earlier news items on the subject. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-773-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-92pct",
      "citation_text": "0.92% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-92pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-25pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.25% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.25,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.25%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2008-09 to 2009-03",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-10-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 0.89% - Hitachi 0.92% - Samsung 2.25% - Maxtor 2.79% - Seagate 2.89%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 2.25%' (English: 'Samsung 2.25%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (1)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold September 2008 to March 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr corrected a calculation bug that had inflated the rates in its earlier news items on the subject. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-773-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-25pct",
      "citation_text": "2.25% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-25pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-2-79pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.79% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.79,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.79%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2008-09 to 2009-03",
      "population": "Maxtor hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-10-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 0.89% - Hitachi 0.92% - Samsung 2.25% - Maxtor 2.79% - Seagate 2.89%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-maxtor",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Maxtor 2.79%' (English: 'Maxtor 2.79%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (1)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold September 2008 to March 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr corrected a calculation bug that had inflated the rates in its earlier news items on the subject. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-773-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-2-79pct",
      "citation_text": "2.79% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-2-79pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-89pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.89% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.89,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.89%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2008-09 to 2009-03",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-10-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 0.89% - Hitachi 0.92% - Samsung 2.25% - Maxtor 2.79% - Seagate 2.89%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 2.89%' (English: 'Seagate 2.89%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (1)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold September 2008 to March 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr corrected a calculation bug that had inflated the rates in its earlier news items on the subject. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-773-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-89pct",
      "citation_text": "2.89% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from September 2008 to March 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Les disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (1)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/773-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-92pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.92% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.92,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.92%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-04 to 2009-09",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Hitachi 0,92% (contre 0,92%) - Western Digital 0,99% (contre 0,89%) - Maxtor 1,73% (contre 2,79%) - Samsung 1,93% (contre 2,25%) - Seagate 2,58% (contre 2,89%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 0,92% (contre 0,92%)' (English: 'Hitachi 0.92% (against 0.92%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (2)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2009 to September 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-788-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-92pct",
      "citation_text": "0.92% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-92pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-99pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.99% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.99,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.99%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-04 to 2009-09",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Hitachi 0,92% (contre 0,92%) - Western Digital 0,99% (contre 0,89%) - Maxtor 1,73% (contre 2,79%) - Samsung 1,93% (contre 2,25%) - Seagate 2,58% (contre 2,89%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western Digital 0,99% (contre 0,89%)' (English: 'Western Digital 0.99% (against 0.89%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (2)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2009 to September 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-788-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-99pct",
      "citation_text": "0.99% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-99pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-73pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.73% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.73,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.73%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-04 to 2009-09",
      "population": "Maxtor hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Hitachi 0,92% (contre 0,92%) - Western Digital 0,99% (contre 0,89%) - Maxtor 1,73% (contre 2,79%) - Samsung 1,93% (contre 2,25%) - Seagate 2,58% (contre 2,89%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-maxtor",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Maxtor 1,73% (contre 2,79%)' (English: 'Maxtor 1.73% (against 2.79%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (2)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2009 to September 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-788-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-73pct",
      "citation_text": "1.73% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-73pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-93pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.93% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.93,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.93%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-04 to 2009-09",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Hitachi 0,92% (contre 0,92%) - Western Digital 0,99% (contre 0,89%) - Maxtor 1,73% (contre 2,79%) - Samsung 1,93% (contre 2,25%) - Seagate 2,58% (contre 2,89%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 1,93% (contre 2,25%)' (English: 'Samsung 1.93% (against 2.25%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (2)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2009 to September 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-788-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-93pct",
      "citation_text": "1.93% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-93pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-58pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.58% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.58,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.58%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-04 to 2009-09",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Hitachi 0,92% (contre 0,92%) - Western Digital 0,99% (contre 0,89%) - Maxtor 1,73% (contre 2,79%) - Samsung 1,93% (contre 2,25%) - Seagate 2,58% (contre 2,89%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 2,58% (contre 2,89%)' (English: 'Seagate 2.58% (against 2.89%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (2)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2009 to September 2009; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-788-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-58pct",
      "citation_text": "2.58% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2009 to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-58pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-04pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.04% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.04,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.04%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Maxtor hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Maxtor 1,04% (contre 1,73%) - Western Digital 1,45% (contre 0,99%) - Seagate 2,13% (contre 2,58%) - Samsung 2,47% (contre 1,93%) - Hitachi 3,39% (contre 0,92%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-maxtor",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Maxtor 1,04% (contre 1,73%)' (English: 'Maxtor 1.04% (against 1.73%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-04pct",
      "citation_text": "1.04% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-04pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-45pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.45% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.45,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.45%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Maxtor 1,04% (contre 1,73%) - Western Digital 1,45% (contre 0,99%) - Seagate 2,13% (contre 2,58%) - Samsung 2,47% (contre 1,93%) - Hitachi 3,39% (contre 0,92%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western Digital 1,45% (contre 0,99%)' (English: 'Western Digital 1.45% (against 0.99%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-45pct",
      "citation_text": "1.45% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-45pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-13pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.13% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.13,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.13%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Maxtor 1,04% (contre 1,73%) - Western Digital 1,45% (contre 0,99%) - Seagate 2,13% (contre 2,58%) - Samsung 2,47% (contre 1,93%) - Hitachi 3,39% (contre 0,92%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 2,13% (contre 2,58%)' (English: 'Seagate 2.13% (against 2.58%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-13pct",
      "citation_text": "2.13% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-13pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-47pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.47% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.47,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.47%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Maxtor 1,04% (contre 1,73%) - Western Digital 1,45% (contre 0,99%) - Seagate 2,13% (contre 2,58%) - Samsung 2,47% (contre 1,93%) - Hitachi 3,39% (contre 0,92%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 2,47% (contre 1,93%)' (English: 'Samsung 2.47% (against 1.93%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-47pct",
      "citation_text": "2.47% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-47pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-39pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.39% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.39,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.39%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Maxtor 1,04% (contre 1,73%) - Western Digital 1,45% (contre 0,99%) - Seagate 2,13% (contre 2,58%) - Samsung 2,47% (contre 1,93%) - Hitachi 3,39% (contre 0,92%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 3,39% (contre 0,92%)' (English: 'Hitachi 3.39% (against 0.92%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-39pct",
      "citation_text": "3.39% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-39pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-59pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.59% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.59,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.59%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,59% - Corsair 2,17% - Crucial 2,25% - Kingston 2,39% - OCZ 2,93%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,59%' (English: 'Intel 0.59%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-59pct",
      "citation_text": "0.59% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-59pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-17pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.17% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.17,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.17%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,59% - Corsair 2,17% - Crucial 2,25% - Kingston 2,39% - OCZ 2,93%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 2,17%' (English: 'Corsair 2.17%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-17pct",
      "citation_text": "2.17% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-17pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-crucial-2-25pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.25% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.25,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.25%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,59% - Corsair 2,17% - Crucial 2,25% - Kingston 2,39% - OCZ 2,93%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 2,25%' (English: 'Crucial 2.25%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-crucial-2-25pct",
      "citation_text": "2.25% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-crucial-2-25pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-kingston-2-39pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.39% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.39,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.39%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,59% - Corsair 2,17% - Crucial 2,25% - Kingston 2,39% - OCZ 2,93%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Kingston 2,39%' (English: 'Kingston 2.39%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-kingston-2-39pct",
      "citation_text": "2.39% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-kingston-2-39pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-ocz-2-93pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.93% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.93,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.93%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04, returns before 2010-10",
      "population": "OCZ SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,59% - Corsair 2,17% - Crucial 2,25% - Kingston 2,39% - OCZ 2,93%",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-ocz",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- OCZ 2,93%' (English: 'OCZ 2.93%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (3)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2009 to April 2010, counting returns opened before October 2010; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-ocz-2-93pct",
      "citation_text": "2.93% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-ocz-2-93pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-5pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.5% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.5,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.5%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 1,5% (contre 1,4%) - Samsung 1,8% (contre 2,5%) - Seagate 2,0% (contre 2,1%) - Hitachi 3,1% (contre 3,4%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 1,5% (contre 1,4%)' (English: 'Western 1.5% (against 1.4%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-5pct",
      "citation_text": "1.5% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-5pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-8pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.8% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.8,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.8%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 1,5% (contre 1,4%) - Samsung 1,8% (contre 2,5%) - Seagate 2,0% (contre 2,1%) - Hitachi 3,1% (contre 3,4%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 1,8% (contre 2,5%)' (English: 'Samsung 1.8% (against 2.5%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-8pct",
      "citation_text": "1.8% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-0pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.0% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.0%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 1,5% (contre 1,4%) - Samsung 1,8% (contre 2,5%) - Seagate 2,0% (contre 2,1%) - Hitachi 3,1% (contre 3,4%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 2,0% (contre 2,1%)' (English: 'Seagate 2.0% (against 2.1%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-0pct",
      "citation_text": "2.0% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-2-0pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-1pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.1% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.1,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.1%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 1,5% (contre 1,4%) - Samsung 1,8% (contre 2,5%) - Seagate 2,0% (contre 2,1%) - Hitachi 3,1% (contre 3,4%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 3,1% (contre 3,4%)' (English: 'Hitachi 3.1% (against 3.4%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-1pct",
      "citation_text": "3.1% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-1pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-3pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.3% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.3,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.3%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,3% (contre 0,6%) - Kinston 1,2% (contre 2,4%) - Crucial 1,9% (contre 2,2%) - Corsair 2,7% (contre 2,2%) - OCZ 3,5% (contre 2,9%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,3% (contre 0,6%)' (English: 'Intel 0.3% (against 0.6%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-3pct",
      "citation_text": "0.3% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-3pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-kingston-1-2pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.2% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.2,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,3% (contre 0,6%) - Kinston 1,2% (contre 2,4%) - Crucial 1,9% (contre 2,2%) - Corsair 2,7% (contre 2,2%) - OCZ 3,5% (contre 2,9%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Kinston 1,2% (contre 2,4%)' (English: 'Kinston 1.2% (against 2.4%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-kingston-1-2pct",
      "citation_text": "1.2% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-kingston-1-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-9pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.9% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.9,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.9%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,3% (contre 0,6%) - Kinston 1,2% (contre 2,4%) - Crucial 1,9% (contre 2,2%) - Corsair 2,7% (contre 2,2%) - OCZ 3,5% (contre 2,9%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 1,9% (contre 2,2%)' (English: 'Crucial 1.9% (against 2.2%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-9pct",
      "citation_text": "1.9% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-7pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.7% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.7,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,3% (contre 0,6%) - Kinston 1,2% (contre 2,4%) - Crucial 1,9% (contre 2,2%) - Corsair 2,7% (contre 2,2%) - OCZ 3,5% (contre 2,9%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 2,7% (contre 2,2%)' (English: 'Corsair 2.7% (against 2.2%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-7pct",
      "citation_text": "2.7% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-ocz-3-5pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.5% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.5,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.5%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10, returns before 2011-04",
      "population": "OCZ SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,3% (contre 0,6%) - Kinston 1,2% (contre 2,4%) - Crucial 1,9% (contre 2,2%) - Corsair 2,7% (contre 2,2%) - OCZ 3,5% (contre 2,9%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-ocz",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- OCZ 3,5% (contre 2,9%)' (English: 'OCZ 3.5% (against 2.9%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (4)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2010 to October 2010, counting returns opened before April 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-ocz-3-5pct",
      "citation_text": "3.5% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-ocz-3-5pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-5pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.5% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.5,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.5%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04, returns before 2011-10",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 1,5% (contre 1,8%) - Seagate 1,8% (contre 2,0%) (1,6% sans le 7200.11 160 Go) - Western 2,0% (contre 1,5%) - Hitachi 3,0% (contre 3,1%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 1,5% (contre 1,8%)' (English: 'Samsung 1.5% (against 1.8%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (5)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2010 to April 2011, counting returns opened before October 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-5pct",
      "citation_text": "1.5% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-5pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-80pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.80% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.8,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.80%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04, returns before 2011-10",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 1,5% (contre 1,8%) - Seagate 1,8% (contre 2,0%) (1,6% sans le 7200.11 160 Go) - Western 2,0% (contre 1,5%) - Hitachi 3,0% (contre 3,1%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 1,8% (contre 2,0%) (1,6% sans le 7200.11 160 Go)' (English: 'Seagate 1.8% (against 2.0%) (1.6% sans le 7200.11 160 Go)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (5)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2010 to April 2011, counting returns opened before October 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-80pct",
      "citation_text": "1.80% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-80pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-2-0pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.0% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.0%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04, returns before 2011-10",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 1,5% (contre 1,8%) - Seagate 1,8% (contre 2,0%) (1,6% sans le 7200.11 160 Go) - Western 2,0% (contre 1,5%) - Hitachi 3,0% (contre 3,1%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 2,0% (contre 1,5%)' (English: 'Western 2.0% (against 1.5%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (5)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2010 to April 2011, counting returns opened before October 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-2-0pct",
      "citation_text": "2.0% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-2-0pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-0pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.0% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.0%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04, returns before 2011-10",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 1,5% (contre 1,8%) - Seagate 1,8% (contre 2,0%) (1,6% sans le 7200.11 160 Go) - Western 2,0% (contre 1,5%) - Hitachi 3,0% (contre 3,1%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 3,0% (contre 3,1%)' (English: 'Hitachi 3.0% (against 3.1%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (5)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2010 to April 2011, counting returns opened before October 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-0pct",
      "citation_text": "3.0% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-0pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-1pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.1% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.1,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.1%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04, returns before 2011-10",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,1% (contre 0,3%) - Crucial 0,8% (contre 1,9%) - Corsair 2,9% (contre 2,7%) - OCZ 4,2% (contre 3,5%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,1% (contre 0,3%)' (English: 'Intel 0.1% (against 0.3%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (5)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2010 to April 2011, counting returns opened before October 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-1pct",
      "citation_text": "0.1% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-1pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-8pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.8% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.8,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.8%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04, returns before 2011-10",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,1% (contre 0,3%) - Crucial 0,8% (contre 1,9%) - Corsair 2,9% (contre 2,7%) - OCZ 4,2% (contre 3,5%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 0,8% (contre 1,9%)' (English: 'Crucial 0.8% (against 1.9%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (5)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2010 to April 2011, counting returns opened before October 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-8pct",
      "citation_text": "0.8% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-9pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.9% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.9,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.9%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04, returns before 2011-10",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,1% (contre 0,3%) - Crucial 0,8% (contre 1,9%) - Corsair 2,9% (contre 2,7%) - OCZ 4,2% (contre 3,5%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 2,9% (contre 2,7%)' (English: 'Corsair 2.9% (against 2.7%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (5)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2010 to April 2011, counting returns opened before October 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-9pct",
      "citation_text": "2.9% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-4-2pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "4.2% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.2,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "4.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04, returns before 2011-10",
      "population": "OCZ SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,1% (contre 0,3%) - Crucial 0,8% (contre 1,9%) - Corsair 2,9% (contre 2,7%) - OCZ 4,2% (contre 3,5%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-ocz",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- OCZ 4,2% (contre 3,5%)' (English: 'OCZ 4.2% (against 3.5%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (5)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2010 to April 2011, counting returns opened before October 2011; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-4-2pct",
      "citation_text": "4.2% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-4-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-23pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.23% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.23,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.23%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10, returns before 2012-04",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 1,23% (contre 1,5%) - Western 1,63% (contre 2,0%) - Seagate 1,89% (contre 1,8%) - Hitachi 3,95% (contre 3,0%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 1,23% (contre 1,5%)' (English: 'Samsung 1.23% (against 1.5%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (6)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2011 to October 2011, counting returns opened before April 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-23pct",
      "citation_text": "1.23% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-23pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-63pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.63% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.63,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.63%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10, returns before 2012-04",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 1,23% (contre 1,5%) - Western 1,63% (contre 2,0%) - Seagate 1,89% (contre 1,8%) - Hitachi 3,95% (contre 3,0%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 1,63% (contre 2,0%)' (English: 'Western 1.63% (against 2.0%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (6)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2011 to October 2011, counting returns opened before April 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-63pct",
      "citation_text": "1.63% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-63pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-89pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.89% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.89,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.89%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10, returns before 2012-04",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 1,23% (contre 1,5%) - Western 1,63% (contre 2,0%) - Seagate 1,89% (contre 1,8%) - Hitachi 3,95% (contre 3,0%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 1,89% (contre 1,8%)' (English: 'Seagate 1.89% (against 1.8%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (6)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2011 to October 2011, counting returns opened before April 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-89pct",
      "citation_text": "1.89% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-95pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.95% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.95,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.95%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10, returns before 2012-04",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 1,23% (contre 1,5%) - Western 1,63% (contre 2,0%) - Seagate 1,89% (contre 1,8%) - Hitachi 3,95% (contre 3,0%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 3,95% (contre 3,0%)' (English: 'Hitachi 3.95% (against 3.0%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (6)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2011 to October 2011, counting returns opened before April 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-95pct",
      "citation_text": "3.95% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-95pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-82pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.82% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.82,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.82%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10, returns before 2012-04",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Crucial 0,82% (contre 0,8%) - Intel 1,73% (contre 0,1%) - Corsair 2,93% (contre 2,9%) - OCZ 7,03% (contre 4,2%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 0,82% (contre 0,8%)' (English: 'Crucial 0.82% (against 0.8%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (6)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2011 to October 2011, counting returns opened before April 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-82pct",
      "citation_text": "0.82% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-82pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-1-73pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.73% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.73,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.73%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10, returns before 2012-04",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Crucial 0,82% (contre 0,8%) - Intel 1,73% (contre 0,1%) - Corsair 2,93% (contre 2,9%) - OCZ 7,03% (contre 4,2%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 1,73% (contre 0,1%)' (English: 'Intel 1.73% (against 0.1%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (6)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2011 to October 2011, counting returns opened before April 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-1-73pct",
      "citation_text": "1.73% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-1-73pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-93pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.93% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.93,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.93%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10, returns before 2012-04",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Crucial 0,82% (contre 0,8%) - Intel 1,73% (contre 0,1%) - Corsair 2,93% (contre 2,9%) - OCZ 7,03% (contre 4,2%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 2,93% (contre 2,9%)' (English: 'Corsair 2.93% (against 2.9%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (6)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2011 to October 2011, counting returns opened before April 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-93pct",
      "citation_text": "2.93% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-93pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-ocz-7-03pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "7.03% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7.03,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "7.03%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10, returns before 2012-04",
      "population": "OCZ SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Crucial 0,82% (contre 0,8%) - Intel 1,73% (contre 0,1%) - Corsair 2,93% (contre 2,9%) - OCZ 7,03% (contre 4,2%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-ocz",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- OCZ 7,03% (contre 4,2%)' (English: 'OCZ 7.03% (against 4.2%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (6)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2011 to October 2011, counting returns opened before April 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-ocz-7-03pct",
      "citation_text": "7.03% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-ocz-7-03pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-48pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.48% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.48,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.48%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 1,48% (contre 1,63%) - Samsung 1,65% (contre 1,23%) - Seagate 1,70% (contre 1,89%) - Hitachi 3,77% (contre 3,95%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 1,48% (contre 1,63%)' (English: 'Western 1.48% (against 1.63%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. This dossier covers 3.5-inch drives only. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-6-disques-durs-3-5.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-48pct",
      "citation_text": "1.48% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-48pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-65pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.65% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.65,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.65%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 1,48% (contre 1,63%) - Samsung 1,65% (contre 1,23%) - Seagate 1,70% (contre 1,89%) - Hitachi 3,77% (contre 3,95%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 1,65% (contre 1,23%)' (English: 'Samsung 1.65% (against 1.23%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. This dossier covers 3.5-inch drives only. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-6-disques-durs-3-5.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-65pct",
      "citation_text": "1.65% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-samsung-1-65pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-70pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.70% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.7,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.70%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 1,48% (contre 1,63%) - Samsung 1,65% (contre 1,23%) - Seagate 1,70% (contre 1,89%) - Hitachi 3,77% (contre 3,95%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 1,70% (contre 1,89%)' (English: 'Seagate 1.70% (against 1.89%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. This dossier covers 3.5-inch drives only. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-6-disques-durs-3-5.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-70pct",
      "citation_text": "1.70% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-70pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-77pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.77% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.77,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.77%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western 1,48% (contre 1,63%) - Samsung 1,65% (contre 1,23%) - Seagate 1,70% (contre 1,89%) - Hitachi 3,77% (contre 3,95%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 3,77% (contre 3,95%)' (English: 'Hitachi 3.77% (against 3.95%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. This dossier covers 3.5-inch drives only. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-6-disques-durs-3-5.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-77pct",
      "citation_text": "3.77% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-3-77pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-45pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.45% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.45,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.45%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,45% (contre 1,73%) - Samsung 0,48% (N/A) - Corsair 1,05% (contre 2,93%) - Crucial 1,11% (contre 0,82%) - OCZ 5,02% (contre 7,03%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,45% (contre 1,73%)' (English: 'Intel 0.45% (against 1.73%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-45pct",
      "citation_text": "0.45% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-45pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-48pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.48% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.48,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.48%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,45% (contre 1,73%) - Samsung 0,48% (N/A) - Corsair 1,05% (contre 2,93%) - Crucial 1,11% (contre 0,82%) - OCZ 5,02% (contre 7,03%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 0,48% (N/A)' (English: 'Samsung 0.48% (N/A)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-48pct",
      "citation_text": "0.48% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-48pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-05pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.05% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.05,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.05%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,45% (contre 1,73%) - Samsung 0,48% (N/A) - Corsair 1,05% (contre 2,93%) - Crucial 1,11% (contre 0,82%) - OCZ 5,02% (contre 7,03%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 1,05% (contre 2,93%)' (English: 'Corsair 1.05% (against 2.93%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-05pct",
      "citation_text": "1.05% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-05pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-11pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.11% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.11,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.11%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,45% (contre 1,73%) - Samsung 0,48% (N/A) - Corsair 1,05% (contre 2,93%) - Crucial 1,11% (contre 0,82%) - OCZ 5,02% (contre 7,03%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 1,11% (contre 0,82%)' (English: 'Crucial 1.11% (against 0.82%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-11pct",
      "citation_text": "1.11% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-11pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-5-02pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "5.02% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.02,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "5.02%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04, returns before 2012-10",
      "population": "OCZ SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,45% (contre 1,73%) - Samsung 0,48% (N/A) - Corsair 1,05% (contre 2,93%) - Crucial 1,11% (contre 0,82%) - OCZ 5,02% (contre 7,03%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-ocz",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- OCZ 5,02% (contre 7,03%)' (English: 'OCZ 5.02% (against 7.03%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (7)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2011 to April 2012, counting returns opened before October 2012; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-5-02pct",
      "citation_text": "5.02% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-5-02pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-15pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.15% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.15,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.15%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Toshiba 1,15% - Seagate 1,44% (contre 1,65%) - Western 1,55% (contre 1,44%) - Samsung 2,24% (contre 1,30%) - Hitachi 2,40% (contre 3,45%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Toshiba 1,15%' (English: 'Toshiba 1.15%'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. From this dossier hardware.fr mixes all drive formats (3.5 and 2.5 inch). Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-15pct",
      "citation_text": "1.15% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-15pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-44pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.44% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.44,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.44%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Toshiba 1,15% - Seagate 1,44% (contre 1,65%) - Western 1,55% (contre 1,44%) - Samsung 2,24% (contre 1,30%) - Hitachi 2,40% (contre 3,45%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 1,44% (contre 1,65%)' (English: 'Seagate 1.44% (against 1.65%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. From this dossier hardware.fr mixes all drive formats (3.5 and 2.5 inch). Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-44pct",
      "citation_text": "1.44% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-44pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-55pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.55% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.55,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.55%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Toshiba 1,15% - Seagate 1,44% (contre 1,65%) - Western 1,55% (contre 1,44%) - Samsung 2,24% (contre 1,30%) - Hitachi 2,40% (contre 3,45%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 1,55% (contre 1,44%)' (English: 'Western 1.55% (against 1.44%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. From this dossier hardware.fr mixes all drive formats (3.5 and 2.5 inch). Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-55pct",
      "citation_text": "1.55% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-55pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-24pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.24% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.24,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.24%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Toshiba 1,15% - Seagate 1,44% (contre 1,65%) - Western 1,55% (contre 1,44%) - Samsung 2,24% (contre 1,30%) - Hitachi 2,40% (contre 3,45%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 2,24% (contre 1,30%)' (English: 'Samsung 2.24% (against 1.30%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. From this dossier hardware.fr mixes all drive formats (3.5 and 2.5 inch). Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-24pct",
      "citation_text": "2.24% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-24pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-2-40pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.40% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.4,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.40%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Toshiba 1,15% - Seagate 1,44% (contre 1,65%) - Western 1,55% (contre 1,44%) - Samsung 2,24% (contre 1,30%) - Hitachi 2,40% (contre 3,45%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 2,40% (contre 3,45%)' (English: 'Hitachi 2.40% (against 3.45%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. From this dossier hardware.fr mixes all drive formats (3.5 and 2.5 inch). Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-2-40pct",
      "citation_text": "2.40% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-2-40pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-05pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.05% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.05,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.05%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,05% (contre 0,48%) - Plextor 0,16% (N/A) - Intel 0,37% (contre 0,45%) - Crucial 1,12% (contre 1,11%) - Corsair 1,61% (contre 1,05%) - OCZ 6,64% (contre 5,02%) / 2,92% sans les Petrol/Octane SATA 2 (contre 3,05%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 0,05% (contre 0,48%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.05% (against 0.48%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr warns that Samsung offered free home pick-up for warranty returns on some models, which favours direct returns and lowers the retailer's count. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-05pct",
      "citation_text": "0.05% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-05pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-plextor-0-16pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.16% of the Plextor SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.16,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.16%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Plextor SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,05% (contre 0,48%) - Plextor 0,16% (N/A) - Intel 0,37% (contre 0,45%) - Crucial 1,12% (contre 1,11%) - Corsair 1,61% (contre 1,05%) - OCZ 6,64% (contre 5,02%) / 2,92% sans les Petrol/Octane SATA 2 (contre 3,05%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-plextor",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Plextor 0,16% (N/A)' (English: 'Plextor 0.16% (N/A)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-plextor-0-16pct",
      "citation_text": "0.16% of the Plextor SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-plextor-0-16pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-37pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.37% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.37,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.37%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,05% (contre 0,48%) - Plextor 0,16% (N/A) - Intel 0,37% (contre 0,45%) - Crucial 1,12% (contre 1,11%) - Corsair 1,61% (contre 1,05%) - OCZ 6,64% (contre 5,02%) / 2,92% sans les Petrol/Octane SATA 2 (contre 3,05%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,37% (contre 0,45%)' (English: 'Intel 0.37% (against 0.45%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-37pct",
      "citation_text": "0.37% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-37pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-12pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.12% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.12,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.12%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,05% (contre 0,48%) - Plextor 0,16% (N/A) - Intel 0,37% (contre 0,45%) - Crucial 1,12% (contre 1,11%) - Corsair 1,61% (contre 1,05%) - OCZ 6,64% (contre 5,02%) / 2,92% sans les Petrol/Octane SATA 2 (contre 3,05%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 1,12% (contre 1,11%)' (English: 'Crucial 1.12% (against 1.11%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-12pct",
      "citation_text": "1.12% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-12pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-61pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.61% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.61,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.61%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,05% (contre 0,48%) - Plextor 0,16% (N/A) - Intel 0,37% (contre 0,45%) - Crucial 1,12% (contre 1,11%) - Corsair 1,61% (contre 1,05%) - OCZ 6,64% (contre 5,02%) / 2,92% sans les Petrol/Octane SATA 2 (contre 3,05%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 1,61% (contre 1,05%)' (English: 'Corsair 1.61% (against 1.05%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-61pct",
      "citation_text": "1.61% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-61pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-ocz-6-64pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "6.64% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.64,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "6.64%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10, returns before 2013-04",
      "population": "OCZ SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,05% (contre 0,48%) - Plextor 0,16% (N/A) - Intel 0,37% (contre 0,45%) - Crucial 1,12% (contre 1,11%) - Corsair 1,61% (contre 1,05%) - OCZ 6,64% (contre 5,02%) / 2,92% sans les Petrol/Octane SATA 2 (contre 3,05%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-ocz",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- OCZ 6,64% (contre 5,02%) / 2,92% sans les Petrol/Octane SATA 2 (contre 3,05%)' (English: 'OCZ 6.64% (against 5.02%) / 2.92% sans les Petrol/Octane SATA 2 (against 3.05%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (8)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2012 to October 2012, counting returns opened before April 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Without the Petrol and Octane SATA 2 series OCZ's rate was 2.92% (contre 3.05%). Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-ocz-6-64pct",
      "citation_text": "6.64% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-ocz-6-64pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-95pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.95% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.95,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.95%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,95% (contre 1,44%) - Hitachi 1,16% (contre 2,40%) - Western 1,19% (contre 1,55%) - Toshiba 1,54% (contre 1,15%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 0,95% (contre 1,44%)' (English: 'Seagate 0.95% (against 1.44%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-95pct",
      "citation_text": "0.95% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-95pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.16% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.16,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.16%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,95% (contre 1,44%) - Hitachi 1,16% (contre 2,40%) - Western 1,19% (contre 1,55%) - Toshiba 1,54% (contre 1,15%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 1,16% (contre 2,40%)' (English: 'Hitachi 1.16% (against 2.40%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct",
      "citation_text": "1.16% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-19pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.19% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.19,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.19%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,95% (contre 1,44%) - Hitachi 1,16% (contre 2,40%) - Western 1,19% (contre 1,55%) - Toshiba 1,54% (contre 1,15%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 1,19% (contre 1,55%)' (English: 'Western 1.19% (against 1.55%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-19pct",
      "citation_text": "1.19% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-19pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-54pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.54% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.54,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.54%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,95% (contre 1,44%) - Hitachi 1,16% (contre 2,40%) - Western 1,19% (contre 1,55%) - Toshiba 1,54% (contre 1,15%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Toshiba 1,54% (contre 1,15%)' (English: 'Toshiba 1.54% (against 1.15%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-54pct",
      "citation_text": "1.54% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-54pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.28% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.28,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.28%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,05%) - Intel 0,63% (contre 0,37%) - Kingston 1,00% (N/A) - Corsair 1,88% (contre 1,61%) - Crucial 2,26% (contre 1,12%) - OCZ 2,27% (contre 6,64%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,05%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.28% (against 0.05%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct",
      "citation_text": "0.28% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-63pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.63% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.63,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.63%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,05%) - Intel 0,63% (contre 0,37%) - Kingston 1,00% (N/A) - Corsair 1,88% (contre 1,61%) - Crucial 2,26% (contre 1,12%) - OCZ 2,27% (contre 6,64%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,63% (contre 0,37%)' (English: 'Intel 0.63% (against 0.37%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-63pct",
      "citation_text": "0.63% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-63pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-kingston-1-00pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.00% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.00%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,05%) - Intel 0,63% (contre 0,37%) - Kingston 1,00% (N/A) - Corsair 1,88% (contre 1,61%) - Crucial 2,26% (contre 1,12%) - OCZ 2,27% (contre 6,64%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Kingston 1,00% (N/A)' (English: 'Kingston 1.00% (N/A)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-kingston-1-00pct",
      "citation_text": "1.00% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-kingston-1-00pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-88pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.88% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.88,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.88%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,05%) - Intel 0,63% (contre 0,37%) - Kingston 1,00% (N/A) - Corsair 1,88% (contre 1,61%) - Crucial 2,26% (contre 1,12%) - OCZ 2,27% (contre 6,64%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 1,88% (contre 1,61%)' (English: 'Corsair 1.88% (against 1.61%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-88pct",
      "citation_text": "1.88% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-88pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-2-26pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.26% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.26,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.26%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,05%) - Intel 0,63% (contre 0,37%) - Kingston 1,00% (N/A) - Corsair 1,88% (contre 1,61%) - Crucial 2,26% (contre 1,12%) - OCZ 2,27% (contre 6,64%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 2,26% (contre 1,12%)' (English: 'Crucial 2.26% (against 1.12%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-2-26pct",
      "citation_text": "2.26% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-crucial-2-26pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-2-27pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.27% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.27,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.27%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04, returns before 2013-10",
      "population": "OCZ SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,05%) - Intel 0,63% (contre 0,37%) - Kingston 1,00% (N/A) - Corsair 1,88% (contre 1,61%) - Crucial 2,26% (contre 1,12%) - OCZ 2,27% (contre 6,64%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-ocz",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- OCZ 2,27% (contre 6,64%)' (English: 'OCZ 2.27% (against 6.64%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (9)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2012 to April 2013, counting returns opened before October 2013; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-2-27pct",
      "citation_text": "2.27% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-ocz-2-27pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-86pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.86% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.86,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.86%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,86% (contre 0,95%) - Toshiba 1,02% (contre 1,54%) - Hitachi 1,08% (contre 1,16%) - Western 1,13% (contre 1,19%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 0,86% (contre 0,95%)' (English: 'Seagate 0.86% (against 0.95%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-86pct",
      "citation_text": "0.86% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-86pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-02pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.02% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.02,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.02%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,86% (contre 0,95%) - Toshiba 1,02% (contre 1,54%) - Hitachi 1,08% (contre 1,16%) - Western 1,13% (contre 1,19%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Toshiba 1,02% (contre 1,54%)' (English: 'Toshiba 1.02% (against 1.54%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-02pct",
      "citation_text": "1.02% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-02pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-08pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.08% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.08,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.08%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,86% (contre 0,95%) - Toshiba 1,02% (contre 1,54%) - Hitachi 1,08% (contre 1,16%) - Western 1,13% (contre 1,19%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Hitachi 1,08% (contre 1,16%)' (English: 'Hitachi 1.08% (against 1.16%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-08pct",
      "citation_text": "1.08% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-08pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-13pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.13% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.13,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.13%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,86% (contre 0,95%) - Toshiba 1,02% (contre 1,54%) - Hitachi 1,08% (contre 1,16%) - Western 1,13% (contre 1,19%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 1,13% (contre 1,19%)' (English: 'Western 1.13% (against 1.19%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-13pct",
      "citation_text": "1.13% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-13pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-54pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.54% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.54,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.54%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,54% (contre 0,28%) - Sandisk 0,70% (N/A) - Kingston 0,72% (contre 1,00%) - Intel 0,90% (contre 0,63%) - Corsair 0,91% (contre 1,88%) - Crucial 1,08% (contre 2,26%) - OCZ 5,66% (contre 2,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 0,54% (contre 0,28%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.54% (against 0.28%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-54pct",
      "citation_text": "0.54% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-54pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-70pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.70% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.7,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.70%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "SanDisk SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,54% (contre 0,28%) - Sandisk 0,70% (N/A) - Kingston 0,72% (contre 1,00%) - Intel 0,90% (contre 0,63%) - Corsair 0,91% (contre 1,88%) - Crucial 1,08% (contre 2,26%) - OCZ 5,66% (contre 2,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-sandisk",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Sandisk 0,70% (N/A)' (English: 'Sandisk 0.70% (N/A)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-70pct",
      "citation_text": "0.70% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-70pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-72pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.72% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.72,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.72%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,54% (contre 0,28%) - Sandisk 0,70% (N/A) - Kingston 0,72% (contre 1,00%) - Intel 0,90% (contre 0,63%) - Corsair 0,91% (contre 1,88%) - Crucial 1,08% (contre 2,26%) - OCZ 5,66% (contre 2,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Kingston 0,72% (contre 1,00%)' (English: 'Kingston 0.72% (against 1.00%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-72pct",
      "citation_text": "0.72% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-72pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-90pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.90% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.9,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.90%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,54% (contre 0,28%) - Sandisk 0,70% (N/A) - Kingston 0,72% (contre 1,00%) - Intel 0,90% (contre 0,63%) - Corsair 0,91% (contre 1,88%) - Crucial 1,08% (contre 2,26%) - OCZ 5,66% (contre 2,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,90% (contre 0,63%)' (English: 'Intel 0.90% (against 0.63%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-90pct",
      "citation_text": "0.90% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-90pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-91pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.91% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.91,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.91%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,54% (contre 0,28%) - Sandisk 0,70% (N/A) - Kingston 0,72% (contre 1,00%) - Intel 0,90% (contre 0,63%) - Corsair 0,91% (contre 1,88%) - Crucial 1,08% (contre 2,26%) - OCZ 5,66% (contre 2,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 0,91% (contre 1,88%)' (English: 'Corsair 0.91% (against 1.88%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-91pct",
      "citation_text": "0.91% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-91pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-08pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.08% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.08,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.08%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,54% (contre 0,28%) - Sandisk 0,70% (N/A) - Kingston 0,72% (contre 1,00%) - Intel 0,90% (contre 0,63%) - Corsair 0,91% (contre 1,88%) - Crucial 1,08% (contre 2,26%) - OCZ 5,66% (contre 2,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 1,08% (contre 2,26%)' (English: 'Crucial 1.08% (against 2.26%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-08pct",
      "citation_text": "1.08% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-crucial-1-08pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-ocz-5-66pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "5.66% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.66,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "5.66%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10, returns before 2014-04",
      "population": "OCZ SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,54% (contre 0,28%) - Sandisk 0,70% (N/A) - Kingston 0,72% (contre 1,00%) - Intel 0,90% (contre 0,63%) - Corsair 0,91% (contre 1,88%) - Crucial 1,08% (contre 2,26%) - OCZ 5,66% (contre 2,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-ocz",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- OCZ 5,66% (contre 2,27%)' (English: 'OCZ 5.66% (against 2.27%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (10)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2013 to October 2013, counting returns opened before April 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-ocz-5-66pct",
      "citation_text": "5.66% of the OCZ SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-ocz-5-66pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-69pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.69% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.69,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.69%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,86%) - Western 0,93 (contre 1,13%) - HGST 1,01% (contre 1,08%) - Toshiba 1,29% (contre 1,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,86%)' (English: 'Seagate 0.69% (against 0.86%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-69pct",
      "citation_text": "0.69% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-69pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-93pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.93% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.93,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.93%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,86%) - Western 0,93 (contre 1,13%) - HGST 1,01% (contre 1,08%) - Toshiba 1,29% (contre 1,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 0,93 (contre 1,13%)' (English: 'Western 0.93 (against 1.13%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-93pct",
      "citation_text": "0.93% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-93pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-01pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.01% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.01,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.01%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "HGST hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,86%) - Western 0,93 (contre 1,13%) - HGST 1,01% (contre 1,08%) - Toshiba 1,29% (contre 1,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- HGST 1,01% (contre 1,08%)' (English: 'HGST 1.01% (against 1.08%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-01pct",
      "citation_text": "1.01% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-01pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-29pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.29% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.29,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.29%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,86%) - Western 0,93 (contre 1,13%) - HGST 1,01% (contre 1,08%) - Toshiba 1,29% (contre 1,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Toshiba 1,29% (contre 1,02%)' (English: 'Toshiba 1.29% (against 1.02%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr notes that Toshiba drives can only be returned through the retailer, unlike the other makers, which inflates its rate. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-29pct",
      "citation_text": "1.29% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-29pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-24pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.24% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.24,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.24%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,24% (contre 0,54%) - Intel 0,27% (contre 0,90%) - Sandisk 0,29% (contre 0,70%) - Crucial 0,57% (contre 1,08%) - Kingston 0,63% (contre 0,72%) - Corsair 0,87% (contre 0,91%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 0,24% (contre 0,54%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.24% (against 0.54%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-24pct",
      "citation_text": "0.24% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-24pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-27pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.27% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.27,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.27%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,24% (contre 0,54%) - Intel 0,27% (contre 0,90%) - Sandisk 0,29% (contre 0,70%) - Crucial 0,57% (contre 1,08%) - Kingston 0,63% (contre 0,72%) - Corsair 0,87% (contre 0,91%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,27% (contre 0,90%)' (English: 'Intel 0.27% (against 0.90%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-27pct",
      "citation_text": "0.27% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-27pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-29pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.29% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.29,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.29%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "SanDisk SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,24% (contre 0,54%) - Intel 0,27% (contre 0,90%) - Sandisk 0,29% (contre 0,70%) - Crucial 0,57% (contre 1,08%) - Kingston 0,63% (contre 0,72%) - Corsair 0,87% (contre 0,91%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-sandisk",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Sandisk 0,29% (contre 0,70%)' (English: 'Sandisk 0.29% (against 0.70%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-29pct",
      "citation_text": "0.29% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-29pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-57pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.57% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.57,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.57%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,24% (contre 0,54%) - Intel 0,27% (contre 0,90%) - Sandisk 0,29% (contre 0,70%) - Crucial 0,57% (contre 1,08%) - Kingston 0,63% (contre 0,72%) - Corsair 0,87% (contre 0,91%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 0,57% (contre 1,08%)' (English: 'Crucial 0.57% (against 1.08%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-57pct",
      "citation_text": "0.57% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-57pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-63pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.63% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.63,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.63%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,24% (contre 0,54%) - Intel 0,27% (contre 0,90%) - Sandisk 0,29% (contre 0,70%) - Crucial 0,57% (contre 1,08%) - Kingston 0,63% (contre 0,72%) - Corsair 0,87% (contre 0,91%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Kingston 0,63% (contre 0,72%)' (English: 'Kingston 0.63% (against 0.72%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-63pct",
      "citation_text": "0.63% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-63pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-87pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.87% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.87,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.87%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04, returns before 2014-10",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Samsung 0,24% (contre 0,54%) - Intel 0,27% (contre 0,90%) - Sandisk 0,29% (contre 0,70%) - Crucial 0,57% (contre 1,08%) - Kingston 0,63% (contre 0,72%) - Corsair 0,87% (contre 0,91%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 0,87% (contre 0,91%)' (English: 'Corsair 0.87% (against 0.91%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (11)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2013 to April 2014, counting returns opened before October 2014; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-87pct",
      "citation_text": "0.87% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-87pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-68pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.68% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.68,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.68%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,68% (contre 0,69%) - Western 1,09% (contre 0,93%) - HGST 1,16% (contre 1,01%) - Toshiba 1,34% (contre 1,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 0,68% (contre 0,69%)' (English: 'Seagate 0.68% (against 0.69%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-68pct",
      "citation_text": "0.68% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-68pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-09pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.09% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.09,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.09%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,68% (contre 0,69%) - Western 1,09% (contre 0,93%) - HGST 1,16% (contre 1,01%) - Toshiba 1,34% (contre 1,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 1,09% (contre 0,93%)' (English: 'Western 1.09% (against 0.93%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-09pct",
      "citation_text": "1.09% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-09pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.16% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.16,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.16%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "HGST hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,68% (contre 0,69%) - Western 1,09% (contre 0,93%) - HGST 1,16% (contre 1,01%) - Toshiba 1,34% (contre 1,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- HGST 1,16% (contre 1,01%)' (English: 'HGST 1.16% (against 1.01%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct",
      "citation_text": "1.16% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-34pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.34% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.34,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.34%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,68% (contre 0,69%) - Western 1,09% (contre 0,93%) - HGST 1,16% (contre 1,01%) - Toshiba 1,34% (contre 1,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Toshiba 1,34% (contre 1,29%)' (English: 'Toshiba 1.34% (against 1.29%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr notes that Toshiba drives can only be returned through the retailer, unlike the other makers, which inflates its rate. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-34pct",
      "citation_text": "1.34% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-34pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-15pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.15% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.15,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.15%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,15% (contre 0,27%) - Samsung 0,18% (contre 0,24%) - Corsair 0,27% (contre 0,87%) - Kingston 0,32% (contre 0,63%) - Crucial 0,41% (contre 0,57%) - Sandisk 0,48% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,15% (contre 0,27%)' (English: 'Intel 0.15% (against 0.27%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-15pct",
      "citation_text": "0.15% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-15pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-18pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.18% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.18,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.18%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,15% (contre 0,27%) - Samsung 0,18% (contre 0,24%) - Corsair 0,27% (contre 0,87%) - Kingston 0,32% (contre 0,63%) - Crucial 0,41% (contre 0,57%) - Sandisk 0,48% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 0,18% (contre 0,24%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.18% (against 0.24%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-18pct",
      "citation_text": "0.18% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-18pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-27pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.27% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.27,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.27%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,15% (contre 0,27%) - Samsung 0,18% (contre 0,24%) - Corsair 0,27% (contre 0,87%) - Kingston 0,32% (contre 0,63%) - Crucial 0,41% (contre 0,57%) - Sandisk 0,48% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 0,27% (contre 0,87%)' (English: 'Corsair 0.27% (against 0.87%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-27pct",
      "citation_text": "0.27% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-27pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-32pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.32% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.32,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.32%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,15% (contre 0,27%) - Samsung 0,18% (contre 0,24%) - Corsair 0,27% (contre 0,87%) - Kingston 0,32% (contre 0,63%) - Crucial 0,41% (contre 0,57%) - Sandisk 0,48% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Kingston 0,32% (contre 0,63%)' (English: 'Kingston 0.32% (against 0.63%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-32pct",
      "citation_text": "0.32% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-32pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-41pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.41% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.41,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.41%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,15% (contre 0,27%) - Samsung 0,18% (contre 0,24%) - Corsair 0,27% (contre 0,87%) - Kingston 0,32% (contre 0,63%) - Crucial 0,41% (contre 0,57%) - Sandisk 0,48% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 0,41% (contre 0,57%)' (English: 'Crucial 0.41% (against 0.57%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-41pct",
      "citation_text": "0.41% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-41pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-48pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.48% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.48,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.48%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-04 to 2014-10, returns before 2015-04",
      "population": "SanDisk SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,15% (contre 0,27%) - Samsung 0,18% (contre 0,24%) - Corsair 0,27% (contre 0,87%) - Kingston 0,32% (contre 0,63%) - Crucial 0,41% (contre 0,57%) - Sandisk 0,48% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-sandisk",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Sandisk 0,48% (contre 0,29%)' (English: 'Sandisk 0.48% (against 0.29%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (12)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2014 to October 2014, counting returns opened before April 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-48pct",
      "citation_text": "0.48% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-48pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-60pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.60% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.6,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.60%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,60% (contre 0,68%) - HGST 0,81% (contre 1,16%) - Western 0,90% (contre 1,09%) - Toshiba 0,96% (contre 1,34%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Seagate 0,60% (contre 0,68%)' (English: 'Seagate 0.60% (against 0.68%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-60pct",
      "citation_text": "0.60% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-60pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-81pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.81% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.81,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.81%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "HGST hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,60% (contre 0,68%) - HGST 0,81% (contre 1,16%) - Western 0,90% (contre 1,09%) - Toshiba 0,96% (contre 1,34%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- HGST 0,81% (contre 1,16%)' (English: 'HGST 0.81% (against 1.16%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-81pct",
      "citation_text": "0.81% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-81pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-90pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.90% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.9,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.90%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,60% (contre 0,68%) - HGST 0,81% (contre 1,16%) - Western 0,90% (contre 1,09%) - Toshiba 0,96% (contre 1,34%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Western 0,90% (contre 1,09%)' (English: 'Western 0.90% (against 1.09%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-90pct",
      "citation_text": "0.90% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-0-90pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-0-96pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.96% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.96,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.96%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate 0,60% (contre 0,68%) - HGST 0,81% (contre 1,16%) - Western 0,90% (contre 1,09%) - Toshiba 0,96% (contre 1,34%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Toshiba 0,96% (contre 1,34%)' (English: 'Toshiba 0.96% (against 1.34%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr notes that Toshiba drives can only be returned through the retailer, unlike the other makers, which inflates its rate. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-0-96pct",
      "citation_text": "0.96% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-0-96pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-18pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.18% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.18,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.18%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,18% (contre 0,15%) - Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,18%) - Kingston 0,28% (contre 0,32%) - Crucial 0,29% (contre 0,41%) - Sandisk 0,49% (contre 0,48%) - Corsair 0,94% (contre 0,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Intel 0,18% (contre 0,15%)' (English: 'Intel 0.18% (against 0.15%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-18pct",
      "citation_text": "0.18% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-18pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.28% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.28,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.28%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,18% (contre 0,15%) - Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,18%) - Kingston 0,28% (contre 0,32%) - Crucial 0,29% (contre 0,41%) - Sandisk 0,49% (contre 0,48%) - Corsair 0,94% (contre 0,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,18%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.28% (against 0.18%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct",
      "citation_text": "0.28% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-28pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.28% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.28,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.28%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,18% (contre 0,15%) - Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,18%) - Kingston 0,28% (contre 0,32%) - Crucial 0,29% (contre 0,41%) - Sandisk 0,49% (contre 0,48%) - Corsair 0,94% (contre 0,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Kingston 0,28% (contre 0,32%)' (English: 'Kingston 0.28% (against 0.32%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-28pct",
      "citation_text": "0.28% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-28pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-29pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.29% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.29,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.29%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,18% (contre 0,15%) - Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,18%) - Kingston 0,28% (contre 0,32%) - Crucial 0,29% (contre 0,41%) - Sandisk 0,49% (contre 0,48%) - Corsair 0,94% (contre 0,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Crucial 0,29% (contre 0,41%)' (English: 'Crucial 0.29% (against 0.41%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-29pct",
      "citation_text": "0.29% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-29pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-49pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.49% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.49,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.49%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "SanDisk SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,18% (contre 0,15%) - Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,18%) - Kingston 0,28% (contre 0,32%) - Crucial 0,29% (contre 0,41%) - Sandisk 0,49% (contre 0,48%) - Corsair 0,94% (contre 0,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-sandisk",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Sandisk 0,49% (contre 0,48%)' (English: 'Sandisk 0.49% (against 0.48%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-49pct",
      "citation_text": "0.49% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-49pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-94pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.94% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.94,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.94%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04, returns before 2015-10",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Intel 0,18% (contre 0,15%) - Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,18%) - Kingston 0,28% (contre 0,32%) - Crucial 0,29% (contre 0,41%) - Sandisk 0,49% (contre 0,48%) - Corsair 0,94% (contre 0,27%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- Corsair 0,94% (contre 0,27%)' (English: 'Corsair 0.94% (against 0.27%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (13)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2014 to April 2015, counting returns opened before October 2015; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-94pct",
      "citation_text": "0.94% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-94pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-60pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.60% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.6,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.60%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "HGST hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST 0,60% (contre 0,81%) Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,60%) Western 1,00% (contre 0,90%) Toshiba 1,15% (contre 0,96%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'HGST 0,60% (contre 0,81%)' (English: 'HGST 0.60% (against 0.81%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-60pct",
      "citation_text": "0.60% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-60pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-69pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.69% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.69,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.69%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST 0,60% (contre 0,81%) Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,60%) Western 1,00% (contre 0,90%) Toshiba 1,15% (contre 0,96%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,60%)' (English: 'Seagate 0.69% (against 0.60%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-69pct",
      "citation_text": "0.69% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-69pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-00pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.00% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "1.00%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST 0,60% (contre 0,81%) Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,60%) Western 1,00% (contre 0,90%) Toshiba 1,15% (contre 0,96%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Western 1,00% (contre 0,90%)' (English: 'Western 1.00% (against 0.90%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-00pct",
      "citation_text": "1.00% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-00pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-15pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.15% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.15,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "1.15%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST 0,60% (contre 0,81%) Seagate 0,69% (contre 0,60%) Western 1,00% (contre 0,90%) Toshiba 1,15% (contre 0,96%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Toshiba 1,15% (contre 0,96%)' (English: 'Toshiba 1.15% (against 0.96%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr notes that Toshiba drives can only be returned through the retailer, unlike the other makers, which inflates its rate. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-15pct",
      "citation_text": "1.15% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-15pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-26pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.26% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.26,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.26%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Kingston 0,26% (contre 0,28%) Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,34% (contre 0,18%) Crucial 0,42% (contre 0,29%) Sandisk 0,56% (contre 0,49%) Corsair 2,02% (contre 0,94%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Kingston 0,26% (contre 0,28%)' (English: 'Kingston 0.26% (against 0.28%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-26pct",
      "citation_text": "0.26% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-26pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.28% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.28,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.28%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Kingston 0,26% (contre 0,28%) Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,34% (contre 0,18%) Crucial 0,42% (contre 0,29%) Sandisk 0,56% (contre 0,49%) Corsair 2,02% (contre 0,94%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,28%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.28% (against 0.28%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct",
      "citation_text": "0.28% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-28pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-34pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.34% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.34,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.34%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Kingston 0,26% (contre 0,28%) Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,34% (contre 0,18%) Crucial 0,42% (contre 0,29%) Sandisk 0,56% (contre 0,49%) Corsair 2,02% (contre 0,94%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Intel 0,34% (contre 0,18%)' (English: 'Intel 0.34% (against 0.18%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-34pct",
      "citation_text": "0.34% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-34pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-42pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.42% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.42,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.42%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Kingston 0,26% (contre 0,28%) Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,34% (contre 0,18%) Crucial 0,42% (contre 0,29%) Sandisk 0,56% (contre 0,49%) Corsair 2,02% (contre 0,94%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Crucial 0,42% (contre 0,29%)' (English: 'Crucial 0.42% (against 0.29%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-42pct",
      "citation_text": "0.42% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-42pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-56pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.56% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.56,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.56%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "SanDisk SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Kingston 0,26% (contre 0,28%) Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,34% (contre 0,18%) Crucial 0,42% (contre 0,29%) Sandisk 0,56% (contre 0,49%) Corsair 2,02% (contre 0,94%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-sandisk",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Sandisk 0,56% (contre 0,49%)' (English: 'Sandisk 0.56% (against 0.49%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-56pct",
      "citation_text": "0.56% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-56pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-02pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.02% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.02,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "2.02%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-04 to 2015-10, returns before 2016-04",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Kingston 0,26% (contre 0,28%) Samsung 0,28% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,34% (contre 0,18%) Crucial 0,42% (contre 0,29%) Sandisk 0,56% (contre 0,49%) Corsair 2,02% (contre 0,94%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Corsair 2,02% (contre 0,94%)' (English: 'Corsair 2.02% (against 0.94%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (14)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold April 2015 to October 2015, counting returns opened before April 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-02pct",
      "citation_text": "2.02% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-ssd-return-rate-corsair-2-02pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-72pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.72% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.72,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.72%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate 0,72% (contre 0,69%) Toshiba 0,80% (contre 1,15%) Western 1,04% (contre 1,03%) HGST 1,13% (contre 0,60%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Seagate 0,72% (contre 0,69%)' (English: 'Seagate 0.72% (against 0.69%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-72pct",
      "citation_text": "0.72% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-72pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-0-80pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.80% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.8,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.80%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate 0,72% (contre 0,69%) Toshiba 0,80% (contre 1,15%) Western 1,04% (contre 1,03%) HGST 1,13% (contre 0,60%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Toshiba 0,80% (contre 1,15%)' (English: 'Toshiba 0.80% (against 1.15%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr notes that Toshiba drives can only be returned through the retailer, unlike the other makers, which inflates its rate. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-0-80pct",
      "citation_text": "0.80% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-0-80pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-04pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.04% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.04,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "1.04%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate 0,72% (contre 0,69%) Toshiba 0,80% (contre 1,15%) Western 1,04% (contre 1,03%) HGST 1,13% (contre 0,60%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Western 1,04% (contre 1,03%)' (English: 'Western 1.04% (against 1.03%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-04pct",
      "citation_text": "1.04% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-04pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-13pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.13% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.13,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "1.13%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "HGST hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate 0,72% (contre 0,69%) Toshiba 0,80% (contre 1,15%) Western 1,04% (contre 1,03%) HGST 1,13% (contre 0,60%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'HGST 1,13% (contre 0,60%)' (English: 'HGST 1.13% (against 0.60%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-13pct",
      "citation_text": "1.13% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-13pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-20pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.20% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.2,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.20%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,20% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,27% (contre 0,34%) Crucial 0,28% (contre 0,42%) Kingston 0,29% (contre 0,26%) Sandisk 0,62% (contre 0,56%) Corsair 1,67% (contre 2,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Samsung 0,20% (contre 0,28%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.20% (against 0.28%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-20pct",
      "citation_text": "0.20% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-20pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-27pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.27% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.27,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.27%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,20% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,27% (contre 0,34%) Crucial 0,28% (contre 0,42%) Kingston 0,29% (contre 0,26%) Sandisk 0,62% (contre 0,56%) Corsair 1,67% (contre 2,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Intel 0,27% (contre 0,34%)' (English: 'Intel 0.27% (against 0.34%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-27pct",
      "citation_text": "0.27% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-27pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-28pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.28% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.28,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.28%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,20% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,27% (contre 0,34%) Crucial 0,28% (contre 0,42%) Kingston 0,29% (contre 0,26%) Sandisk 0,62% (contre 0,56%) Corsair 1,67% (contre 2,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Crucial 0,28% (contre 0,42%)' (English: 'Crucial 0.28% (against 0.42%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-28pct",
      "citation_text": "0.28% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-28pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-29pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.29% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.29,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.29%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,20% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,27% (contre 0,34%) Crucial 0,28% (contre 0,42%) Kingston 0,29% (contre 0,26%) Sandisk 0,62% (contre 0,56%) Corsair 1,67% (contre 2,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Kingston 0,29% (contre 0,26%)' (English: 'Kingston 0.29% (against 0.26%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-29pct",
      "citation_text": "0.29% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-29pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-62pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.62% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.62,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.62%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "SanDisk SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,20% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,27% (contre 0,34%) Crucial 0,28% (contre 0,42%) Kingston 0,29% (contre 0,26%) Sandisk 0,62% (contre 0,56%) Corsair 1,67% (contre 2,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-sandisk",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Sandisk 0,62% (contre 0,56%)' (English: 'Sandisk 0.62% (against 0.56%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-62pct",
      "citation_text": "0.62% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-62pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-67pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.67% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.67,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "1.67%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2015-10 to 2016-04, returns before 2016-10",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,20% (contre 0,28%) Intel 0,27% (contre 0,34%) Crucial 0,28% (contre 0,42%) Kingston 0,29% (contre 0,26%) Sandisk 0,62% (contre 0,56%) Corsair 1,67% (contre 2,02%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Corsair 1,67% (contre 2,02%)' (English: 'Corsair 1.67% (against 2.02%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (15)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold October 2015 to April 2016, counting returns opened before October 2016; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-67pct",
      "citation_text": "1.67% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-ssd-return-rate-corsair-1-67pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-82pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.82% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.82,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.82%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "HGST hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST 0,82% (contre 1,13%) Seagate 0,93% (contre 0,72%) Toshiba 1,06% (contre 0,80%) Western 1,26% (contre 1,04%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'HGST 0,82% (contre 1,13%)' (English: 'HGST 0.82% (against 1.13%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Hitachi's drive business was renamed HGST (part of Western Digital from 2012); hardware.fr lists 'Hitachi' to 2014 and 'HGST' from November 2014, kept here as one series. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-82pct",
      "citation_text": "0.82% of the HGST hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-0-82pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-93pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.93% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.93,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.93%",
      "display_label": "French retailer via hardware.fr, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST 0,82% (contre 1,13%) Seagate 0,93% (contre 0,72%) Toshiba 1,06% (contre 0,80%) Western 1,26% (contre 1,04%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Seagate 0,93% (contre 0,72%)' (English: 'Seagate 0.93% (against 0.72%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-93pct",
      "citation_text": "0.93% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-seagate-0-93pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-06pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.06% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.06,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "1.06%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "Toshiba hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST 0,82% (contre 1,13%) Seagate 0,93% (contre 0,72%) Toshiba 1,06% (contre 0,80%) Western 1,26% (contre 1,04%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-toshiba",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Toshiba 1,06% (contre 0,80%)' (English: 'Toshiba 1.06% (against 0.80%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. hardware.fr notes that Toshiba drives can only be returned through the retailer, unlike the other makers, which inflates its rate. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-06pct",
      "citation_text": "1.06% of the Toshiba hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-toshiba-1-06pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-26pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.26% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": "**1.26%** of the Western Digital drives a French retailer sold in 2016 came back faulty, the most of any brand.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.26,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "1.26%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST 0,82% (contre 1,13%) Seagate 0,93% (contre 0,72%) Toshiba 1,06% (contre 0,80%) Western 1,26% (contre 1,04%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Western 1,26% (contre 1,04%)' (English: 'Western 1.26% (against 1.04%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for drives sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-26pct",
      "citation_text": "1.26% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-26pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-17pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.17% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.17,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.17%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "Samsung SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,17% (contre 0,20%) Intel 0,19% (contre 0,27%) Crucial 0,31% (contre 0,28%) Sandisk 0,31% (contre 0,62%) Corsair 0,36% (contre 1,67%) Kingston 0,44% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Samsung 0,17% (contre 0,20%)' (English: 'Samsung 0.17% (against 0.20%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-17pct",
      "citation_text": "0.17% of the Samsung SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-samsung-0-17pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-19pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.19% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.19,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.19%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "Intel SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,17% (contre 0,20%) Intel 0,19% (contre 0,27%) Crucial 0,31% (contre 0,28%) Sandisk 0,31% (contre 0,62%) Corsair 0,36% (contre 1,67%) Kingston 0,44% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-intel",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Intel 0,19% (contre 0,27%)' (English: 'Intel 0.19% (against 0.27%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-19pct",
      "citation_text": "0.19% of the Intel SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-intel-0-19pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-31pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.31% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.31,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.31%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "Crucial SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,17% (contre 0,20%) Intel 0,19% (contre 0,27%) Crucial 0,31% (contre 0,28%) Sandisk 0,31% (contre 0,62%) Corsair 0,36% (contre 1,67%) Kingston 0,44% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-crucial",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Crucial 0,31% (contre 0,28%)' (English: 'Crucial 0.31% (against 0.28%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-31pct",
      "citation_text": "0.31% of the Crucial SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-crucial-0-31pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-31pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.31% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.31,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.31%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "SanDisk SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,17% (contre 0,20%) Intel 0,19% (contre 0,27%) Crucial 0,31% (contre 0,28%) Sandisk 0,31% (contre 0,62%) Corsair 0,36% (contre 1,67%) Kingston 0,44% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-sandisk",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Sandisk 0,31% (contre 0,62%)' (English: 'Sandisk 0.31% (against 0.62%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-31pct",
      "citation_text": "0.31% of the SanDisk SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-sandisk-0-31pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-36pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.36% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.36,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.36%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "Corsair SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,17% (contre 0,20%) Intel 0,19% (contre 0,27%) Crucial 0,31% (contre 0,28%) Sandisk 0,31% (contre 0,62%) Corsair 0,36% (contre 1,67%) Kingston 0,44% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-corsair",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Corsair 0,36% (contre 1,67%)' (English: 'Corsair 0.36% (against 1.67%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-36pct",
      "citation_text": "0.36% of the Corsair SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-corsair-0-36pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-44pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.44% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.44,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within a year of use)",
      "display_value": "0.44%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12, returns before 2017-07",
      "population": "Kingston SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from the second half of 2016, returned to that retailer as faulty (brands with at least 500 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 0,17% (contre 0,20%) Intel 0,19% (contre 0,27%) Crucial 0,31% (contre 0,28%) Sandisk 0,31% (contre 0,62%) Corsair 0,36% (contre 1,67%) Kingston 0,44% (contre 0,29%)",
      "locator": "Brand list at the top of the page 'SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: 'Kingston 0,44% (contre 0,29%)' (English: 'Kingston 0.44% (against 0.29%)'; 'contre' gives the brand's rate in the previous dossier). Dossier 'Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)' by Marc Prieur. Method (page 1 of the dossier): returns for failure made through one large French online retailer, which hardware.fr does not name, for SSDs sold the second half of 2016, counting returns opened before July 2017; brand rates need at least 500 units sold; returns made directly to the maker are not counted (a minority in the first year, per hardware.fr). A first-year return rate, not an annual failure rate; the drives were bought at retail by the retailer's customers, and how they were used is not known. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-44pct",
      "citation_text": "0.44% of the Kingston SSDs sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within their first year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-ssd-return-rate-kingston-0-44pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-94pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.94% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2.05% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.94,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.94%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-7/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "le taux de panne des disques durs est en hausse, passant de 1,63 à 1,94%. Les SSD sont pour leur part mesurés à 2,05%, le composant le plus fiable de la machine restant le CPU",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-7/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'the failure rate of hard drives is up, from 1.63 to 1.94%. SSDs are measured at 2.05%, the most reliable component of the machine remaining the CPU with a rate of only 0.18%!' The 1.63% is the previous dossier's (sales April to September 2009). Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-7-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-94pct",
      "citation_text": "1.94% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2.05% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-7/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-94pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-05pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.05% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.94% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.05,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.05%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-7/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "le taux de panne des disques durs est en hausse, passant de 1,63 à 1,94%. Les SSD sont pour leur part mesurés à 2,05%, le composant le plus fiable de la machine restant le CPU",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-7/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'the failure rate of hard drives is up, from 1.63 to 1.94%. SSDs are measured at 2.05%, the most reliable component of the machine remaining the CPU with a rate of only 0.18%!' The 1.63% is the previous dossier's (sales April to September 2009). Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-7-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-05pct",
      "citation_text": "2.05% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.94% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-7/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-05pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-9pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.9% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2.2% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.9,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.9%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Les disques durs sont pour leur part stables à 1,9%, même si comme nous l'avons vu les versions 2 To sont en nette progression.",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives are stable at 1.9% ... a slight rise of 0.1 point for memory, graphics cards and SSDs, which reach 1.3%, 1.7% and 2.2% respectively.' Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-9pct",
      "citation_text": "1.9% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2.2% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-2pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.2% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.9% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.2,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-04 to 2010-10",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (4)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "On note par contre une légère hausse de 0,1 point du côté des mémoires, cartes graphiques et SSD qui atteignent respectivement 1,3%, 1,7% et 2,2%.",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives are stable at 1.9% ... a slight rise of 0.1 point for memory, graphics cards and SSDs, which reach 1.3%, 1.7% and 2.2% respectively.' Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-831-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-2pct",
      "citation_text": "2.2% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2010 to October 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.9% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (4)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/831-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-04-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-2pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2.7% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Le taux des alimentations passe ainsi de 1,2 à 1,5%, et celui des SSD de 2,2 à 2,7%. A contrario les résultats sont assez stables pour les disques durs qui sont à 2%, contre 1,9% précédemment",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'The power-supply rate goes from 1.2 to 1.5%, and that of SSDs from 2.2 to 2.7%. Conversely the results are fairly stable for hard drives, at 2% against 1.9% before.' Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-2pct",
      "citation_text": "2% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2.7% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-7pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.7% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.7,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2010-10 to 2011-04",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (5)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Le taux des alimentations passe ainsi de 1,2 à 1,5%, et celui des SSD de 2,2 à 2,7%. A contrario les résultats sont assez stables pour les disques durs qui sont à 2%, contre 1,9% précédemment",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'The power-supply rate goes from 1.2 to 1.5%, and that of SSDs from 2.2 to 2.7%. Conversely the results are fairly stable for hard drives, at 2% against 1.9% before.' Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-843-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-7pct",
      "citation_text": "2.7% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2010 to April 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2011). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (5)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/843-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2011-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-80pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.80% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 3.89% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.8,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.80%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs : 1,80% (contre 2,0%) - SSD : 3,89% (contre 2,7%)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives: 1.80% (against 2.0%); SSD: 3.89% (against 2.7%).' OCZ's SSDs, above 3% for the third time running, pushed the SSD figure up, per the same page. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-80pct",
      "citation_text": "1.80% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 3.89% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-80pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-3-89pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.89% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.80% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": "At a French retailer, **3.89%** of SSDs sold in 2011 came back faulty, against 1.80% of hard drives.",
      "short_refs": [
        "hardware-fr-2012-05-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-80pct"
      ],
      "value": 3.89,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.89%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-04 to 2011-10",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (6)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-05-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs : 1,80% (contre 2,0%) - SSD : 3,89% (contre 2,7%)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives: 1.80% (against 2.0%); SSD: 3.89% (against 2.7%).' OCZ's SSDs, above 3% for the third time running, pushed the SSD figure up, per the same page. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-862-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-3-89pct",
      "citation_text": "3.89% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2011 to October 2011 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.80% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (6)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/862-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-05-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-3-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-74pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.74% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2.93% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.74,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.74%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs : 1,74% (contre 1,80%) - SSD : 2,93% (contre 3,89%)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives: 1.74% (against 1.80%); SSD: 2.93% (against 3.89%).' This dossier's hard-drive pages cover 3.5-inch drives only. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-74pct",
      "citation_text": "1.74% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 2.93% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-74pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-93pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.93% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.74% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.93,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.93%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs : 1,74% (contre 1,80%) - SSD : 2,93% (contre 3,89%)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives: 1.74% (against 1.80%); SSD: 2.93% (against 3.89%).' This dossier's hard-drive pages cover 3.5-inch drives only. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-93pct",
      "citation_text": "2.93% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.74% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-2-93pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-53pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.53% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 3.27% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.53,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.53%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs 1,53% (contre 1,63%) - SSD 3,27% (contre 2,39%)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives 1.53% (against 1.63%); SSD 3.27% (against 2.39%).' The 'contre' figures differ from the previous dossier's published 1.74% and 2.93%: the hard-drive figure was recomputed with all drive formats (this dossier mixes 3.5 and 2.5 inch), and 2.39 looks like a transposition of 2.93. OCZ's Petrol and Octane SATA 2 series (36 to 40% returns) inflated the SSD rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-53pct",
      "citation_text": "1.53% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 3.27% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-53pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-3-27pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.27% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.53% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.27,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.27%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs 1,53% (contre 1,63%) - SSD 3,27% (contre 2,39%)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives 1.53% (against 1.63%); SSD 3.27% (against 2.39%).' The 'contre' figures differ from the previous dossier's published 1.74% and 2.93%: the hard-drive figure was recomputed with all drive formats (this dossier mixes 3.5 and 2.5 inch), and 2.39 looks like a transposition of 2.93. OCZ's Petrol and Octane SATA 2 series (36 to 40% returns) inflated the SSD rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-3-27pct",
      "citation_text": "3.27% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.53% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-3-27pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-07pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.07% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.27% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.07,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
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      "display_label": "",
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      "publisher_short": null,
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      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs 1,07% (contre 1,53%) - SSD 1,27% (contre 3,27%)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives 1.07% (against 1.53%); SSD 1.27% (against 3.27%).' Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-07pct",
      "citation_text": "1.07% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.27% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-07pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-1-27pct",
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      "short_refs": null,
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      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 (brands and models together)",
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      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs 1,07% (contre 1,53%) - SSD 1,27% (contre 3,27%)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives 1.07% (against 1.53%); SSD 1.27% (against 3.27%).' Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-1-27pct",
      "citation_text": "1.27% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 1.07% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-1-27pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-0-97pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.97% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.92% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.97,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.97%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs 0,97% (contre 1,07% en p9, 1,53% en p8) - SSD 0,92% (contre 1,27% en p9, 3,27% en p8)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives 0.97% (against 1.07% in period 9, 1.53% in period 8); SSD 0.92% (against 1.27% in p9, 3.27% in p8).' The first period in which SSDs were returned less often than hard drives. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-0-97pct",
      "citation_text": "0.97% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.92% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-0-97pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-92pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.92% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.97% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.92,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.92%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs 0,97% (contre 1,07% en p9, 1,53% en p8) - SSD 0,92% (contre 1,27% en p9, 3,27% en p8)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives 0.97% (against 1.07% in period 9, 1.53% in period 8); SSD 0.92% (against 1.27% in p9, 3.27% in p8).' The first period in which SSDs were returned less often than hard drives. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-92pct",
      "citation_text": "0.92% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.97% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-92pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-0-82pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.82% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.44% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.82,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.82%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs 0,82% (contre 0,97% en p10, 1,07% en p9, 1,53% en p8) - SSD 0,44% (contre 0,92% en p10, 1,27% en p9, 3,27% en p8)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives 0.82% (against 0.97% in p10 ...); SSD 0.44% (against 0.92% in p10 ...).' From dossier 12 (May 2015) the category rates appear only in a chart image; dossier 13 (November 2015) says in text that the SSD rate rose 'de 0,32 à 0,33%'. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-0-82pct",
      "citation_text": "0.82% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.44% of its SSDs, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-0-82pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-44pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.44% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.82% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.44,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.44%",
      "display_label": "French retailer via hardware.fr, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2013-10 to 2014-04",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 (brands and models together)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Disques durs 0,82% (contre 0,97% en p10, 1,07% en p9, 1,53% en p8) - SSD 0,44% (contre 0,92% en p10, 1,27% en p9, 3,27% en p8)",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives 0.82% (against 0.97% in p10 ...); SSD 0.44% (against 0.92% in p10 ...).' From dossier 12 (May 2015) the category rates appear only in a chart image; dossier 13 (November 2015) says in text that the SSD rate rose 'de 0,32 à 0,33%'. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-44pct",
      "citation_text": "0.44% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.82% of its hard drives, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-44pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-63pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.63% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, down from 1.99% for those sold from October 2008 to March 2009, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.63,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.63%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-04 to 2009-09",
      "population": "All hard drives sold by one large French online retailer, April to September 2009",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (2)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-7/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Les disques durs sont également plus fiables avec 1,63% actuellement contre 1,99% à l'époque",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-7/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Hard drives are also more reliable, at 1.63% now against 1.99% then.' The earlier window is given in this conclusion as parts sold October 2008 to March 2009 (dossier 1's own page 1 says September 2008 to March 2009). Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-788-7-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-63pct",
      "citation_text": "1.63% of all the hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, down from 1.99% for those sold from October 2008 to March 2009, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (2)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-7/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-hdd-return-rate-all-brands-1-63pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-33pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.33% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.32% in the previous six months, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.33,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (all brands, within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "0.33%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2014-10 to 2015-04",
      "population": "All SSDs sold by one large French online retailer, October 2014 to April 2015",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-8/conclusion.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Quasiment tous les taux de retour par catégorie sont en baisse, seul celui des SSD, très bas, remonte de 0,32 à 0,33% ce qui n'est pas vraiment significatif.",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-8/conclusion.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-ssd-return-rate-all-brands",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Almost every category return rate is down; only that of SSDs, very low, rises from 0.32 to 0.33%, which is not really significant.' The hard-drive figure for these periods is only in a chart image. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. A like-for-like comparison: HDDs and SSDs sold by the same retailer to the same customers over the same window, counted the same way. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-8-conclusion.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-33pct",
      "citation_text": "0.33% of all the SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, against 0.32% in the previous six months, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Conclusion - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-8/conclusion.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-ssd-return-rate-all-brands-0-33pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2012-10-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-3-36pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "3.36% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.36,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "3.36%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2011-10 to 2012-04",
      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 (at least 100 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-10-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 3,36% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3 To",
      "locator": "List of 3 To (3TB) models on the page; Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- 3,36% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3 To'. Listed as 'Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3 To' without the model number; the 7200.14 3TB desktop drive is the ST3000DM001. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-881-6-disques-durs-3-5.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-3-36pct",
      "citation_text": "3.36% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2011 to April 2012 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2012). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs 3.5\" - Les taux de retour des composants (7)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/881-6/disques-durs-3-5.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2012-10-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-3-36pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-2-71pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.71% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.71,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.71%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10",
      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 (at least 100 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 2,71% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (ST3000DM001)",
      "locator": "List of 3 To (3TB) models on the page; Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- 2,71% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (ST3000DM001)'. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-2-71pct",
      "citation_text": "2.71% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2012 to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-2-71pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-10-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-29pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.29% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.29,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.29%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-10 to 2013-04",
      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 (at least 100 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-10-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 1,29% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001",
      "locator": "List of 3 To (3TB) models on the page; Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
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      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- 1,29% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001'. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-911-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-29pct",
      "citation_text": "1.29% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2012 to April 2013 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (9)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/911-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-10-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-29pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-04-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-36pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.36% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
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      "period": "Sales 2013-04 to 2013-10",
      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 (at least 100 units sold)",
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      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html",
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      "published_at": "2014-04-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 1,36% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001",
      "locator": "List of 3 To (3TB) models on the page; Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html",
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      "series": "hardware-fr-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- 1,36% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001'. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-920-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-36pct",
      "citation_text": "1.36% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2013 to October 2013 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (10)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/920-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-04-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-36pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-89pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.89% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
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      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 (at least 100 units sold)",
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      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html",
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 1,89% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001",
      "locator": "List of 3 To (3TB) models on the page; Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html",
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      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- 1,89% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001'. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-927-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-89pct",
      "citation_text": "1.89% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2013 to April 2014 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (11)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/927-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-89pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-36pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.36% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.36,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
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      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 (at least 100 units sold)",
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      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
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      "published_at": "2015-05-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 1,36% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001",
      "locator": "List of 3 To (3TB) models on the page; Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- 1,36% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001'. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-934-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-36pct",
      "citation_text": "1.36% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2014 to October 2014 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (12)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/934-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-36pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2015-11-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-31pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.31% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.31,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.31%",
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      "display_hook": null,
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      "publisher_short": null,
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      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives sold by one large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 (at least 100 units sold)",
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      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
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      "published_at": "2015-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 1,31% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001",
      "locator": "List of 3 To (3TB) models on the page; Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '- 1,31% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001'. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-944-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-31pct",
      "citation_text": "1.31% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2014 to April 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2015). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (13)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/944-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2015-11-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-31pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-49pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.49% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.49,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
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      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives sold by one large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 (at least 100 units sold)",
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      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
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      "published_at": "2016-05-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "1,49% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001",
      "locator": "List of 3 To (3TB) models on the page; Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '1,49% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001'. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-947-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-49pct",
      "citation_text": "1.49% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April 2015 to October 2015 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (14)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/947-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-05-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-49pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2016-12-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-52pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.52% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016).",
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      "short_refs": null,
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
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      "series": "hardware-fr-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '1,52% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 ST3000DM001'. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-954-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-52pct",
      "citation_text": "1.52% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2015 to April 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2016). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (15)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/954-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2016-12-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-1-52pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-0-95pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.95% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from July to December 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017).",
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      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
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      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html",
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      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "0,95% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3 To",
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      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "French original: '0,95% Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3 To'. Listed as 'Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3 To' without the model number; the 7200.14 3TB desktop drive is the ST3000DM001. Useful against Backblaze's very high failure rates for the same model in its data-centre pods (backblaze-drive-stats family) and the ST3000DM001 class action (failure-events-and-firmware family): at this retailer it was returned at a rate close to other 3TB drives in the first year. A first-year return rate, not a multi-year failure rate. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-0-95pct",
      "citation_text": "0.95% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 3TB (ST3000DM001) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from July to December 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-0-95pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-04-seagate-barracuda-7200-11-500gb-return-rate-39pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "39% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.11 500GB hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, after the model's firmware bug (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 39,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (one model)",
      "display_value": "39%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-04 to 2009-09",
      "population": "One drive model sold by one large French online retailer (at least 100 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-04-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Seagate Barracuda 7200.11 500 Go : 39%",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "hardware.fr ties the 7200.11 and DiamondMax 22 results to 'du bug de firmware de l'époque' (the firmware bug of the time). The firmware event itself belongs to the failure-events-and-firmware family. Model figures need at least 100 units sold. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-788-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-seagate-barracuda-7200-11-500gb-return-rate-39pct",
      "citation_text": "39% of the Seagate Barracuda 7200.11 500GB hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2009 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, after the model's firmware bug (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (2)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/788-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-04-seagate-barracuda-7200-11-500gb-return-rate-39pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2013-05-ocz-octane-sata2-128gb-return-rate-52pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "52.07% of the OCZ Octane SATA 2 128GB SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, and 45.26% of the OCZ Petrol 128GB (hardware.fr, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 52.07,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (one model)",
      "display_value": "52.07%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2012-04 to 2012-10",
      "population": "One drive model sold by one large French online retailer (at least 100 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-05-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 52,07% OCZ Octane SATA 2 128 Go - 45,26% OCZ Petrol 128 Go",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "hardware.fr called these rates 'une honte' (a disgrace); The highest SSD return rates in the dossiers. Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-893-7-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ocz-octane-sata2-128gb-return-rate-52pct",
      "citation_text": "52.07% of the OCZ Octane SATA 2 128GB SSDs sold by a large French online retailer from April to October 2012 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, and 45.26% of the OCZ Petrol 128GB (hardware.fr, 2013). Source: Hardware.fr, \"SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (8)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/893-7/ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2013-05-ocz-octane-sata2-128gb-return-rate-52pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2017-08-seagate-desktop-hdd-6tb-return-rate-10pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "10% of the Seagate Desktop HDD 6TB drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year, on a sample under 200 units, the worst drive in hardware.fr's last dossier (hardware.fr, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (one model)",
      "display_value": "10%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2016-07 to 2016-12",
      "population": "One drive model sold by one large French online retailer (at least 100 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Même si l'échantillon est faible (moins de 200 pièces), le Seagate Desktop HDD 6 To atteint 10% ce qui n'est pas vraiment enviable",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Even though the sample is small (under 200 units), the Seagate Desktop HDD 6TB reaches 10%, which is not really enviable.' Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-962-6-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-seagate-desktop-hdd-6tb-return-rate-10pct",
      "citation_text": "10% of the Seagate Desktop HDD 6TB drives sold by a large French online retailer in the second half of 2016 were returned to it as faulty within a year, on a sample under 200 units, the worst drive in hardware.fr's last dossier (hardware.fr, 2017). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs - Les taux de retour des composants (S2 2016)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/962-6/disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2017-08-seagate-desktop-hdd-6tb-return-rate-10pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2010-12-wd-caviar-black-2tb-return-rate-9-71pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "9.71% of the WD Caviar Black 2TB (WD2001FASS) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, the worst of the 2TB drives listed (hardware.fr, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 9.71,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (one model)",
      "display_value": "9.71%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales 2009-10 to 2010-04",
      "population": "One drive model sold by one large French online retailer (at least 100 units sold)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-12-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- 9,71% : WD Caviar Black WD2001FASS",
      "locator": "Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "hardware.fr adds that 7200 rpm drives were less reliable than 5400/5900 rpm ones in this period ('Logiquement les disques 7200 tpm sont moins fiable que les 5400/5900 tpm'). Returns for failure made through one large French online retailer (unnamed; hardware.fr named LDLC as its source in 2002-2003), within 6 to 12 months of use; returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-810-6-disques-durs-ssd.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-wd-caviar-black-2tb-return-rate-9-71pct",
      "citation_text": "9.71% of the WD Caviar Black 2TB (WD2001FASS) hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from October 2009 to April 2010 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months, the worst of the 2TB drives listed (hardware.fr, 2010). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Disques durs & SSD - Les taux de retour des composants (3)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.hardware.fr/articles/810-6/disques-durs-ssd.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2010-12-wd-caviar-black-2tb-return-rate-9-71pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-32pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.32% of the Seagate hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer, in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives) were returned to it as faulty within up to 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.32,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within up to 6 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.32%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives)",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives), returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": 2272,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-06-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate arrive à la première position du point de vue fiabilité, avec un taux de SAV de 1.32% sur 2272 disques vendus, suivit de Western avec 1.71% pour 2685 disques.",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2003-06-17. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives). hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-5852-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. English: 'Seagate comes first for reliability, with a return rate of 1.32% on 2,272 drives sold, followed by Western with 1.71% for 2,685 drives.' Same paragraph: Maxtor 1.76% on 9,550 drives, IBM 2.63% on 4,026; the 2003 figures cover only IDE 7200 rpm drives sold in 2003, so at most 6 months of use. IBM's drive business became Hitachi Global Storage Technologies in 2003; kept in the HGST/Hitachi series.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-32pct",
      "citation_text": "1.32% of the Seagate hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer, in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives) were returned to it as faulty within up to 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-32pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-71pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.71% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer, in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives) were returned to it as faulty within up to 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.71,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within up to 6 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.71%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives)",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives), returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": 2685,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-06-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate arrive à la première position du point de vue fiabilité, avec un taux de SAV de 1.32% sur 2272 disques vendus, suivit de Western avec 1.71% pour 2685 disques.",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2003-06-17. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives). hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-5852-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. English: 'Seagate comes first for reliability, with a return rate of 1.32% on 2,272 drives sold, followed by Western with 1.71% for 2,685 drives.' Same paragraph: Maxtor 1.76% on 9,550 drives, IBM 2.63% on 4,026; the 2003 figures cover only IDE 7200 rpm drives sold in 2003, so at most 6 months of use. IBM's drive business became Hitachi Global Storage Technologies in 2003; kept in the HGST/Hitachi series.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-71pct",
      "citation_text": "1.71% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer, in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives) were returned to it as faulty within up to 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-71pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-76pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.76% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer, in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives) were returned to it as faulty within up to 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.76,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within up to 6 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.76%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives)",
      "population": "Maxtor hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives), returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": 9550,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-06-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Maxtor est assez proche avec 1.76% pour 9550 disques, alors que IBM est à la traîne avec 2.63% pour 4026 disques.",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-maxtor",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2003-06-17. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives). hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-5852-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. English: 'Seagate comes first for reliability, with a return rate of 1.32% on 2,272 drives sold, followed by Western with 1.71% for 2,685 drives.' Same paragraph: Maxtor 1.76% on 9,550 drives, IBM 2.63% on 4,026; the 2003 figures cover only IDE 7200 rpm drives sold in 2003, so at most 6 months of use. IBM's drive business became Hitachi Global Storage Technologies in 2003; kept in the HGST/Hitachi series.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-76pct",
      "citation_text": "1.76% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer, in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives) were returned to it as faulty within up to 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-76pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-2-63pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.63% of the IBM (later Hitachi, HGST) hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer, in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives) were returned to it as faulty within up to 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.63,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within up to 6 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.63%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives)",
      "population": "IBM (later Hitachi, HGST) hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives), returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": 4026,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-06-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Maxtor est assez proche avec 1.76% pour 9550 disques, alors que IBM est à la traîne avec 2.63% pour 4026 disques.",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2003-06-17. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives). hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-5852-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. English: 'Seagate comes first for reliability, with a return rate of 1.32% on 2,272 drives sold, followed by Western with 1.71% for 2,685 drives.' Same paragraph: Maxtor 1.76% on 9,550 drives, IBM 2.63% on 4,026; the 2003 figures cover only IDE 7200 rpm drives sold in 2003, so at most 6 months of use. IBM's drive business became Hitachi Global Storage Technologies in 2003; kept in the HGST/Hitachi series.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-2-63pct",
      "citation_text": "2.63% of the IBM (later Hitachi, HGST) hard drives sold by LDLC, a large French online retailer, in the first months of 2003 (IDE 7200 rpm drives) were returned to it as faulty within up to 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-2-63pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-02pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.02% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2006).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.02,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.02%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales in the first half of 2005",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2006-01-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western Digital : 1.02% - Hitachi : 1.16% - Maxtor : 1.44% - Seagate : 1.57%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2006-01-05. French original line: '- Western Digital : 1.02%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold in the first half of 2005. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-7931-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-02pct",
      "citation_text": "1.02% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2006). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-02pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.16% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2006).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.16,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.16%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales in the first half of 2005",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2006-01-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western Digital : 1.02% - Hitachi : 1.16% - Maxtor : 1.44% - Seagate : 1.57%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2006-01-05. French original line: '- Hitachi : 1.16%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold in the first half of 2005. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-7931-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct",
      "citation_text": "1.16% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2006). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-16pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-44pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.44% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2006).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.44,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.44%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales in the first half of 2005",
      "population": "Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2006-01-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western Digital : 1.02% - Hitachi : 1.16% - Maxtor : 1.44% - Seagate : 1.57%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-maxtor",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2006-01-05. French original line: '- Maxtor : 1.44%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold in the first half of 2005. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-7931-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-44pct",
      "citation_text": "1.44% of the Maxtor hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2006). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-maxtor-1-44pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-57pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.57% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2006).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.57,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.57%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales in the first half of 2005",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2006-01-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Western Digital : 1.02% - Hitachi : 1.16% - Maxtor : 1.44% - Seagate : 1.57%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2006-01-05. French original line: '- Seagate : 1.57%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold in the first half of 2005. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-7931-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-57pct",
      "citation_text": "1.57% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer in the first half of 2005 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2006). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/7931/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2006-01-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-57pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-5pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.5% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.5,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.5%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales from April to September 2007",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-03-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Voici les chiffres : - Seagate : 1,5% - Western: 1.7% - Hitachi : 1.8% - Samsung : 2.5%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2008-03-26. French original line: '- Seagate : 1,5%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold from April to September 2007. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-9510-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-5pct",
      "citation_text": "1.5% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2008). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-5pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-7pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.7% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.7,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales from April to September 2007",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-03-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Voici les chiffres : - Seagate : 1,5% - Western: 1.7% - Hitachi : 1.8% - Samsung : 2.5%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2008-03-26. French original line: '- Western: 1.7%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold from April to September 2007. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-9510-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-7pct",
      "citation_text": "1.7% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2008). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-8pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.8% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.8,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.8%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales from April to September 2007",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-03-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Voici les chiffres : - Seagate : 1,5% - Western: 1.7% - Hitachi : 1.8% - Samsung : 2.5%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2008-03-26. French original line: '- Hitachi : 1.8%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold from April to September 2007. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-9510-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-8pct",
      "citation_text": "1.8% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2008). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-5pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.5% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.5,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.5%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales from April to September 2007",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-03-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Voici les chiffres : - Seagate : 1,5% - Western: 1.7% - Hitachi : 1.8% - Samsung : 2.5%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2008-03-26. French original line: '- Samsung : 2.5%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold from April to September 2007. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-9510-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. hardware.fr notes that Samsung offered no online RMA, unlike its rivals, which raises the share of returns made through the retailer.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-5pct",
      "citation_text": "2.5% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from April to September 2007 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2008). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/9510/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2008-03-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-5pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-2pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.2% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.2,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales from March to August 2008",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-03-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Les résultats sont les suivants : - Western : 1.2% - Hitachi : 1.4% - Seagate : 1.6% - Samsung : 2.8%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-western-digital",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2009-03-13. French original line: '- Western : 1.2%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold from March to August 2008. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-10123-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. In its October 2009 dossier hardware.fr said a calculation bug had pushed up the rates in its 'latest news items on the subject' and that the corrected dossier rates are slightly lower; it does not say whether this item was affected.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-2pct",
      "citation_text": "1.2% of the Western Digital hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-western-digital-1-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-4pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.4% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.4,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.4%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales from March to August 2008",
      "population": "Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-03-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Les résultats sont les suivants : - Western : 1.2% - Hitachi : 1.4% - Seagate : 1.6% - Samsung : 2.8%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2009-03-13. French original line: '- Hitachi : 1.4%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold from March to August 2008. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-10123-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. In its October 2009 dossier hardware.fr said a calculation bug had pushed up the rates in its 'latest news items on the subject' and that the corrected dossier rates are slightly lower; it does not say whether this item was affected.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-4pct",
      "citation_text": "1.4% of the Hitachi hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-hgst-hitachi-1-4pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-6pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.6% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.6,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.6%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales from March to August 2008",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-03-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Les résultats sont les suivants : - Western : 1.2% - Hitachi : 1.4% - Seagate : 1.6% - Samsung : 2.8%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-seagate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2009-03-13. French original line: '- Seagate : 1.6%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold from March to August 2008. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-10123-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. In its October 2009 dossier hardware.fr said a calculation bug had pushed up the rates in its 'latest news items on the subject' and that the corrected dossier rates are slightly lower; it does not say whether this item was affected.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-6pct",
      "citation_text": "1.6% of the Seagate hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-seagate-1-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-8pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2.8% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.8,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within 6 to 12 months of use)",
      "display_value": "2.8%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales from March to August 2008",
      "population": "Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008, returned to that retailer as faulty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-03-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Les résultats sont les suivants : - Western : 1.2% - Hitachi : 1.4% - Seagate : 1.6% - Samsung : 2.8%",
      "locator": "Brand list in the news item (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hardware-fr-hdd-return-rate-samsung",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "News item 'Taux de SAV des disques durs' by Marc Prieur, 2009-03-13. French original line: '- Samsung : 2.8%'. Returns for failure made through the retailer (returns made directly to the maker not counted) for drives sold from March to August 2008. hardware.fr named the retailer as LDLC in its 2002 and 2003 items and as 'un gros e-commerçant français' (a large French online retailer) from 2006. Measured with less hindsight than the 2009-2017 dossiers in some years; same retailer-return method. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-10123-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt. In its October 2009 dossier hardware.fr said a calculation bug had pushed up the rates in its 'latest news items on the subject' and that the corrected dossier rates are slightly lower; it does not say whether this item was affected. hardware.fr notes that Samsung offered no online RMA, unlike its rivals, which raises the share of returns made through the retailer.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-8pct",
      "citation_text": "2.8% of the Samsung hard drives sold by a large French online retailer from March to August 2008 were returned to it as faulty within 6 to 12 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2009). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/10123/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2009-03-hdd-return-rate-samsung-2-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-average-1-9pct-18533-drives",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.9% of the 18,533 IDE 7200 rpm hard drives LDLC, a large French online retailer, sold in the first months of 2003 were returned to it as faulty within at most 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.9,
      "unit": "% of units sold returned to the retailer as faulty (within up to 6 months of use)",
      "display_value": "1.9%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (LDLC, a large online retailer)",
      "period": "Sales January to about June 2003",
      "population": "18,533 IDE 7200 rpm hard drives sold by LDLC in 2003 (to mid June)",
      "sample_n": 18533,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-06-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Le taux moyen de retour SAV est de 1.9% sur les 18533 disques.",
      "locator": "Paragraph after the model lists (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'The average after-sales return rate is 1.9% across the 18,533 drives.' The only hardware.fr item that gives an all-brand average and the drive count. Returns made directly to the maker are not counted. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-5852-taux-sav-disques-durs.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-average-1-9pct-18533-drives",
      "citation_text": "1.9% of the 18,533 IDE 7200 rpm hard drives LDLC, a large French online retailer, sold in the first months of 2003 were returned to it as faulty within at most 6 months of use, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2003). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Taux de SAV des disques durs - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/5852/taux-sav-disques-durs.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2003-06-hdd-return-rate-average-1-9pct-18533-drives."
    },
    {
      "id": "hardware-fr-2014-11-half-of-first-year-failures-reported-within-six-weeks",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "50% of the first-year failures of PC components sold by a large French online retailer were reported within a month and a half of shipping, and 25% within 10 days, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% of first-year failure returns opened within about 45 days of shipping",
      "display_value": "half within 6 weeks",
      "display_label": "French retailer via hardware.fr, 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (one large online retailer)",
      "period": "2014 (first-year returns)",
      "population": "Components sold by one large French online retailer and returned as faulty within a year, timed from shipping to the opening of the return (component types not broken out)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hardware.fr",
      "source_title": "Evolution des pannes au cours de la 1ère année - HardWare.fr",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/13979/evolution-pannes-cours-1ere-annee.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-11-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "- Dans un délai de 10 jours, 25% des pannes sont déclarées - Dans un délai de un mois et demi, 50% des pannes sont déclarées",
      "locator": "Bulleted list under the cumulative-failure chart (Wayback: https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/13979/evolution-pannes-cours-1ere-annee.html)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'Within 10 days, 25% of failures are reported; within a month and a half, 50% of failures are reported.' Measured from shipping to the opening of the return, so the true time to failure is shorter, hardware.fr says. The item covers the components in its return-rate dossier as a whole, not drives alone. It adds that the failure rate over a product's life 'forme généralement un U très étalé' (generally forms a very flat U, the bathtub curve). Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/hardwarefr-news-13979-evolution-pannes-cours-1ere-annee.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-half-of-first-year-failures-reported-within-six-weeks",
      "citation_text": "50% of the first-year failures of PC components sold by a large French online retailer were reported within a month and a half of shipping, and 25% within 10 days, by hardware.fr's count (hardware.fr, 2014). Source: Hardware.fr, \"Evolution des pannes au cours de la 1ère année - HardWare.fr\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.hardware.fr/news/13979/evolution-pannes-cours-1ere-annee.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hardware-fr-2014-11-half-of-first-year-failures-reported-within-six-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "gillware-2016-05-hard-drives-88pct-of-recovery-cases-ssds-2pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "88.14% of the recovery cases logged by Gillware over a few weeks in 2016 were hard drives and 2.03% SSDs, among 295 cases, by the firm's own count (Gillware, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 88.14,
      "unit": "% of recovery cases by device type (hard drives)",
      "display_value": "88%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Gillware's lab, Madison, Wisconsin)",
      "period": "2016 (a few weeks of intake)",
      "population": "Nearly 300 data-recovery cases (295 to 298 depending on the table) logged by Gillware's evaluating engineers over a few weeks in 2016; 73% from consumers",
      "sample_n": 295,
      "publisher": "Gillware Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "By the Numbers: A Breakdown of Gillware's Data Recovery Case Work",
      "source_url": "https://www.gillware.com/data-recovery-company/by-the-numbers-a-breakdown-of-gillwares-data-recovery-case-work/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Hard Drive 260 88.14% Flash Drive 10 3.39% RAID 10 3.39% SD Card 7 2.37% SSD 6 2.03%",
      "locator": "Table 'Device Type' (Number of Cases, Percentage of Total)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A recovery firm's own small intake sample over a few weeks; one device can have several failure types, so failure shares add to more than 100%. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/gillware-2016-05-by-the-numbers-case-breakdown.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gillware-2016-05-hard-drives-88pct-of-recovery-cases-ssds-2pct",
      "citation_text": "88.14% of the recovery cases logged by Gillware over a few weeks in 2016 were hard drives and 2.03% SSDs, among 295 cases, by the firm's own count (Gillware, 2016). Source: Gillware Data Recovery, \"By the Numbers: A Breakdown of Gillware's Data Recovery Case Work\" (https://www.gillware.com/data-recovery-company/by-the-numbers-a-breakdown-of-gillwares-data-recovery-case-work/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gillware-2016-05-hard-drives-88pct-of-recovery-cases-ssds-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "gillware-2016-05-mechanical-failure-48-7pct-of-recovery-cases",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "48.66% of the recovery cases logged by Gillware in 2016 involved a mechanical failure, 21.14% firmware, 15.44% magnetic media degradation and 12.75% electrical failure, against 1.01% logical, by the firm's own count (Gillware, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 48.66,
      "unit": "% of recovery cases by failure type (mechanical)",
      "display_value": "48.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Gillware's lab, Madison, Wisconsin)",
      "period": "2016 (a few weeks of intake)",
      "population": "Nearly 300 data-recovery cases (295 to 298 depending on the table) logged by Gillware's evaluating engineers over a few weeks in 2016; 73% from consumers",
      "sample_n": 298,
      "publisher": "Gillware Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "By the Numbers: A Breakdown of Gillware's Data Recovery Case Work",
      "source_url": "https://www.gillware.com/data-recovery-company/by-the-numbers-a-breakdown-of-gillwares-data-recovery-case-work/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Mechanical 145 48.66% Firmware 63 21.14% Magnetic Media Degradation 46 15.44% Electrical 38 12.75% User Error 21 7.05%",
      "locator": "Table 'Failure Type' (Number of Cases, Percentage of Total)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same table: Cracked 2.01%, Logical 1.01%, Healthy 0.67%, Virus 0.67%, Counterfeit 0.34%. A recovery firm's own small intake sample over a few weeks; one device can have several failure types, so failure shares add to more than 100%. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/gillware-2016-05-by-the-numbers-case-breakdown.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gillware-2016-05-mechanical-failure-48-7pct-of-recovery-cases",
      "citation_text": "48.66% of the recovery cases logged by Gillware in 2016 involved a mechanical failure, 21.14% firmware, 15.44% magnetic media degradation and 12.75% electrical failure, against 1.01% logical, by the firm's own count (Gillware, 2016). Source: Gillware Data Recovery, \"By the Numbers: A Breakdown of Gillware's Data Recovery Case Work\" (https://www.gillware.com/data-recovery-company/by-the-numbers-a-breakdown-of-gillwares-data-recovery-case-work/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gillware-2016-05-mechanical-failure-48-7pct-of-recovery-cases."
    },
    {
      "id": "gillware-2016-05-seagate-46pct-of-top-three-brand-cases-against-40pct-market-share",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "46.41% of the hard-drive recovery cases from the three main makers that Gillware logged in 2016 were Seagate drives, against Seagate's 39.88% market share as Gillware gives it, while Western Digital matched its share at 43.06% (Gillware, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 46.41,
      "unit": "% of top-three-brand HDD cases (Seagate)",
      "display_value": "46.4%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Gillware's lab, Madison, Wisconsin)",
      "period": "2016 (a few weeks of intake)",
      "population": "Nearly 300 data-recovery cases (295 to 298 depending on the table) logged by Gillware's evaluating engineers over a few weeks in 2016; 73% from consumers",
      "sample_n": 209,
      "publisher": "Gillware Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "By the Numbers: A Breakdown of Gillware's Data Recovery Case Work",
      "source_url": "https://www.gillware.com/data-recovery-company/by-the-numbers-a-breakdown-of-gillwares-data-recovery-case-work/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We saw 97 Seagate devices, or 46.41% of top three HDD brand cases. We saw 90 Western Digital devices, or about 43.06% of cases, and 22 Toshiba devices, or about 10.53% of cases.",
      "locator": "Paragraph after the 'Device Brand' table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Gillware's market-share figures are uncited, and it warns 'Take these numbers with a grain of salt'. 209 cases only; not a brand ranking. A recovery firm's own small intake sample over a few weeks; one device can have several failure types, so failure shares add to more than 100%. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/gillware-2016-05-by-the-numbers-case-breakdown.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gillware-2016-05-seagate-46pct-of-top-three-brand-cases-against-40pct-market-share",
      "citation_text": "46.41% of the hard-drive recovery cases from the three main makers that Gillware logged in 2016 were Seagate drives, against Seagate's 39.88% market share as Gillware gives it, while Western Digital matched its share at 43.06% (Gillware, 2016). Source: Gillware Data Recovery, \"By the Numbers: A Breakdown of Gillware's Data Recovery Case Work\" (https://www.gillware.com/data-recovery-company/by-the-numbers-a-breakdown-of-gillwares-data-recovery-case-work/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gillware-2016-05-seagate-46pct-of-top-three-brand-cases-against-40pct-market-share."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2021-01-78pct-of-2020-recovery-requests-were-hdds-3pct-ssds",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "78% of the data-recovery requests Ontrack received in 2020 were for ageing or physically damaged hard drives, against 3% for SSDs and 10% for mobile devices, by the firm's own count (Ontrack, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 78,
      "unit": "% of recovery requests by device type (hard drives)",
      "display_value": "78%",
      "display_label": "Ontrack, 2020 requests",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global (Ontrack's 18 labs)",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Data-recovery requests Ontrack received in 2020 (count not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Ontrack",
      "source_title": "Ontrack Warns of the Continued Danger of Ageing and Damaged Hard Disk Drives (press release)",
      "source_url": "https://www.globalsecuritymag.com/Ontrack-Warns-of-the-Continued,20210108,106941",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Ontrack announces that almost four-in-five (78%) of the data recovery requests it received in 2020 were for either ageing or physically damaged Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). This compares to only 3% of requests being for solid-state drives (SSD)",
      "locator": "First paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same paragraph: 3% RAID servers, 3% other servers, 2% flash, 1% USB sticks, 10% mobile devices. Ontrack's press release as published by Global Security Mag on 8 January 2021; an Ontrack-hosted copy was not found. The same release quotes Ontrack's president: 'You can generally rely on your hard drive for three to five years', an unsourced rule of thumb (for the claims-and-restatements family). Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/globalsecuritymag-2021-01-ontrack-ageing-damaged-hdds.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2021-01-78pct-of-2020-recovery-requests-were-hdds-3pct-ssds",
      "citation_text": "78% of the data-recovery requests Ontrack received in 2020 were for ageing or physically damaged hard drives, against 3% for SSDs and 10% for mobile devices, by the firm's own count (Ontrack, 2021). Source: Ontrack, \"Ontrack Warns of the Continued Danger of Ageing and Damaged Hard Disk Drives (press release)\" (https://www.globalsecuritymag.com/Ontrack-Warns-of-the-Continued,20210108,106941). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2021-01-78pct-of-2020-recovery-requests-were-hdds-3pct-ssds."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2019-07-drivesavers-media-damage-70pct-of-hdd-failures",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "70% of the hard-drive failures DriveSavers saw in its recovery labs were media damage, including head crashes, 18% circuit-board failures, 11% stuck heads (stiction) and 1% motor failures, by DriveSavers' count published by Backblaze (Backblaze, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 70,
      "unit": "% of failed hard drives by primary cause (media damage)",
      "display_value": "70%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (DriveSavers' lab)",
      "period": "2019 or earlier (not stated)",
      "population": "Hard drives brought to DriveSavers' labs for recovery, as analysed by DriveSavers for Backblaze (sample size and period not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze (DriveSavers data)",
      "source_title": "The Shocking Truth — Managing for Hard Drive Failure and Data Corruption",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/managing-for-hard-drive-failures-data-corruption/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The number one reason, accounting for 70 percent of failures, is media damage, including full head crashes.",
      "locator": "Section on causes of failure, first finding",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same post: 'circuit board failure, accounting for 18 percent of failed drives'; 'stuck armatures accounted for 11 percent'; 'motor failure, accounting for only 1 percent'. DriveSavers' figures first appeared in this Backblaze blog post ('I asked our friends at DriveSavers ... for some analysis of the hard drives brought into their labs'); no DriveSavers-hosted version was found. A recovery firm's intake, not all drives. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/backblaze-2019-07-managing-for-hard-drive-failures-drivesavers.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-07-drivesavers-media-damage-70pct-of-hdd-failures",
      "citation_text": "70% of the hard-drive failures DriveSavers saw in its recovery labs were media damage, including head crashes, 18% circuit-board failures, 11% stuck heads (stiction) and 1% motor failures, by DriveSavers' count published by Backblaze (Backblaze, 2019). Source: Backblaze (DriveSavers data), \"The Shocking Truth — Managing for Hard Drive Failure and Data Corruption\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/managing-for-hard-drive-failures-data-corruption/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-07-drivesavers-media-damage-70pct-of-hdd-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2019-07-drivesavers-circuit-board-failure-18pct-of-hdd-failures",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "18% of the hard-drive failures DriveSavers saw in its recovery labs were circuit-board failures, by DriveSavers' count published by Backblaze (Backblaze, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 18,
      "unit": "% of failed hard drives by primary cause (circuit board)",
      "display_value": "18%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (DriveSavers' lab)",
      "period": "2019 or earlier (not stated)",
      "population": "Hard drives brought to DriveSavers' labs for recovery, as analysed by DriveSavers for Backblaze (sample size and period not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze (DriveSavers data)",
      "source_title": "The Shocking Truth — Managing for Hard Drive Failure and Data Corruption",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/managing-for-hard-drive-failures-data-corruption/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The next largest cause is circuit board failure, accounting for 18 percent of failed drives.",
      "locator": "Section on causes of failure, second finding",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "DriveSavers' figures first appeared in this Backblaze blog post ('I asked our friends at DriveSavers ... for some analysis of the hard drives brought into their labs'); no DriveSavers-hosted version was found. A recovery firm's intake, not all drives. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/backblaze-2019-07-managing-for-hard-drive-failures-drivesavers.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-07-drivesavers-circuit-board-failure-18pct-of-hdd-failures",
      "citation_text": "18% of the hard-drive failures DriveSavers saw in its recovery labs were circuit-board failures, by DriveSavers' count published by Backblaze (Backblaze, 2019). Source: Backblaze (DriveSavers data), \"The Shocking Truth — Managing for Hard Drive Failure and Data Corruption\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/managing-for-hard-drive-failures-data-corruption/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2019-07-drivesavers-circuit-board-failure-18pct-of-hdd-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2016-12-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2015-85700",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "85,700 drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2015, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (DRAJ, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 85700,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "85,700",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "All hard drives sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2015, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2015年 データ復旧業界の市場規模についての調査結果を発表いたします。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2016/12/1404/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "調査の結果、2015年（1月－12月）における業界全体のHDDの復旧依頼件数は、前年比4700台増（サーバー案件の4,500台含む）の85,700台と推定いたしました。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'industry-wide HDD recovery requests in 2015 (January-December) are estimated at 85,700 units, up 4,700 on the year (including 4,500 server cases)'. An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2016-12-1404.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2016-12-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2015-85700",
      "citation_text": "85,700 drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2015, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (DRAJ, 2016). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2015年 データ復旧業界の市場規模についての調査結果を発表いたします。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2016/12/1404/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2016-12-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2015-85700."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2018-01-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2016-79600",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "79,600 drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2016, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (DRAJ, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 79600,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "79,600",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "All hard drives sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2016, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2016年 データ復旧業界の市場規模についての調査結果を発表いたしました。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2018/01/1392/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-01-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "調査の結果、業界全体のHDDの復旧依頼件数は、前年比6,000台減(外付け、サーバー搭載3,915台含む)の79,600台と推定しました。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'industry-wide HDD recovery requests are estimated at 79,600 units, down 6,000 on the year (including 3,915 in external drives and servers)'. An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2018-01-1392.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2018-01-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2016-79600",
      "citation_text": "79,600 drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2016, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (DRAJ, 2018). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2016年 データ復旧業界の市場規模についての調査結果を発表いたしました。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2018/01/1392/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2018-01-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2016-79600."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2019-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2017-87500",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "87,500 drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2017, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (DRAJ, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 87500,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "87,500",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2017",
      "population": "All hard drives sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2017, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2017年 データ復旧業界の市場規模についての調査結果を発表いたしました。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2019/03/1457/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-03-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "調査の結果、業界全体のHDDの復旧依頼件数は、前年比7,900台増(外付け、サーバー搭載3,915台含む)の87,500台と推定した。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'industry-wide HDD recovery requests are estimated at 87,500 units, up 7,900 on the year'. An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2019-03-1457.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2019-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2017-87500",
      "citation_text": "87,500 drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2017, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (DRAJ, 2019). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2017年 データ復旧業界の市場規模についての調査結果を発表いたしました。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2019/03/1457/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2019-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2017-87500."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2018-85000",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**85,000** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2018, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (65,400 from PCs, 15,600 external drives, 4,000 servers) (DRAJ, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 85000,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives and SSDs), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "85,000",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "All hard drives and SSDs sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2018, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2018年－2020年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2022/03/1439/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-03-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "合計復旧依頼数（⑥＋⑫＋⑱） 8.50万台",
      "locator": "Table '■2018年', row ⑲",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'total recovery requests (6+12+18): 85,000 units' (table for 2018). The table's split for 2018: PCs 65,400 (6.54/6.44万台), external 15,600, servers 4,000 (DRAJ's own rounded figures in 万台). An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2022-03-1439.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2018-85000",
      "citation_text": "**85,000** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2018, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (65,400 from PCs, 15,600 external drives, 4,000 servers) (DRAJ, 2022). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2018年－2020年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2022/03/1439/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2018-85000."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2019-84000",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**84,000** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2019, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (64,400 from PCs, 15,800 external drives, 3,700 servers) (DRAJ, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 84000,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives and SSDs), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "84,000",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "All hard drives and SSDs sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2019, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2018年－2020年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2022/03/1439/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-03-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "合計復旧依頼数（⑥＋⑫＋⑱） 8.40万台",
      "locator": "Table '■2019年', row ⑲",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'total recovery requests (6+12+18): 84,000 units' (table for 2019). The table's split for 2019: PCs 64,400 (6.54/6.44万台), external 15,800, servers 3,700 (DRAJ's own rounded figures in 万台). An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2022-03-1439.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2019-84000",
      "citation_text": "**84,000** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2019, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (64,400 from PCs, 15,800 external drives, 3,700 servers) (DRAJ, 2022). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2018年－2020年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2022/03/1439/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2019-84000."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2020-80000",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**80,000** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2020, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (61,400 from PCs, 15,600 external drives, 3,000 servers) (DRAJ, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 80000,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives and SSDs), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "80,000",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "All hard drives and SSDs sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2020, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2018年－2020年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2022/03/1439/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-03-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "昨年比4,000台減の80,000台（PC61,400台、外付け15,600台、サーバー3,000台）と推定した。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: '80,000 units, down 4,000 on the year (PCs 61,400, external 15,600, servers 3,000)'. An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2022-03-1439.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2020-80000",
      "citation_text": "**80,000** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2020, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (61,400 from PCs, 15,600 external drives, 3,000 servers) (DRAJ, 2022). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2018年－2020年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2022/03/1439/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2022-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2020-80000."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2023-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2021-76500",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**76,500** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2021, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (58,100 from PCs, 15,500 external drives, 2,900 servers) (DRAJ, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 76500,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives and SSDs), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "76,500",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "All hard drives and SSDs sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2021, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2021年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2023/03/1316/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "昨年比3,500台減の76,500台（PC 58,100台、外付け15,500台、サーバー2,900台）と推定した。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: '76,500 units, down 3,500 on the year (PCs 58,100, external 15,500, servers 2,900)'. An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2023-03-1316.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2023-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2021-76500",
      "citation_text": "**76,500** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2021, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (58,100 from PCs, 15,500 external drives, 2,900 servers) (DRAJ, 2023). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2021年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2023/03/1316/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2023-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2021-76500."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2024-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2022-74000",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**74,000** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2022, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (56,100 from PCs, 15,200 external drives, 2,700 servers) (DRAJ, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 74000,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives and SSDs), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "74,000",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "All hard drives and SSDs sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2022, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2022年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2024/03/1332/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-03-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "昨年比2,500台減の74,000台（パソコン 56,100台、外付け15,200台、サーバー2,700台）と推定した。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: '74,000 units, down 2,500 on the year (PCs 56,100, external 15,200, servers 2,700)'. An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2024-03-1332.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2024-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2022-74000",
      "citation_text": "**74,000** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2022, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (56,100 from PCs, 15,200 external drives, 2,700 servers) (DRAJ, 2024). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2022年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2024/03/1332/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2024-03-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2022-74000."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2024-09-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2023-73400",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**73,400** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2023, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (55,200 from PCs, 15,400 external drives, 2,800 servers) (DRAJ, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 73400,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives and SSDs), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "73,400",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "All hard drives and SSDs sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2023, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2023年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2024/09/1640/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-09-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "昨年比減の73,400台（パソコン 55,200台、外付け15,400台、サーバー2,800台）と推定した。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: '73,400 units, down on the year (PCs 55,200, external 15,400, servers 2,800)'. An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2024-09-1640.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2024-09-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2023-73400",
      "citation_text": "**73,400** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2023, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (55,200 from PCs, 15,400 external drives, 2,800 servers) (DRAJ, 2024). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2023年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表いたしました。\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2024/09/1640/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2024-09-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2023-73400."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2025-09-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2024-72100",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**72,100** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2024, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (54,300 from PCs, 15,200 external drives, 2,600 servers) (DRAJ, 2025).",
      "short_statement": "About **72,100** drives were sent for data recovery in Japan in 2024, by the industry association's estimate.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 72100,
      "unit": "estimated recovery requests (hard drives and SSDs), Japan, calendar year",
      "display_value": "72,100",
      "display_label": "DRAJ estimate, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "All hard drives and SSDs sent to data-recovery firms in Japan in 2024, estimated by DRAJ from PC, external-drive and server sales, assumed data-loss rates and its members' recovery-request rates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2024年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2025/09/1747/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "72,100台（パソコン 54,300台、外付け15,200台、サーバー2,600台）と推定した。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-drive-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: '72,100 units (PCs 54,300, external 15,200, servers 2,600)'. An industry association's modelled estimate (sales x installed base x assumed data-loss rate x request rate from members' experience), not a count. Up to 2017 the figure covers HDDs only; from the 2018-2020 release it covers HDDs and SSDs, so the series breaks there. The 2018 and 2019 figures were published in the March 2022 release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2025-09-1747.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2025-09-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2024-72100",
      "citation_text": "**72,100** drives were sent for professional data recovery in Japan in 2024, DRAJ (the Data Recovery Association of Japan) estimated (54,300 from PCs, 15,200 external drives, 2,600 servers) (DRAJ, 2025). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2024年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2025/09/1747/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2025-09-japan-drive-recovery-requests-2024-72100."
    },
    {
      "id": "draj-2025-09-external-drives-21pct-of-japan-recovery-requests-2024",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "21.1% of the drives sent for data recovery in Japan in 2024 were external drives (15,200 of 72,100), by DRAJ's estimate (DRAJ, 2025).",
      "short_statement": "External drives were **21.1%** of the drives sent for data recovery in Japan in 2024.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 21.1,
      "unit": "% of estimated recovery requests that were external drives (derived)",
      "display_value": "21%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Estimated recovery requests in Japan, 2024 (HDDs and SSDs), by device class",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会)",
      "source_title": "2024年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表",
      "source_url": "https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2025/09/1747/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "72,100台（パソコン 54,300台、外付け15,200台、サーバー2,600台）と推定した。",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph of the release",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "15,200 external-drive requests / 72,100 total estimated requests = 21.1%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "draj-japan-external-share-of-recovery-requests",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Series rows computed the same way from each year's release: 2018 15,600/85,000 = 18.4%; 2019 15,800/84,000 = 18.8%; 2020 15,600/80,000 = 19.5%; 2021 15,500/76,500 = 20.3%; 2022 15,200/74,000 = 20.5%; 2023 15,400/73,400 = 21.0%. DRAJ assumes externals reach recovery more often than PCs once data is lost (request rate 13.0% against 8.5% for PCs in 2022), from members' experience. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/draj-2025-09-1747.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2025-09-external-drives-21pct-of-japan-recovery-requests-2024",
      "citation_text": "21.1% of the drives sent for data recovery in Japan in 2024 were external drives (15,200 of 72,100), by DRAJ's estimate (DRAJ, 2025). Source: Data Recovery Association of Japan (DRAJ, 日本データ復旧協会), \"2024年のデータ復旧市場規模について統計データを発表\" (https://www.draj.or.jp/news/news/2025/09/1747/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#draj-2025-09-external-drives-21pct-of-japan-recovery-requests-2024."
    },
    {
      "id": "japandatatechnology-2010-02-external-drives-32pct-of-2009-recovery-requests",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "32.3% of the devices brought to Japan Data Technology for recovery in 2009 were external hard drives (USB or NAS), against 21.3% desktops, 19.7% notebooks and 26.2% bare drives, among over 40,000 drives (Japan Data Technology, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 32.3,
      "unit": "% of devices brought in for recovery by form (external drives)",
      "display_value": "32.3%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2009",
      "population": "Over 40,000 hard drives sent to Japan Data Technology (Internet Owners Inc.) for recovery in 2009",
      "sample_n": 40000,
      "publisher": "Japan Data Technology (日本データテクノロジー)",
      "source_title": "2009年ハードディスク データ復旧統計",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100208153907/http://www.ino-inc.com/util/nr100205.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-02-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "外付けハードディスク（USB接続、NAS等）が32.3％",
      "locator": "Second paragraph (graph 1); Wayback https://web.archive.org/web/20100208153907/http://www.ino-inc.com/util/nr100205.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Fuller sentence: 'デスクトップパソコンが21.3％、ノートパソコンが19.7％、外付けハードディスク（USB接続、NAS等）が32.3％、お客様自身で機器から取り外して持ち込まれたハードディスクが26.2％' (English: desktops 21.3%, notebooks 19.7%, external hard drives (USB, NAS) 32.3%, drives removed from their device by the customer 26.2%). The firm says requests include user error and drops as well as failures, and that it cannot see market shares. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/japandatatechnology-2010-02-nr100205-hdd-recovery-statistics-2009.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#japandatatechnology-2010-02-external-drives-32pct-of-2009-recovery-requests",
      "citation_text": "32.3% of the devices brought to Japan Data Technology for recovery in 2009 were external hard drives (USB or NAS), against 21.3% desktops, 19.7% notebooks and 26.2% bare drives, among over 40,000 drives (Japan Data Technology, 2010). Source: Japan Data Technology (日本データテクノロジー), \"2009年ハードディスク データ復旧統計\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100208153907/http://www.ino-inc.com/util/nr100205.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#japandatatechnology-2010-02-external-drives-32pct-of-2009-recovery-requests."
    },
    {
      "id": "japandatatechnology-2010-02-drives-sent-for-recovery-mostly-4-to-5-years-old",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "Most of the hard drives sent to Japan Data Technology for recovery in 2009 had been made about **four to five years** earlier, among over 40,000 drives (Japan Data Technology, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.5,
      "unit": "typical age in years of drives sent for recovery (midpoint of the firm's '4 to 5 years')",
      "display_value": "4 to 5 years old",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan",
      "period": "2009",
      "population": "Over 40,000 hard drives sent to Japan Data Technology for recovery in 2009, by year of manufacture",
      "sample_n": 40000,
      "publisher": "Japan Data Technology (日本データテクノロジー)",
      "source_title": "2009年ハードディスク データ復旧統計",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100208153907/http://www.ino-inc.com/util/nr100205.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-02-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "データ復旧依頼されるハードディスクは、およそ4～5年前に製造されたものが最も多く",
      "locator": "Notes under graph 1; Wayback https://web.archive.org/web/20100208153907/http://www.ino-inc.com/util/nr100205.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "English: 'the hard drives sent for data recovery were most often made about 4 to 5 years earlier'. The release's headline is '2006年以前に製造されたハードディスクは要注意' (beware of drives made in 2006 or earlier). Manufacturing year, not power-on time. Wayback copy saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/japandatatechnology-2010-02-nr100205-hdd-recovery-statistics-2009.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#japandatatechnology-2010-02-drives-sent-for-recovery-mostly-4-to-5-years-old",
      "citation_text": "Most of the hard drives sent to Japan Data Technology for recovery in 2009 had been made about **four to five years** earlier, among over 40,000 drives (Japan Data Technology, 2010). Source: Japan Data Technology (日本データテクノロジー), \"2009年ハードディスク データ復旧統計\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100208153907/http://www.ino-inc.com/util/nr100205.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#japandatatechnology-2010-02-drives-sent-for-recovery-mostly-4-to-5-years-old."
    },
    {
      "id": "salvagedata-2026-04-single-hard-drive-recovery-300-to-over-3000-dollars",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**$300 to well over $3,000** is what professional data recovery for a single hard drive can cost, according to SalvageData, a US recovery firm (SalvageData, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Professional recovery of one hard drive can cost **$300 to over $3,000** (SalvageData, 2026).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3000,
      "unit": "US dollars per single-drive recovery (upper end of the firm's range)",
      "display_value": "$300 to $3,000+",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Professional recovery of a single hard drive, as SalvageData describes the market (no case data)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "SalvageData Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "Data Recovery Cost",
      "source_url": "https://salvagedata.com/data-recovery-cost",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-04-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Professional data recovery for a single hard drive can cost anywhere from $300 to well over $3.000.",
      "locator": "Opening paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The source writes '$3.000' (European thousands separator). A vendor's range for the market, not its own price list; the same paragraph cites downtime-cost 'studies' without naming them. Page updated 20 April 2026. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/salvagedata-data-recovery-cost.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#salvagedata-2026-04-single-hard-drive-recovery-300-to-over-3000-dollars",
      "citation_text": "**$300 to well over $3,000** is what professional data recovery for a single hard drive can cost, according to SalvageData, a US recovery firm (SalvageData, 2026). Source: SalvageData Recovery Services, \"Data Recovery Cost\" (https://salvagedata.com/data-recovery-cost). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#salvagedata-2026-04-single-hard-drive-recovery-300-to-over-3000-dollars."
    },
    {
      "id": "easeus-2024-06-30pct-of-data-loss-scenarios-physical-damage-40pct-logical",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "30% of the 496,142 data-loss scenarios EaseUS recorded among users of its recovery software stemmed from physical damage to hardware, and about 40% from logical errors (EaseUS, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "% of data-loss scenarios caused by physical hardware damage",
      "display_value": "30%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global (EaseUS software users)",
      "period": "2023-2024 (six months)",
      "population": "496,142 data-loss scenarios recorded from users of EaseUS data-recovery software over six months (user survey and product data)",
      "sample_n": 496142,
      "publisher": "EaseUS Software",
      "source_title": "EaseUS Releases Comprehensive Data Recovery Statistics for 2024: Insights into Hardware-Related Loss and Recovery Trends",
      "source_url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/easeus-releases-comprehensive-data-recovery-statistics-for-2024-insights-into-hardware-related-loss-and-recovery-trends-302172840.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-06-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "approximately 40% of cases stem from logical errors, totaling around 198,457 incidents. This category experiences the highest recovery rate. Conversely, 30% of data losses result from physical damage to hardware",
      "locator": "Section 'Data Loss Scenarios'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A recovery-software vendor's own user data: people who try software first, so logical losses are over-represented against a lab's intake (compare Secure Data Recovery's 82% physical for hard drives). The six-month window is not dated in the release. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/prnewswire-2024-06-easeus-data-recovery-statistics-2024.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#easeus-2024-06-30pct-of-data-loss-scenarios-physical-damage-40pct-logical",
      "citation_text": "30% of the 496,142 data-loss scenarios EaseUS recorded among users of its recovery software stemmed from physical damage to hardware, and about 40% from logical errors (EaseUS, 2024). Source: EaseUS Software, \"EaseUS Releases Comprehensive Data Recovery Statistics for 2024: Insights into Hardware-Related Loss and Recovery Trends\" (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/easeus-releases-comprehensive-data-recovery-statistics-for-2024-insights-into-hardware-related-loss-and-recovery-trends-302172840.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#easeus-2024-06-30pct-of-data-loss-scenarios-physical-damage-40pct-logical."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2026-01-all-ssds-sold-combined-failure-rate-0-74pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.74% of all the SSDs Puget Systems has sold in its workstations have failed, its combined average across every SSD model it has carried, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "**0.74%** of all the SSDs one US workstation builder has sold have failed.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.74,
      "unit": "% of SSDs sold that failed (cumulative, all models carried)",
      "display_value": "0.74%",
      "display_label": "Puget Systems, all SSDs sold, to 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "To 2025 (all years carried)",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-01-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the resulting 0.19% failure rate is still well below the combined average for all SSDs we’ve sold (0.74%).",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage', single paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Cumulative over the whole time each model was carried (start year not stated); the 2025 article includes some laptop and server SSDs. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2026-01-all-ssds-sold-combined-failure-rate-0-74pct",
      "citation_text": "0.74% of all the SSDs Puget Systems has sold in its workstations have failed, its combined average across every SSD model it has carried, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2026). Source: Puget Systems, \"Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2025\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2026-01-all-ssds-sold-combined-failure-rate-0-74pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2026-01-kingston-kc3000-failure-rate-2025-0-22pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.22% of the Kingston KC3000 NVMe SSDs in Puget Systems' workstations failed in 2025, up from 0.08% in 2024, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.22,
      "unit": "% of drives that failed (shop and field)",
      "display_value": "0.22%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-01-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Kingston KC3000 drives maintained a very low 0.22% failure rate last year, up slightly from 2024 but still solid.",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage', single paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "puget-kingston-kc3000-failure-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Puget changed the date window for the 2025 article and says results are not directly comparable to past years. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2026-01-kingston-kc3000-failure-rate-2025-0-22pct",
      "citation_text": "0.22% of the Kingston KC3000 NVMe SSDs in Puget Systems' workstations failed in 2025, up from 0.08% in 2024, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2026). Source: Puget Systems, \"Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2025\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2026-01-kingston-kc3000-failure-rate-2025-0-22pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2026-01-samsung-870-qvo-8tb-zero-failures-2025",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**None** of the Samsung 870 QVO 8TB SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold failed in 2025, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "% of drives that failed in the year",
      "display_value": "0 failures",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-01-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "However, Samsung’s 870 QVO 8TB SATA SSD had absolutely zero failures in 2025!",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage', single paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2026-01-samsung-870-qvo-8tb-zero-failures-2025",
      "citation_text": "**None** of the Samsung 870 QVO 8TB SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold failed in 2025, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2026). Source: Puget Systems, \"Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2025\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2026-01-samsung-870-qvo-8tb-zero-failures-2025."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2026-01-samsung-870-qvo-8tb-lifetime-failure-rate-0-19pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.19% of the Samsung 870 QVO 8TB SATA SSDs Puget Systems has sold failed across all the years it has carried the model, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.19,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (cumulative)",
      "display_value": "0.19%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "To 2025 (all years carried)",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-01-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "there are a small handful that did fail across the entire time we’ve carried this model – but the resulting 0.19% failure rate",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage', single paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2026-01-samsung-870-qvo-8tb-lifetime-failure-rate-0-19pct",
      "citation_text": "0.19% of the Samsung 870 QVO 8TB SATA SSDs Puget Systems has sold failed across all the years it has carried the model, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2026). Source: Puget Systems, \"Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2025\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2026-01-samsung-870-qvo-8tb-lifetime-failure-rate-0-19pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2025-01-storage-drives-failure-rate-2024-1-6pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.6% of the storage drives (NVMe, SATA SSD and hard drives) in Puget Systems' workstations failed in 2024 on average, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.6,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (shop and field)",
      "display_value": "1.6%",
      "display_label": "Puget Systems, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The storage drives we use are currently fairly reliable, and 2024 only saw a 1.6% failure rate on average.",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Brands carried in 2024: Kingston, Samsung and Seagate (NVMe, SATA SSD and platter drives); desktop and rackmount workstations only. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2025-01-storage-drives-failure-rate-2024-1-6pct",
      "citation_text": "1.6% of the storage drives (NVMe, SATA SSD and hard drives) in Puget Systems' workstations failed in 2024 on average, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2025). Source: Puget Systems, \"Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2024\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2025-01-storage-drives-failure-rate-2024-1-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2025-01-storage-drives-field-failure-1pct-2024",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1% of the storage drives Puget Systems sold in 2024 failed after reaching the customer, two thirds of all its drive failures that year, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed in the field (after delivery)",
      "display_value": "1%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We do everything we can to cause “weak” components to fail before we ship the system, but still, 1% of the drives we sold failed in the field.",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same paragraph: 'Unfortunately, two-thirds of these failures occurred in the field, which is not ideal.' System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2025-01-storage-drives-field-failure-1pct-2024",
      "citation_text": "1% of the storage drives Puget Systems sold in 2024 failed after reaching the customer, two thirds of all its drive failures that year, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2025). Source: Puget Systems, \"Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2024\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2025-01-storage-drives-field-failure-1pct-2024."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2025-01-kingston-kc3000-failure-rate-2024-0-08pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.08% of the Kingston KC3000 NVMe SSDs in Puget Systems' workstations failed in 2024 (about 1 in 1,250, among many thousands sold), by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.08,
      "unit": "% of drives that failed (shop and field)",
      "display_value": "0.08%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Their overall failure rate was just a tiny 0.08% (or 1 in 1,250), and only a single drive had issues in the field!",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage', paragraph under 'Most Reliable Storage of 2024'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "puget-kingston-kc3000-failure-rate",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2025-01-kingston-kc3000-failure-rate-2024-0-08pct",
      "citation_text": "0.08% of the Kingston KC3000 NVMe SSDs in Puget Systems' workstations failed in 2024 (about 1 in 1,250, among many thousands sold), by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2025). Source: Puget Systems, \"Puget Systems Most Reliable Hardware of 2024\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/puget-systems-most-reliable-hardware-of-2024/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2025-01-kingston-kc3000-failure-rate-2024-0-08pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2021-12-samsung-870-evo-qvo-zero-failures-over-1000-sold-2019-2021",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**None** of the more than 1,000 Samsung 870 EVO and QVO SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold in the period its 2021 review covered failed, either in its shop or in the field, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "failures among drives sold",
      "display_value": "0 of 1,000+",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2019-2021",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": 1000,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2021-2279/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-12-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "With over 1,000 sold in the period we are looking at, and zero failures, the 870 EVO and QVO drives, in particular, are amazingly reliable in our experience.",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage Drives (HDDs & SSDs)', after the chart",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 2021 article's rates by drive line (WD Red, WD Ultrastar, Samsung 860 Pro, 980 Pro, Seagate FireCuda 520) are in a chart image, not in the text, so they are not recorded. Failures caused by accidents or shipping damage are excluded. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2021-2279.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2021-12-samsung-870-evo-qvo-zero-failures-over-1000-sold-2019-2021",
      "citation_text": "**None** of the more than 1,000 Samsung 870 EVO and QVO SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold in the period its 2021 review covered failed, either in its shop or in the field, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2021). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2021\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2021-2279/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2021-12-samsung-870-evo-qvo-zero-failures-over-1000-sold-2019-2021."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2019-01-storage-drives-failure-rate-2018-0-18pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.18% of the storage drives Puget Systems sold in 2018 failed (about 1 in 570), and 0.05% failed after delivery to the customer, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.18,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (shop and field)",
      "display_value": "0.18%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Storage, in general, tends to be one of the most reliable components in our workstations with an overall failure rate in 2018 of .18% (1 in every 570) and a field failure rate of just .05% (1 in every 2000).",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage (Hard Drive)', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-01-storage-drives-failure-rate-2018-0-18pct",
      "citation_text": "0.18% of the storage drives Puget Systems sold in 2018 failed (about 1 in 570), and 0.05% failed after delivery to the customer, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2018\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-01-storage-drives-failure-rate-2018-0-18pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2019-01-platter-hard-drives-failure-rate-2018-0-34pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.34% of the hard drives (mostly WD) Puget Systems sold in 2018 failed, against 0.11% of its Samsung SATA SSDs and 0.08% of its Samsung NVMe SSDs, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.34,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (shop and field)",
      "display_value": "0.34%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Platter drives (primarily WD): Overall failure rate of .34% (1 in every 292). Field failure rate of .11% (1 in every 910).",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage (Hard Drive)', list of three drive types",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same list: 'SATA SSD (Samsung 850/860 EVO/Pro): Overall failure rate of .11% (1 in every 874). Field failure rate of 0%'; 'M.2 NVMe (Samsung 960/970 EVO/Pro): Overall failure rate of .08% (1 in every 1250)'. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-01-platter-hard-drives-failure-rate-2018-0-34pct",
      "citation_text": "0.34% of the hard drives (mostly WD) Puget Systems sold in 2018 failed, against 0.11% of its Samsung SATA SSDs and 0.08% of its Samsung NVMe SSDs, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2018\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-01-platter-hard-drives-failure-rate-2018-0-34pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2019-01-samsung-sata-ssd-failure-rate-2018-0-11pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.11% of the Samsung 850 and 860 SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2018 failed (about 1 in 874), and none failed after delivery, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.11,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (shop and field)",
      "display_value": "0.11%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SATA SSD (Samsung 850/860 EVO/Pro): Overall failure rate of .11% (1 in every 874). Field failure rate of 0% (none failed).",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage (Hard Drive)', list of three drive types",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-01-samsung-sata-ssd-failure-rate-2018-0-11pct",
      "citation_text": "0.11% of the Samsung 850 and 860 SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2018 failed (about 1 in 874), and none failed after delivery, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2018\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-01-samsung-sata-ssd-failure-rate-2018-0-11pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2019-01-samsung-nvme-ssd-failure-rate-2018-0-08pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.08% of the Samsung 960 and 970 NVMe SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2018 failed (about 1 in 1,250), by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.08,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (shop and field)",
      "display_value": "0.08%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "M.2 NVMe (Samsung 960/970 EVO/Pro): Overall failure rate of .08% (1 in every 1250). Field failure rate of .08% (1 in every 1250).",
      "locator": "Section 'Storage (Hard Drive)', list of three drive types",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-01-samsung-nvme-ssd-failure-rate-2018-0-08pct",
      "citation_text": "0.08% of the Samsung 960 and 970 NVMe SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2018 failed (about 1 in 1,250), by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2018\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2018-1322/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-01-samsung-nvme-ssd-failure-rate-2018-0-08pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2016-12-platter-hard-drives-failure-rate-2016-about-1pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "About 1% of the hard drives (WD Red, Gold and RE) Puget Systems sold in 2016 failed, more than half of them after reaching the customer, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (approximate, shop and field)",
      "display_value": "about 1%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2016-872/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Platter drives as a whole had about a 1% failure rate overall, with more than half of the failures occurring in the field.",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive', last paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2016-872.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-12-platter-hard-drives-failure-rate-2016-about-1pct",
      "citation_text": "About 1% of the hard drives (WD Red, Gold and RE) Puget Systems sold in 2016 failed, more than half of them after reaching the customer, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2016\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2016-872/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-12-platter-hard-drives-failure-rate-2016-about-1pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2016-12-samsung-850-evo-failure-rate-2016-0-26pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.26% of the Samsung 850 EVO SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2016 failed, while its Samsung 850 Pro and 950 Pro SSDs had no failures, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.26,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed",
      "display_value": "0.26%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2016-872/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The EVO line is still terrific with only a .26% failure rate, but solid state drives in general are so reliable that that is not all that uncommon.",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive', paragraph after the SSD table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2016-872.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-12-samsung-850-evo-failure-rate-2016-0-26pct",
      "citation_text": "0.26% of the Samsung 850 EVO SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2016 failed, while its Samsung 850 Pro and 950 Pro SSDs had no failures, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2016\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2016-872/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-12-samsung-850-evo-failure-rate-2016-0-26pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2016-03-samsung-sata-ssds-failure-rate-since-2013-0-18pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.18% of the Samsung SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold from 2013 to early 2016 failed (about 1 in 550), against 1.41% of its WD hard drives (about 1 in 70), by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016).",
      "short_statement": "**0.18%** of one builder's Samsung SATA SSDs failed from 2013 to 2016, against 1.41% of its WD hard drives.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.18,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (cumulative since 2013)",
      "display_value": "0.18%",
      "display_label": "Puget Systems, 2013 to 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2013 to March 2016",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Samsung SATA SSD's Amazing Reliability",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-03-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "If you total up all our sales of Samsung SATA SSDs since 2013 the total overall failure rate comes in at a tiny .18% or only 1 in every 550 drives having a problem.",
      "locator": "Bulleted list under the chart, fourth bullet",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Samsung 840 and 850 EVO/PRO SATA drives; Puget left out Samsung's M.2 drives. Puget's WD mix: Blue, Green, Red, RE and SE. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-03-samsung-sata-ssds-failure-rate-since-2013-0-18pct",
      "citation_text": "0.18% of the Samsung SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold from 2013 to early 2016 failed (about 1 in 550), against 1.41% of its WD hard drives (about 1 in 70), by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016). Source: Puget Systems, \"Samsung SATA SSD's Amazing Reliability\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-03-samsung-sata-ssds-failure-rate-since-2013-0-18pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2016-03-wd-hard-drives-failure-rate-since-2013-1-41pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1.41% of the WD hard drives (Blue, Green, Red, RE and SE) Puget Systems sold from 2013 to early 2016 failed, about 1 in 70, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.41,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (cumulative since 2013)",
      "display_value": "1.41%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2013 to March 2016",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Samsung SATA SSD's Amazing Reliability",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-03-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Just to put this into perspective, since 2013 WD platter drives have a failure rate of about 1 in 70 (1.41%)",
      "locator": "Bulleted list under the chart, fourth bullet",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-03-wd-hard-drives-failure-rate-since-2013-1-41pct",
      "citation_text": "1.41% of the WD hard drives (Blue, Green, Red, RE and SE) Puget Systems sold from 2013 to early 2016 failed, about 1 in 70, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016). Source: Puget Systems, \"Samsung SATA SSD's Amazing Reliability\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-03-wd-hard-drives-failure-rate-since-2013-1-41pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2016-03-samsung-ssds-4x-5x-42x-more-reliable-than-wd-hdds-2013-2015",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "WD hard drives failed at 42 times the rate of Samsung SATA SSDs in Puget Systems' builds in 2015, 5 times the rate in 2014 and 4 times in 2013, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 42,
      "unit": "times lower failure rate (WD hard drives against Samsung SATA SSDs), 2015",
      "display_value": "4x, 5x, 42x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2013-2015",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Samsung SATA SSD's Amazing Reliability",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-03-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In 2013, Samsung SSDs were 4x more reliable than WD platter drives (which are very high quality drives in and of themselves). In 2014, this number increased to 5x. In 2015, they were technically 42x more reliable",
      "locator": "Bulleted list under the chart, third bullet",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Puget notes the 2015 ratio rests on a single Samsung SSD failure that year. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-03-samsung-ssds-4x-5x-42x-more-reliable-than-wd-hdds-2013-2015",
      "citation_text": "WD hard drives failed at 42 times the rate of Samsung SATA SSDs in Puget Systems' builds in 2015, 5 times the rate in 2014 and 4 times in 2013, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2016). Source: Puget Systems, \"Samsung SATA SSD's Amazing Reliability\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/samsung-sata-ssd-s-amazing-reliability-772/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2016-03-samsung-ssds-4x-5x-42x-more-reliable-than-wd-hdds-2013-2015."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2015-12-wd-red-failure-rate-2015-0-74pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.74% of the WD Red hard drives Puget Systems sold in 2015 failed, its best hard-drive line that year, while its Samsung 850 EVO and 850 Pro SSDs failed at 0.06% and 0.09%, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.74,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed",
      "display_value": "0.74%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2015",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2015-749/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-12-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Western Digital Red (1TB-6TB) (.74% failure rate)",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive', after the SSD table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "SSD table in the same section: 'Samsung 850 EVO (128GB-2TB) - SATA .06% (1 drive)', 'Samsung 850 Pro (128GB-2TB) - SATA .09% (1 drive)', 'Intel 750 (400GB-1.2TB) - PCI-E .5% (1 drive)'. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2015-749.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2015-12-wd-red-failure-rate-2015-0-74pct",
      "citation_text": "0.74% of the WD Red hard drives Puget Systems sold in 2015 failed, its best hard-drive line that year, while its Samsung 850 EVO and 850 Pro SSDs failed at 0.06% and 0.09%, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2015). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2015\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2015-749/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2015-12-wd-red-failure-rate-2015-0-74pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2015-12-samsung-850-evo-failure-rate-2015-0-06pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.06% of the Samsung 850 EVO SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2015 failed (a single drive), by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.06,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed",
      "display_value": "0.06%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2015",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2015-749/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-12-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 850 EVO (128GB-2TB) – SATA .06% (1 drive)",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive', SSD table, row 'Samsung 850 EVO'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The table's header row reads 'Desktop DDR4 RAM' in the source (a template slip); the rows are SSD product lines. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2015-749.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2015-12-samsung-850-evo-failure-rate-2015-0-06pct",
      "citation_text": "0.06% of the Samsung 850 EVO SATA SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2015 failed (a single drive), by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2015). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2015\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2015-749/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2015-12-samsung-850-evo-failure-rate-2015-0-06pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2014-12-wd-red-0-67pct-wd-blue-0-4pct-failure-rate-2014",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.67% of the WD Red and 0.4% of the WD Blue hard drives Puget Systems sold in 2014 failed (one drive each), its two best hard-drive lines that year, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.67,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed (WD Red)",
      "display_value": "0.67%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2014",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2014-616/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-12-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Western Digital Caviar Red 0.67% (1 drive) Western Digital Caviar Blue 0.4% (1 drive)",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive', table 'Traditional Platter Drives'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Puget calls Red and Blue 'the only two lines with much better than average failure rates in 2014' among six WD lines (Black, Green, Blue, Red, Velociraptor, RE); the average is not given. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2014-616.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2014-12-wd-red-0-67pct-wd-blue-0-4pct-failure-rate-2014",
      "citation_text": "0.67% of the WD Red and 0.4% of the WD Blue hard drives Puget Systems sold in 2014 failed (one drive each), its two best hard-drive lines that year, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2014). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2014\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2014-616/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2014-12-wd-red-0-67pct-wd-blue-0-4pct-failure-rate-2014."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2014-12-samsung-840-pro-840-evo-0-1pct-failure-rate-2014",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0.1% of the Samsung 840 Pro and 840 EVO SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2014 failed (one drive in each line), and none of its 850 Pro SSDs failed, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.1,
      "unit": "% of drives sold that failed",
      "display_value": "0.1%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2014",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2014-616/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-12-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung 840 Pro Line (128GB-512GB) 0.1% (1 drive) Samsung 840 EVO Line (120GB-1TB) 0.1% (1 drive) Samsung 850 Pro Line (128GB-1TB) 0%",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive', table 'Samsung Solid-State Drive Product Lines'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2014-616.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2014-12-samsung-840-pro-840-evo-0-1pct-failure-rate-2014",
      "citation_text": "0.1% of the Samsung 840 Pro and 840 EVO SSDs Puget Systems sold in 2014 failed (one drive in each line), and none of its 850 Pro SSDs failed, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2014). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2014\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2014-616/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2014-12-samsung-840-pro-840-evo-0-1pct-failure-rate-2014."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2013-12-samsung-ssd-one-model-0-7pct-others-zero-2013",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "Only one of the Samsung SSD models Puget Systems sold in 2013 had any failures (2 drives, **0.7%**), and three models had none, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.7,
      "unit": "% of drives of that model that failed",
      "display_value": "0.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "2013",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2013",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2013-528/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-12-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In fact, only a single Samsung model we sold in the last year had any failures (2 total, or .7% to be exact). The other three models all had a 0% failure rate",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2013-528.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2013-12-samsung-ssd-one-model-0-7pct-others-zero-2013",
      "citation_text": "Only one of the Samsung SSD models Puget Systems sold in 2013 had any failures (2 drives, **0.7%**), and three models had none, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2013). Source: Puget Systems, \"Most Reliable PC Hardware of 2013\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/most-reliable-pc-hardware-of-2013-528/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2013-12-samsung-ssd-one-model-0-7pct-others-zero-2013."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-2019-08-samsung-ssds-3x-more-reliable-than-intel-cpus-2016-2019",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "Samsung SSDs (consumer EVO and PRO lines) were about three times as reliable as Intel CPUs and about 50% more reliable than ECC memory in Puget Systems' workstations over three years, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "times as reliable as Intel CPUs (summed shop and field failure rates)",
      "display_value": "3x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems' customers)",
      "period": "Q3 2016 to mid 2019",
      "population": "Drives Puget Systems (a US custom workstation builder) sold in its own desktop and rackmount workstations; failures count both those caught in its assembly and burn-in testing ('shop') and those customers reported after delivery ('field'); every part is pre-qualified, so Puget says its rates are not the industry's",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "What is the most reliable hardware in our Puget Systems workstations?",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/what-is-the-most-reliable-hardware-in-our-puget-systems-workstations-1550/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-08-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "most of what we use are the SATA and NVMe-based consumer EVO and PRO product lines. And yet, they are ~50% more reliable than ECC RAM (of which reliability is entirely the point), or 3x more reliable than Intel CPUs.",
      "locator": "Section 'Conclusion', paragraph after the 'most reliable hardware' answer",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The same article says WD hard drives were 'as reliable as Intel CPUs over a three-year period'; its failure rates are in chart images, not in the text. System builder's own sales and failure records, not a random sample of drives; Puget pre-qualifies parts and carries few brands, so brands are compared only within its own line-up. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/puget-what-is-the-most-reliable-hardware-in-our-puget-systems-workstations-1550.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-08-samsung-ssds-3x-more-reliable-than-intel-cpus-2016-2019",
      "citation_text": "Samsung SSDs (consumer EVO and PRO lines) were about three times as reliable as Intel CPUs and about 50% more reliable than ECC memory in Puget Systems' workstations over three years, by the builder's own records (Puget Systems, 2019). Source: Puget Systems, \"What is the most reliable hardware in our Puget Systems workstations?\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/what-is-the-most-reliable-hardware-in-our-puget-systems-workstations-1550/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-2019-08-samsung-ssds-3x-more-reliable-than-intel-cpus-2016-2019."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2024-hdd-cases-81-97pct-physical-damage-18-03pct-software",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "81.97% of the hard-drive recovery cases in a Secure Data Recovery sample involved physical damage and 18.03% software (logical) issues, by the firm's own count (Secure Data Recovery, 2024).",
      "short_statement": "**81.97%** of hard-drive cases at one US recovery lab involved physical damage, against 18.03% software problems.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 81.97,
      "unit": "% of HDD recovery cases with physical damage",
      "display_value": "82%",
      "display_label": "Secure Data Recovery case sample, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2024 (sample period not stated)",
      "population": "A sample of Secure Data Recovery's own recovery cases for its most common device types (sample size and period not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Much Does Data Recovery Cost",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/services/how-much-does-data-recovery-cost",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-07-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Nearly 82% of disks in the sample had physical damage while about 18% failed due to logical issues.",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive Recovery' under 'Breaking Down Recovery Costs by Device and Failure Type' (table: HDD 18.03% / 81.97%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Undated page: the case-mix table is absent from the Wayback capture of 25 April 2024 and present from 14 July 2024 (capture saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-much-does-data-recovery-cost-wayback-20240714.txt), and unchanged on the live page fetched 2026-11-04. A recovery firm's own cases, not all drive failures. 'Software issues' is the firm's label for logical failures. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-much-does-data-recovery-cost.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2024-hdd-cases-81-97pct-physical-damage-18-03pct-software",
      "citation_text": "81.97% of the hard-drive recovery cases in a Secure Data Recovery sample involved physical damage and 18.03% software (logical) issues, by the firm's own count (Secure Data Recovery, 2024). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Much Does Data Recovery Cost\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/services/how-much-does-data-recovery-cost). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2024-hdd-cases-81-97pct-physical-damage-18-03pct-software."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2024-ssd-cases-60-62pct-physical-damage-39-38pct-software",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "60.62% of the SSD recovery cases in a Secure Data Recovery sample involved physical damage and 39.38% software (logical) issues, by the firm's own count (Secure Data Recovery, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 60.62,
      "unit": "% of SSD recovery cases with physical damage",
      "display_value": "61%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2024 (sample period not stated)",
      "population": "A sample of Secure Data Recovery's own recovery cases for its most common device types (sample size and period not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Much Does Data Recovery Cost",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/services/how-much-does-data-recovery-cost",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-07-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Almost 61% of the SSDs in our sample featured physical damage that led to failure. Under 40% of devices failed because of software errors.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD Data Recovery' (table: SSD 39.38% / 60.62%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Undated page: the case-mix table is absent from the Wayback capture of 25 April 2024 and present from 14 July 2024 (capture saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-much-does-data-recovery-cost-wayback-20240714.txt), and unchanged on the live page fetched 2026-11-04. A recovery firm's own cases, not all drive failures. 'Software issues' is the firm's label for logical failures. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-much-does-data-recovery-cost.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2024-ssd-cases-60-62pct-physical-damage-39-38pct-software",
      "citation_text": "60.62% of the SSD recovery cases in a Secure Data Recovery sample involved physical damage and 39.38% software (logical) issues, by the firm's own count (Secure Data Recovery, 2024). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Much Does Data Recovery Cost\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/services/how-much-does-data-recovery-cost). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2024-ssd-cases-60-62pct-physical-damage-39-38pct-software."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2024-hdd-recovery-time-5-7-hours-physical-3-4-software",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "5.7 hours was the average recovery time for a physically damaged hard drive at Secure Data Recovery, against 3.4 hours for a software (logical) issue, and 7.4 against 4.1 hours for SSDs, by the firm's own count (Secure Data Recovery, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.7,
      "unit": "average hours of recovery work per case (HDD, physical damage)",
      "display_value": "5.7 hours",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2024 (sample period not stated)",
      "population": "A sample of Secure Data Recovery's own recovery cases for its most common device types (sample size and period not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Much Does Data Recovery Cost",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/services/how-much-does-data-recovery-cost",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-07-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average hard drive recovery service lasted over 3 hours for software errors. It was just short of 6 hours for physical issues.",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive Recovery'; table 'Avg. Recovery Time (Hours)': HDD 3.4 / 5.7, SSD 4.1 / 7.4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Undated page: the case-mix table is absent from the Wayback capture of 25 April 2024 and present from 14 July 2024 (capture saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-much-does-data-recovery-cost-wayback-20240714.txt), and unchanged on the live page fetched 2026-11-04. A recovery firm's own cases, not all drive failures. 'Software issues' is the firm's label for logical failures. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-much-does-data-recovery-cost.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2024-hdd-recovery-time-5-7-hours-physical-3-4-software",
      "citation_text": "5.7 hours was the average recovery time for a physically damaged hard drive at Secure Data Recovery, against 3.4 hours for a software (logical) issue, and 7.4 against 4.1 hours for SSDs, by the firm's own count (Secure Data Recovery, 2024). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Much Does Data Recovery Cost\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/services/how-much-does-data-recovery-cost). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2024-hdd-recovery-time-5-7-hours-physical-3-4-software."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2024-data-recovery-typically-100-to-300-dollars-per-hour",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "Professional data recovery typically costs **$100 to $300** an hour, according to Secure Data Recovery, a US recovery firm (Secure Data Recovery, 2024).",
      "short_statement": "Labs typically charge **$100 to $300** an hour for data recovery.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 300,
      "unit": "US dollars per hour of recovery work (upper end of the firm's range)",
      "display_value": "$100 to $300 an hour",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2024 (sample period not stated)",
      "population": "A sample of Secure Data Recovery's own recovery cases for its most common device types (sample size and period not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Much Does Data Recovery Cost",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/services/how-much-does-data-recovery-cost",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-07-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Professional data recovery services typically range from $100 to $300 per hour.",
      "locator": "Opening section 'Understanding the Cost of Data Recovery Services'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The hourly range already appears in the Wayback capture of 12 August 2022. A vendor's statement about the market, not a published price list. Undated page: the case-mix table is absent from the Wayback capture of 25 April 2024 and present from 14 July 2024 (capture saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-much-does-data-recovery-cost-wayback-20240714.txt), and unchanged on the live page fetched 2026-11-04. A recovery firm's own cases, not all drive failures. 'Software issues' is the firm's label for logical failures. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-much-does-data-recovery-cost.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2024-data-recovery-typically-100-to-300-dollars-per-hour",
      "citation_text": "Professional data recovery typically costs **$100 to $300** an hour, according to Secure Data Recovery, a US recovery firm (Secure Data Recovery, 2024). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Much Does Data Recovery Cost\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/services/how-much-does-data-recovery-cost). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2024-data-recovery-typically-100-to-300-dollars-per-hour."
    },
    {
      "id": "payam-2025-05-50pct-of-hdd-failures-physical-damage",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "50% of the hard-drive failures among about 30,000 drives sent to Payam Data Recovery in Australia from 2020 to 2025 came from physical damage such as drops, and 50% from mechanical or electronic faults (Payam Data Recovery, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% of failures caused by physical damage",
      "display_value": "50%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Australia",
      "period": "2020-2025",
      "population": "Around 30,000 hard drives submitted to Payam Data Recovery by everyday users across Australia, 2020 to 2025",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "Payam Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Failure Statistics for 2025: Insights from Payam Data Recovery",
      "source_url": "https://www.payam.com.au/hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-05-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Our Hard Drive Failure Statistics show 50% of failures stem from physical damage (e.g., drops), while the other 50% are due to mechanical or electronic issues",
      "locator": "Section 'Why some drives fail more', closing paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The claims family lists 'Payam: 50% of failures are physical damage' as a restated figure; this is the original. A data-recovery firm's own case data (published 7 May 2025, updated 17 October 2026). The page's pie-chart percentages by failure type are an image, not text, and are not recorded; it defines no method for classifying causes. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/payam-hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#payam-2025-05-50pct-of-hdd-failures-physical-damage",
      "citation_text": "50% of the hard-drive failures among about 30,000 drives sent to Payam Data Recovery in Australia from 2020 to 2025 came from physical damage such as drops, and 50% from mechanical or electronic faults (Payam Data Recovery, 2025). Source: Payam Data Recovery, \"Hard Drive Failure Statistics for 2025: Insights from Payam Data Recovery\" (https://www.payam.com.au/hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#payam-2025-05-50pct-of-hdd-failures-physical-damage."
    },
    {
      "id": "payam-2025-05-severe-head-crash-0pct-recovery-success",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "0% of the hard drives with a severe head crash (platter damage) could be recovered at Payam Data Recovery, while head failures and bad-sector failures had a high success rate, among about 30,000 drives seen from 2020 to 2025 (Payam Data Recovery, 2025).",
      "short_statement": "**0%** of the hard drives with a severe head crash could be recovered at one Australian lab.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "% recovery success rate (severe head crashes)",
      "display_value": "0%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Australia",
      "period": "2020-2025",
      "population": "Around 30,000 hard drives submitted to Payam Data Recovery by everyday users across Australia, 2020 to 2025",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "Payam Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Failure Statistics for 2025: Insights from Payam Data Recovery",
      "source_url": "https://www.payam.com.au/hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-05-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Severe Head Crashes: 0% success rate due to permanent platter damage, making data unrecoverable.",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard drive failure statistics: recovery success rates'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'High success rate' for the other two types is not quantified. A data-recovery firm's own case data (published 7 May 2025, updated 17 October 2026). The page's pie-chart percentages by failure type are an image, not text, and are not recorded; it defines no method for classifying causes. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/payam-hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#payam-2025-05-severe-head-crash-0pct-recovery-success",
      "citation_text": "0% of the hard drives with a severe head crash (platter damage) could be recovered at Payam Data Recovery, while head failures and bad-sector failures had a high success rate, among about 30,000 drives seen from 2020 to 2025 (Payam Data Recovery, 2025). Source: Payam Data Recovery, \"Hard Drive Failure Statistics for 2025: Insights from Payam Data Recovery\" (https://www.payam.com.au/hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#payam-2025-05-severe-head-crash-0pct-recovery-success."
    },
    {
      "id": "payam-2025-05-portable-2tb-drives-top-failure-models",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "The Seagate ST2000LM007 and Western Digital WD20SDRW, 2TB drives common in portable and external drives, topped **all three** failure lists (head crashes, head failures, bad sectors) among the drives sent to Payam Data Recovery from 2020 to 2025 (Payam Data Recovery, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "ranked models (no rates published)",
      "display_value": "2TB portable drives",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Australia",
      "period": "2020-2025",
      "population": "Around 30,000 hard drives submitted to Payam Data Recovery by everyday users across Australia, 2020 to 2025",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "Payam Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "Hard Drive Failure Statistics for 2025: Insights from Payam Data Recovery",
      "source_url": "https://www.payam.com.au/hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-05-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "You may notice some drive models, like the Seagate ST2000LM007 or WD20SDRW, appear in all three failure categories. That is not a mistake.",
      "locator": "Section 'Hard Drive Failure Statistics: Models with Higher Failure Rates', note under the three tables",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Ranks of counts in the firm's intake, not failure rates; Payam itself says popularity and affordability may explain the ranking. Not a brand ranking. A data-recovery firm's own case data (published 7 May 2025, updated 17 October 2026). The page's pie-chart percentages by failure type are an image, not text, and are not recorded; it defines no method for classifying causes. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/payam-hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#payam-2025-05-portable-2tb-drives-top-failure-models",
      "citation_text": "The Seagate ST2000LM007 and Western Digital WD20SDRW, 2TB drives common in portable and external drives, topped **all three** failure lists (head crashes, head failures, bad sectors) among the drives sent to Payam Data Recovery from 2020 to 2025 (Payam Data Recovery, 2025). Source: Payam Data Recovery, \"Hard Drive Failure Statistics for 2025: Insights from Payam Data Recovery\" (https://www.payam.com.au/hard-drive-failure-statistics-2025/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#payam-2025-05-portable-2tb-drives-top-failure-models."
    },
    {
      "id": "deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-38pct-of-data-loss-starts-with-drive-not-responding",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "38% of the data-loss cases that 55 recovery companies in 15 countries received began with a hard drive that did not respond at all, and 29.9% with read instability, against 12.8% from software and 12.1% from user error (DeepSpar survey, 2007-2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 38,
      "unit": "% of cases whose initial data loss was a drive failure",
      "display_value": "38%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "15 countries (55 data-recovery companies)",
      "period": "2007-2010",
      "population": "Hard drives sent to 55 professional data-recovery companies in 15 countries (DeepSpar's clients), as reported by those companies in a 2007-2010 survey",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "DeepSpar Data Recovery Systems",
      "source_title": "PDR Survey: An Inside Look at the Causes of Hard Drive Failure",
      "source_url": "https://www.deepspar.com/blog/causes-data-loss-survey",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-03-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive failure (drive doesn't respond at all): 38.00% These are drive-level issues/causes (dealt with by using Phase I tools).",
      "locator": "Table 'What causes initial data loss?', first row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "DeepSpar makes disk-imaging tools for recovery labs; the survey asked its client labs about the drives they received. Shares of problems add up to more than 100% because one drive often has several. Survey 2007-2010, published on DeepSpar's blog in March 2019. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/deepspar-pdr-survey-causes-of-hard-drive-failure.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-38pct-of-data-loss-starts-with-drive-not-responding",
      "citation_text": "38% of the data-loss cases that 55 recovery companies in 15 countries received began with a hard drive that did not respond at all, and 29.9% with read instability, against 12.8% from software and 12.1% from user error (DeepSpar survey, 2007-2010). Source: DeepSpar Data Recovery Systems, \"PDR Survey: An Inside Look at the Causes of Hard Drive Failure\" (https://www.deepspar.com/blog/causes-data-loss-survey). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-38pct-of-data-loss-starts-with-drive-not-responding."
    },
    {
      "id": "deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-37-5pct-bad-sectors-23-5pct-head-failure",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "37.5% of the hard drives sent to 55 recovery companies had bad sectors, 23.5% failed heads, 17.5% firmware failure and 16.1% a failed circuit board, by the labs' own count in DeepSpar's 2007-2010 survey (DeepSpar, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 37.5,
      "unit": "% of drives sent for recovery with media problems (bad sectors)",
      "display_value": "37.5%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "15 countries (55 data-recovery companies)",
      "period": "2007-2010",
      "population": "Hard drives sent to 55 professional data-recovery companies in 15 countries (DeepSpar's clients), as reported by those companies in a 2007-2010 survey",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "DeepSpar Data Recovery Systems",
      "source_title": "PDR Survey: An Inside Look at the Causes of Hard Drive Failure",
      "source_url": "https://www.deepspar.com/blog/causes-data-loss-survey",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-03-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Reading media problems (bad sectors): 37.50% Disk-level problems are the most common issue.",
      "locator": "Table 'What problems occur in hard drives sent in for recovery?' (rows: head stack 23.50%, PCB 16.10%, firmware 17.50%, bad sectors 37.50%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The head row reads 'Head stack failure (failed heads/preamp): 23.50%'. DeepSpar makes disk-imaging tools for recovery labs; the survey asked its client labs about the drives they received. Shares of problems add up to more than 100% because one drive often has several. Survey 2007-2010, published on DeepSpar's blog in March 2019. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/deepspar-pdr-survey-causes-of-hard-drive-failure.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-37-5pct-bad-sectors-23-5pct-head-failure",
      "citation_text": "37.5% of the hard drives sent to 55 recovery companies had bad sectors, 23.5% failed heads, 17.5% firmware failure and 16.1% a failed circuit board, by the labs' own count in DeepSpar's 2007-2010 survey (DeepSpar, 2019). Source: DeepSpar Data Recovery Systems, \"PDR Survey: An Inside Look at the Causes of Hard Drive Failure\" (https://www.deepspar.com/blog/causes-data-loss-survey). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-37-5pct-bad-sectors-23-5pct-head-failure."
    },
    {
      "id": "deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-20-7pct-unrecoverable-irreparable-physical-damage",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "20.7% of the unrecoverable cases at 55 recovery companies were lost to irreparable physical damage such as scratched platters, and 13.3% to earlier amateur recovery attempts (DeepSpar survey, 2007-2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20.7,
      "unit": "% of unrecoverable cases, by reason",
      "display_value": "20.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "15 countries (55 data-recovery companies)",
      "period": "2007-2010",
      "population": "Hard drives sent to 55 professional data-recovery companies in 15 countries (DeepSpar's clients), as reported by those companies in a 2007-2010 survey",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "DeepSpar Data Recovery Systems",
      "source_title": "PDR Survey: An Inside Look at the Causes of Hard Drive Failure",
      "source_url": "https://www.deepspar.com/blog/causes-data-loss-survey",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-03-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Irreparable physical/mechanical damage, such as disk platters scratch: 20.70%",
      "locator": "Table 'What makes cases unrecoverable?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same table: 'Previous unprofessional recovery attempts: 13.30%'; 'Lack of technology/tools ... 19.50%'. The table's stray header cells ('Population, million') are a template slip on the page. DeepSpar makes disk-imaging tools for recovery labs; the survey asked its client labs about the drives they received. Shares of problems add up to more than 100% because one drive often has several. Survey 2007-2010, published on DeepSpar's blog in March 2019. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/deepspar-pdr-survey-causes-of-hard-drive-failure.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-20-7pct-unrecoverable-irreparable-physical-damage",
      "citation_text": "20.7% of the unrecoverable cases at 55 recovery companies were lost to irreparable physical damage such as scratched platters, and 13.3% to earlier amateur recovery attempts (DeepSpar survey, 2007-2010). Source: DeepSpar Data Recovery Systems, \"PDR Survey: An Inside Look at the Causes of Hard Drive Failure\" (https://www.deepspar.com/blog/causes-data-loss-survey). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#deepspar-2019-03-pdr-survey-20-7pct-unrecoverable-irreparable-physical-damage."
    },
    {
      "id": "rossmann-2026-09-hdd-head-swap-recovery-1200-to-1500-dollars",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**$1,200 to $1,500** plus a donor drive is the published price of a head-swap recovery on a standard hard drive at Rossmann Repair Group, against $600 to $900 for firmware repair and $100 for a simple copy (Rossmann Repair Group, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "A head-swap recovery on a standard hard drive is listed at **$1,200 to $1,500**, plus a donor drive.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1500,
      "unit": "US dollars, head-swap recovery (upper end of the published tier)",
      "display_value": "$1,200 to $1,500",
      "display_label": "Rossmann Repair Group price list, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Austin, Texas lab)",
      "period": "2026-09",
      "population": "Rossmann Repair Group's published price tiers for standard (non-helium) hard drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Rossmann Repair Group",
      "source_title": "Data Recovery Pricing | From $100 | Rossmann Group",
      "source_url": "https://rossmanngroup.com/pricing",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Simple copies start at $100. Firmware repair runs $600–$900. Head swaps run $1,200–$1,500 plus donor drive cost. Surface damage is $2,000.",
      "locator": "Section on standard hard drive pricing (tiers list)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "One lab's own published list (page updated 28 September 2026); donor drives add $50 to $150 for common models. Helium drives run $200 to $5,000+. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/rossmann-pricing.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#rossmann-2026-09-hdd-head-swap-recovery-1200-to-1500-dollars",
      "citation_text": "**$1,200 to $1,500** plus a donor drive is the published price of a head-swap recovery on a standard hard drive at Rossmann Repair Group, against $600 to $900 for firmware repair and $100 for a simple copy (Rossmann Repair Group, 2026). Source: Rossmann Repair Group, \"Data Recovery Pricing | From $100 | Rossmann Group\" (https://rossmanngroup.com/pricing). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#rossmann-2026-09-hdd-head-swap-recovery-1200-to-1500-dollars."
    },
    {
      "id": "rossmann-2026-09-ssd-recovery-sata-200-to-1500-nvme-200-to-2500-dollars",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**$200 to $1,500** is the published price range for recovering a SATA SSD at Rossmann Repair Group, and $200 to $2,500 for an NVMe SSD, the top tier being a NAND swap (Rossmann Repair Group, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500,
      "unit": "US dollars, NVMe SSD recovery (upper end of the published range)",
      "display_value": "$200 to $2,500",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Austin, Texas lab)",
      "period": "2026-09",
      "population": "Rossmann Repair Group's published price tiers for SSDs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Rossmann Repair Group",
      "source_title": "Data Recovery Pricing | From $100 | Rossmann Group",
      "source_url": "https://rossmanngroup.com/pricing",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SATA SSD recovery runs $200–$1,500. NVMe SSD recovery runs $200–$2,500.",
      "locator": "Section 'SSD data recovery pricing'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/rossmann-pricing.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#rossmann-2026-09-ssd-recovery-sata-200-to-1500-nvme-200-to-2500-dollars",
      "citation_text": "**$200 to $1,500** is the published price range for recovering a SATA SSD at Rossmann Repair Group, and $200 to $2,500 for an NVMe SSD, the top tier being a NAND swap (Rossmann Repair Group, 2026). Source: Rossmann Repair Group, \"Data Recovery Pricing | From $100 | Rossmann Group\" (https://rossmanngroup.com/pricing). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#rossmann-2026-09-ssd-recovery-sata-200-to-1500-nvme-200-to-2500-dollars."
    },
    {
      "id": "acs-data-recovery-2026-03-physical-hdd-recovery-900-to-2500-plus-dollars",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**$900 to $2,500** or more is the typical price of a physical hard-drive recovery (failed heads, seized motor, platter damage), $500 to $900 for a logical recovery and $700 to $2,500 or more for an SSD, by ACS Data Recovery's ranges (ACS Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500,
      "unit": "US dollars, physical HDD recovery (upper end of the typical range)",
      "display_value": "$900 to $2,500+",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Typical price ranges ACS Data Recovery, a US lab, gives for common recovery types (not a fixed price sheet)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACS Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "Data Recovery Prices",
      "source_url": "https://acsdata.com/data-recovery-prices/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Physical Hard Drive Recovery $900 – $2,500+ Head failures, seized motors, platter damage, donor part availability, cleanroom work required",
      "locator": "Table 'Typical Data Recovery Price Ranges'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ACS calls the table 'a realistic comparison of common recovery categories', not its own price list. Same table: External Hard Drive Recovery $500 - $1,800+, SSD Data Recovery $700 - $2,500+. Page first published 2014, modified 12 March 2026. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/acsdata-data-recovery-prices.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#acs-data-recovery-2026-03-physical-hdd-recovery-900-to-2500-plus-dollars",
      "citation_text": "**$900 to $2,500** or more is the typical price of a physical hard-drive recovery (failed heads, seized motor, platter damage), $500 to $900 for a logical recovery and $700 to $2,500 or more for an SSD, by ACS Data Recovery's ranges (ACS Data Recovery, 2026). Source: ACS Data Recovery, \"Data Recovery Prices\" (https://acsdata.com/data-recovery-prices/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#acs-data-recovery-2026-03-physical-hdd-recovery-900-to-2500-plus-dollars."
    },
    {
      "id": "acs-data-recovery-2026-03-head-failure-recovery-quotes-rose-from-1700-to-3000-dollars",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "$3,000 or more is now a common quote for a hard drive with a head failure, against a high end of about $1,600 to $1,700 ten or fifteen years ago, according to ACS Data Recovery (ACS Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3000,
      "unit": "US dollars, common high-end quote for a head-failure recovery today",
      "display_value": "$3,000+",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "about 2011 to 2026",
      "population": "ACS Data Recovery's view of US data-recovery pricing over 10 to 15 years",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACS Data Recovery",
      "source_title": "Data Recovery Prices",
      "source_url": "https://acsdata.com/data-recovery-prices/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Where ten or fifteen years ago the high end of a physical hard drive recovery with a head failure may have been around $1,600 to $1,700, it is now common to see some companies quote $3,000 or more",
      "locator": "Section 'Will Data Recovery Prices Come Down?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A lab's own recollection of market prices, not a measured series. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/acsdata-data-recovery-prices.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#acs-data-recovery-2026-03-head-failure-recovery-quotes-rose-from-1700-to-3000-dollars",
      "citation_text": "$3,000 or more is now a common quote for a hard drive with a head failure, against a high end of about $1,600 to $1,700 ten or fifteen years ago, according to ACS Data Recovery (ACS Data Recovery, 2026). Source: ACS Data Recovery, \"Data Recovery Prices\" (https://acsdata.com/data-recovery-prices/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#acs-data-recovery-2026-03-head-failure-recovery-quotes-rose-from-1700-to-3000-dollars."
    },
    {
      "id": "kroll-ontrack-2014-06-66pct-of-data-losses-hardware-crash-or-failure",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "66% of Kroll Ontrack's recent data-recovery customers blamed a hardware crash or failure for their most recent data loss, up from 29% in 2010, among 1,066 surveyed (Kroll Ontrack, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 66,
      "unit": "% of respondents citing a hardware crash or failure as the cause of their most recent data loss",
      "display_value": "66%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "North America, Europe and Asia Pacific (10 countries)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "1,066 recent Kroll Ontrack data-recovery customers in 10 countries (48% businesses, 32% home users, 13% partners, 3% government)",
      "sample_n": 1066,
      "publisher": "Kroll Ontrack",
      "source_title": "HDD Crashes Leading Cause of Data Loss With 72% - Kroll Ontrack (press release)",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2014/06/17/hdd-crashes-leading-cause-of-data-loss-with-72-kroll-ontrack/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-06-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "When asked about the causes of their most-recent data losses, 66% (compared to 29% in 2010) of 1,066 surveyed customers cited a hardware crash or failure",
      "locator": "Section 'Data Loss Happens', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "kroll-ontrack-hardware-failure-share-of-data-loss",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same paragraph: human error 14% (27% in 2010), software failure 6%. The 2010 point (29%) is quoted here only; its own release was not fetched. Kroll Ontrack's press release as published by StorageNewsletter ('This is a Press Release edited by StorageNewsletter.com on June 17, 2014'); Ontrack's own copy (ontrack.com/en-au/blog/hdd-crashes-doubled-last-four-years, re-dated 2022 on its site, saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/ontrack-blog-hdd-crashes-doubled-last-four-years.txt) has the same figures but not the sample. Respondents are people who had already sent a device for recovery, so every one had lost data. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/storagenewsletter-2014-kroll-ontrack-hdd-crashes.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kroll-ontrack-2014-06-66pct-of-data-losses-hardware-crash-or-failure",
      "citation_text": "66% of Kroll Ontrack's recent data-recovery customers blamed a hardware crash or failure for their most recent data loss, up from 29% in 2010, among 1,066 surveyed (Kroll Ontrack, 2014). Source: Kroll Ontrack, \"HDD Crashes Leading Cause of Data Loss With 72% - Kroll Ontrack (press release)\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2014/06/17/hdd-crashes-leading-cause-of-data-loss-with-72-kroll-ontrack/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kroll-ontrack-2014-06-66pct-of-data-losses-hardware-crash-or-failure."
    },
    {
      "id": "kroll-ontrack-2014-06-72pct-of-data-losses-from-desktop-or-laptop-hdd",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "72% of Kroll Ontrack's recent data-recovery customers said their most recent data loss came from a desktop or laptop hard drive, against 15% from an SSD and 13% from RAID or virtual systems, among 1,066 surveyed (Kroll Ontrack, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 72,
      "unit": "% of respondents whose most recent data loss came from a desktop or laptop HDD",
      "display_value": "72%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "North America, Europe and Asia Pacific (10 countries)",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "1,066 recent Kroll Ontrack data-recovery customers in 10 countries (48% businesses, 32% home users, 13% partners, 3% government)",
      "sample_n": 1066,
      "publisher": "Kroll Ontrack",
      "source_title": "HDD Crashes Leading Cause of Data Loss With 72% - Kroll Ontrack (press release)",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2014/06/17/hdd-crashes-leading-cause-of-data-loss-with-72-kroll-ontrack/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-06-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "An overwhelming 72% of those surveyed noted that their most recent data loss came from a desktop or laptop HDD, followed by SSD (15%) and RAID/virtual services (13%)",
      "locator": "Section 'Data Loss Happens', second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Coverage differs on the 72%: the same release also gives 72% as the home-user share of losses from laptop and PC crashes (71% for businesses). Kroll Ontrack's press release as published by StorageNewsletter ('This is a Press Release edited by StorageNewsletter.com on June 17, 2014'); Ontrack's own copy (ontrack.com/en-au/blog/hdd-crashes-doubled-last-four-years, re-dated 2022 on its site, saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/ontrack-blog-hdd-crashes-doubled-last-four-years.txt) has the same figures but not the sample. Respondents are people who had already sent a device for recovery, so every one had lost data. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/storagenewsletter-2014-kroll-ontrack-hdd-crashes.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kroll-ontrack-2014-06-72pct-of-data-losses-from-desktop-or-laptop-hdd",
      "citation_text": "72% of Kroll Ontrack's recent data-recovery customers said their most recent data loss came from a desktop or laptop hard drive, against 15% from an SSD and 13% from RAID or virtual systems, among 1,066 surveyed (Kroll Ontrack, 2014). Source: Kroll Ontrack, \"HDD Crashes Leading Cause of Data Loss With 72% - Kroll Ontrack (press release)\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2014/06/17/hdd-crashes-leading-cause-of-data-loss-with-72-kroll-ontrack/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kroll-ontrack-2014-06-72pct-of-data-losses-from-desktop-or-laptop-hdd."
    },
    {
      "id": "kroll-ontrack-2015-03-one-third-had-ssd-malfunction-61pct-of-them-lost-data",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "61% of the respondents to Kroll Ontrack's 2015 SSD survey who had had an SSD malfunction (one third of nearly 2,000) lost data, and fewer than 20% recovered it (Kroll Ontrack, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 61,
      "unit": "% of respondents with an SSD malfunction who lost data",
      "display_value": "61%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global (Kroll Ontrack customers)",
      "period": "2014-2015",
      "population": "Nearly 2,000 respondents to Kroll Ontrack's SSD technology use survey (Kroll Ontrack customers; fieldwork dates not stated)",
      "sample_n": 2000,
      "publisher": "Kroll Ontrack",
      "source_title": "SSD Technology Highly Adopted But Not Infallible (Kroll Ontrack press release)",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=146486",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "one-third confirmed they experienced some sort of SSD technology malfunction. Of those who did, 61% lost data and fewer than 20% were successful in recovering their data",
      "locator": "Opening paragraphs of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Kroll Ontrack's press release as published by StorageNewsletter on 4 March 2015; the same release ran on globalsecuritymag.fr on 26 February 2015. Respondents were the firm's own customers, a group more likely than average to have had a failure. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/storagenewsletter-2015-kroll-ontrack-ssd-survey.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kroll-ontrack-2015-03-one-third-had-ssd-malfunction-61pct-of-them-lost-data",
      "citation_text": "61% of the respondents to Kroll Ontrack's 2015 SSD survey who had had an SSD malfunction (one third of nearly 2,000) lost data, and fewer than 20% recovered it (Kroll Ontrack, 2015). Source: Kroll Ontrack, \"SSD Technology Highly Adopted But Not Infallible (Kroll Ontrack press release)\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=146486). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kroll-ontrack-2015-03-one-third-had-ssd-malfunction-61pct-of-them-lost-data."
    },
    {
      "id": "kroll-ontrack-2015-03-ssd-recovery-requests-up-over-100pct-a-year-2011-2014",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "SSD recovery requests at Kroll Ontrack **more than doubled** each year on average from 2011 to 2014, by the firm's own count (Kroll Ontrack, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "% average year-over-year increase in SSD recovery requests (lower bound)",
      "display_value": "over 100% a year",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global (Kroll Ontrack customers)",
      "period": "2011-2014",
      "population": "SSD recovery requests received by Kroll Ontrack, 2011-2014 (counts not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kroll Ontrack",
      "source_title": "SSD Technology Highly Adopted But Not Infallible (Kroll Ontrack press release)",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=146486",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In fact, Kroll Ontrack has averaged over a 100% increase in SSD recovery requests year over year from 2011 – 2014.",
      "locator": "Quote from Kroll Ontrack's Robert Hegr, fourth paragraph of the release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The only published figure found on how fast SSDs grew in a recovery firm's caseload; no shares of total cases are given. Ontrack's 2016 release adds only that SSD recoveries 'have become a larger percentage of the full mix of media types'. Kroll Ontrack's press release as published by StorageNewsletter on 4 March 2015; the same release ran on globalsecuritymag.fr on 26 February 2015. Respondents were the firm's own customers, a group more likely than average to have had a failure. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/storagenewsletter-2015-kroll-ontrack-ssd-survey.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kroll-ontrack-2015-03-ssd-recovery-requests-up-over-100pct-a-year-2011-2014",
      "citation_text": "SSD recovery requests at Kroll Ontrack **more than doubled** each year on average from 2011 to 2014, by the firm's own count (Kroll Ontrack, 2015). Source: Kroll Ontrack, \"SSD Technology Highly Adopted But Not Infallible (Kroll Ontrack press release)\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=146486). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kroll-ontrack-2015-03-ssd-recovery-requests-up-over-100pct-a-year-2011-2014."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2016-05-38pct-of-customers-had-ssd-failure-64pct-of-them-lost-data",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "38% of 1,849 Ontrack data-recovery customers surveyed in May 2016 had had an SSD fail, and 64% of those lost data (Ontrack, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 38,
      "unit": "% of respondents who had experienced an SSD failure",
      "display_value": "38%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "North America, Europe and Asia Pacific",
      "period": "2016-05",
      "population": "1,849 Ontrack data-recovery customers across North America, Europe and Asia Pacific (email survey, May 2016)",
      "sample_n": 1849,
      "publisher": "Ontrack (Kroll Ontrack)",
      "source_title": "Survey: Data loss from solid state disk (SSD) technology increases with wider adoption",
      "source_url": "https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/press/survey-data-loss-from-solid-state-disk-ssd-technology",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Over one-third of survey respondents (38 percent) indicated they experienced a failure with SSD, and of those, nearly two-thirds (64 percent) lost data.",
      "locator": "Fourth paragraph of the release; footnote 1 gives the sample",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 2015 survey of nearly 2,000 customers gave 'one-third' (kroll-ontrack-2015-03-one-third-had-ssd-malfunction-61pct-of-them-lost-data). Press release dated 31 May 2016 in its text (the page shows a 2022 republication date). Respondents are the firm's own recovery customers, so the share who had an SSD fail is far higher than among all SSD users. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/ontrack-press-survey-data-loss-from-ssd-technology.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2016-05-38pct-of-customers-had-ssd-failure-64pct-of-them-lost-data",
      "citation_text": "38% of 1,849 Ontrack data-recovery customers surveyed in May 2016 had had an SSD fail, and 64% of those lost data (Ontrack, 2016). Source: Ontrack (Kroll Ontrack), \"Survey: Data loss from solid state disk (SSD) technology increases with wider adoption\" (https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/press/survey-data-loss-from-solid-state-disk-ssd-technology). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2016-05-38pct-of-customers-had-ssd-failure-64pct-of-them-lost-data."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2016-05-says-ssd-and-hdd-failure-rates-are-consistent",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "Ontrack's senior manager for data recovery said in 2016 that failure rates of SSDs and hard drives are consistent, though they fail in different ways (Ontrack, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative statement by a recovery firm",
      "display_value": "similar failure rates",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "North America, Europe and Asia Pacific",
      "period": "2016-05",
      "population": "1,849 Ontrack data-recovery customers across North America, Europe and Asia Pacific (email survey, May 2016)",
      "sample_n": 1849,
      "publisher": "Ontrack (Kroll Ontrack)",
      "source_title": "Survey: Data loss from solid state disk (SSD) technology increases with wider adoption",
      "source_url": "https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/press/survey-data-loss-from-solid-state-disk-ssd-technology",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "While adoption of SSD is up and failure rates between SSD and HDD are consistent, the types of failure are generally different.",
      "locator": "Quote from Jeff Pederson, fifth paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An opinion in a press release with no data behind it in the release; useful only as what a recovery firm says. Press release dated 31 May 2016 in its text (the page shows a 2022 republication date). Respondents are the firm's own recovery customers, so the share who had an SSD fail is far higher than among all SSD users. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/ontrack-press-survey-data-loss-from-ssd-technology.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2016-05-says-ssd-and-hdd-failure-rates-are-consistent",
      "citation_text": "Ontrack's senior manager for data recovery said in 2016 that failure rates of SSDs and hard drives are consistent, though they fail in different ways (Ontrack, 2016). Source: Ontrack (Kroll Ontrack), \"Survey: Data loss from solid state disk (SSD) technology increases with wider adoption\" (https://www.ontrack.com/en-us/press/survey-data-loss-from-solid-state-disk-ssd-technology). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2016-05-says-ssd-and-hdd-failure-rates-are-consistent."
    },
    {
      "id": "handy-recovery-2025-07-30pct-of-data-loss-from-hardware-failure",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "30% of data-loss incidents were caused by hardware failure and 34% by accidental deletion, according to 1,000 US adults surveyed by Handy Recovery Advisor in June 2025 (Handy Recovery Advisor, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "% of data-loss incidents attributed to hardware failure",
      "display_value": "30%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2025-06",
      "population": "1,000 US adults surveyed online by Handy Recovery Advisor (a data-recovery software review site) via Pollfish, June 2025",
      "sample_n": 1000,
      "publisher": "Handy Recovery Advisor",
      "source_title": "12 Eye-Opening Data Loss Statistics From Handy Recovery Advisor's Survey",
      "source_url": "https://www.handyrecovery.com/data-loss-statistics/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As to the most common cause of data loss – accidental deletion takes the crown, responsible for about 34% of cases. Right behind it, hardware failure accounts for another 30%.",
      "locator": "Finding 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Online panel survey by a site that reviews data-recovery software; the page says the survey ran on Pollfish from 24 June 2025. Causes are the respondents' own attribution of their data loss. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/handyrecovery-data-loss-survey.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#handy-recovery-2025-07-30pct-of-data-loss-from-hardware-failure",
      "citation_text": "30% of data-loss incidents were caused by hardware failure and 34% by accidental deletion, according to 1,000 US adults surveyed by Handy Recovery Advisor in June 2025 (Handy Recovery Advisor, 2025). Source: Handy Recovery Advisor, \"12 Eye-Opening Data Loss Statistics From Handy Recovery Advisor's Survey\" (https://www.handyrecovery.com/data-loss-statistics/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#handy-recovery-2025-07-30pct-of-data-loss-from-hardware-failure."
    },
    {
      "id": "handy-recovery-2025-07-70-7pct-of-us-adults-have-lost-data",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "70.7% of 1,000 US adults surveyed by Handy Recovery Advisor in June 2025 said they had lost data at least once, from any cause (Handy Recovery Advisor, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 70.7,
      "unit": "% of respondents who had ever lost data (any cause)",
      "display_value": "70.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2025-06",
      "population": "1,000 US adults surveyed online by Handy Recovery Advisor (a data-recovery software review site) via Pollfish, June 2025",
      "sample_n": 1000,
      "publisher": "Handy Recovery Advisor",
      "source_title": "12 Eye-Opening Data Loss Statistics From Handy Recovery Advisor's Survey",
      "source_url": "https://www.handyrecovery.com/data-loss-statistics/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Out of the 1,000 people we surveyed, only 293 said they’ve never lost data. That means 70.7% have.",
      "locator": "Finding 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Any cause, not only drive failure; combine with the 30% hardware share only as an indication. Online panel survey by a site that reviews data-recovery software; the page says the survey ran on Pollfish from 24 June 2025. Causes are the respondents' own attribution of their data loss. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/handyrecovery-data-loss-survey.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#handy-recovery-2025-07-70-7pct-of-us-adults-have-lost-data",
      "citation_text": "70.7% of 1,000 US adults surveyed by Handy Recovery Advisor in June 2025 said they had lost data at least once, from any cause (Handy Recovery Advisor, 2025). Source: Handy Recovery Advisor, \"12 Eye-Opening Data Loss Statistics From Handy Recovery Advisor's Survey\" (https://www.handyrecovery.com/data-loss-statistics/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#handy-recovery-2025-07-70-7pct-of-us-adults-have-lost-data."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-median-362-days-power-on",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "362 days (8,687 power-on hours) was the median running time before failure among 5,106 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 362,
      "unit": "days of power-on time at failure (median)",
      "display_value": "362 days",
      "display_label": "Secure Data Recovery, 5,106 failed HDDs, 2023-2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2023-2026",
      "population": "5,106 failed single hard drives (no RAID members) sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between early 2023 and mid 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure or physical damage (failed heads, burnt or defective PCB, damaged firmware); logical failures and drives reporting impossible SMART values excluded; power-on hours read from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 5106,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Ultimately, we found that the median hard drive in our sample failed at 8,687 hours (362 days).",
      "locator": "Section 'Our Findings', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample: only drives that failed badly enough to be sent for recovery, so it over-represents early and accidental failures (the firm says so: 'they contain a higher number of early-life failures than the total population'). It describes when failed drives died, not how long drives last in general. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-median-362-days-power-on",
      "citation_text": "362 days (8,687 power-on hours) was the median running time before failure among 5,106 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-median-362-days-power-on."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-average-807-days-power-on",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "807 days (19,375 power-on hours, about 2 years 2 months) was the average running time before failure among 5,106 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 807,
      "unit": "days of power-on time at failure (mean)",
      "display_value": "807 days",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2023-2026",
      "population": "5,106 failed single hard drives (no RAID members) sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between early 2023 and mid 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure or physical damage (failed heads, burnt or defective PCB, damaged firmware); logical failures and drives reporting impossible SMART values excluded; power-on hours read from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 5106,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The same disks lasted an average of 19,375 hours (807 days). That total equates to about 2 years, 2 months, and 17 days of use.",
      "locator": "Section 'Our Findings', second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "securedatarecovery-failed-hdd-average-power-on-days",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample: only drives that failed badly enough to be sent for recovery, so it over-represents early and accidental failures (the firm says so: 'they contain a higher number of early-life failures than the total population'). It describes when failed drives died, not how long drives last in general. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-average-807-days-power-on",
      "citation_text": "807 days (19,375 power-on hours, about 2 years 2 months) was the average running time before failure among 5,106 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-average-807-days-power-on."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-07-49-8pct-of-failed-hdds-failed-in-first-year",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "49.8% of the failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 had run less than one year (8,760 power-on hours) when they failed, among 5,106 drives (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 49.8,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with under 8,760 power-on hours",
      "display_value": "49.8%",
      "display_label": "Secure Data Recovery, 2023-2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2023-2026",
      "population": "5,106 failed single hard drives (no RAID members) sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between early 2023 and mid 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure or physical damage (failed heads, burnt or defective PCB, damaged firmware); logical failures and drives reporting impossible SMART values excluded; power-on hours read from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 5106,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In fact, 49.8% of the hard drives failed in fewer than 8,760 power-on hours (365 days).",
      "locator": "Section 'Our Findings', third paragraph; table 'Hard Drive Failure Breakdown' (Year 1: 2,543 drives)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample: only drives that failed badly enough to be sent for recovery, so it over-represents early and accidental failures (the firm says so: 'they contain a higher number of early-life failures than the total population'). It describes when failed drives died, not how long drives last in general. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-49-8pct-of-failed-hdds-failed-in-first-year",
      "citation_text": "49.8% of the failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 had run less than one year (8,760 power-on hours) when they failed, among 5,106 drives (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-49-8pct-of-failed-hdds-failed-in-first-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-07-30-5pct-of-failed-hdds-had-no-pending-sectors",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "30.5% of the failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 showed no pending bad sectors when they died, so SMART gave no warning, among 5,106 drives (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30.5,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with a current pending sector count of zero",
      "display_value": "30.5%",
      "display_label": "Secure Data Recovery, 2023-2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2023-2026",
      "population": "5,106 failed single hard drives (no RAID members) sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between early 2023 and mid 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure or physical damage (failed heads, burnt or defective PCB, damaged firmware); logical failures and drives reporting impossible SMART values excluded; power-on hours read from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 5106,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Interestingly, 30.5% of hard drives in the sample had zero current pending sectors. That means these damaged disks failed without receiving a SMART warning from their PC.",
      "locator": "Section 'Our Findings', paragraph after the failure-breakdown table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Only SMART attribute 197 (current pending sector count) was examined; other SMART attributes could still have warned. A data-recovery firm's own sample: only drives that failed badly enough to be sent for recovery, so it over-represents early and accidental failures (the firm says so: 'they contain a higher number of early-life failures than the total population'). It describes when failed drives died, not how long drives last in general. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-30-5pct-of-failed-hdds-had-no-pending-sectors",
      "citation_text": "30.5% of the failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 showed no pending bad sectors when they died, so SMART gave no warning, among 5,106 drives (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-30-5pct-of-failed-hdds-had-no-pending-sectors."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-average-life-23-2pct-shorter-than-2023-study",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "The average running time before failure of the hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery was 23.2% shorter in its 2023-2026 sample (807 days) than in its 2022 sample (1,051 days) (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": -23.2,
      "unit": "% change in mean power-on time at failure, 2023-2026 sample against 2022 sample",
      "display_value": "23.2% shorter",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2023-2026",
      "population": "5,106 failed single hard drives (no RAID members) sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between early 2023 and mid 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure or physical damage (failed heads, burnt or defective PCB, damaged firmware); logical failures and drives reporting impossible SMART values excluded; power-on hours read from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 5106,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average hard drive lifespan in our 2026 sample was 23.2% shorter than the disks in the 2023 study.",
      "locator": "Summary list at the top of the article",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The two samples were selected differently: 2022 kept only 'predictable' failures (wear such as reallocation errors); 2023-2026 kept mechanical failures and physical damage, including drops and surges, so the drop partly reflects the change of method. A data-recovery firm's own sample: only drives that failed badly enough to be sent for recovery, so it over-represents early and accidental failures (the firm says so: 'they contain a higher number of early-life failures than the total population'). It describes when failed drives died, not how long drives last in general. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-average-life-23-2pct-shorter-than-2023-study",
      "citation_text": "The average running time before failure of the hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery was 23.2% shorter in its 2023-2026 sample (807 days) than in its 2022 sample (1,051 days) (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-average-life-23-2pct-shorter-than-2023-study."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-by-year-of-operation-distribution",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2,543 of the 5,106 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 failed in their first year of running time, 676 in the second, 498 in the third and 192 after ten years or more (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2543,
      "unit": "failed drives by year of power-on time (count), year 1",
      "display_value": "2,543 in year 1",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2023-2026",
      "population": "5,106 failed single hard drives (no RAID members) sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between early 2023 and mid 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure or physical damage (failed heads, burnt or defective PCB, damaged firmware); logical failures and drives reporting impossible SMART values excluded; power-on hours read from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 5106,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Year 1 0 8,759 2,543 Year 2 8,760 17,519 676 Year 3 17,520 26,279 498",
      "locator": "Table 'Hard Drive Failure Breakdown' (Year of Operation, Hours From, Hours To, Failed Drives)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "securedatarecovery-2026-failed-hdds-by-year-of-operation",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Full table: Year 4 381, Year 5 242, Year 6 210, Year 7 166, Year 8 125, Year 9 73, Year 10+ 192 (up to 154,539 hours). The source's Year 7 starts at 52,660 hours (a typo for 52,560). A count of failed drives by age, not a failure rate: the population still running at each age is unknown. A data-recovery firm's own sample: only drives that failed badly enough to be sent for recovery, so it over-represents early and accidental failures (the firm says so: 'they contain a higher number of early-life failures than the total population'). It describes when failed drives died, not how long drives last in general. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-by-year-of-operation-distribution",
      "citation_text": "2,543 of the 5,106 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 failed in their first year of running time, 676 in the second, 498 in the third and 192 after ten years or more (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-by-year-of-operation-distribution."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-median-power-on-by-brand-wd-5536-seagate-15070",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "5,536 power-on hours was the median at failure for the Western Digital hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026, against 15,070 for Seagate, 7,639 for Toshiba and 14,348 for Hitachi (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5536,
      "unit": "power-on hours at failure (median), Western Digital",
      "display_value": "5,536 hours",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2023-2026",
      "population": "5,106 failed single hard drives (no RAID members) sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between early 2023 and mid 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure or physical damage (failed heads, burnt or defective PCB, damaged firmware); logical failures and drives reporting impossible SMART values excluded; power-on hours read from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 5106,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Western Digital 2,602 5,536 8 Seagate 1,476 15,070 21 Toshiba 486 7,639 93 Hitachi 339 14,348 21",
      "locator": "Table 'How Long Do Hard Drives Last (Median)' (Manufacturer, Hard Drives, Power-On Hours, Current Pending)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "NOT a brand ranking: the sample mixes internal and external drives used in different ways (WD's large share of portable drives, which are often dropped, is likely to pull its median down), and only failed drives are counted. Flag for the 'numbers we will not publish' list if presented as brand reliability. A data-recovery firm's own sample: only drives that failed badly enough to be sent for recovery, so it over-represents early and accidental failures (the firm says so: 'they contain a higher number of early-life failures than the total population'). It describes when failed drives died, not how long drives last in general. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-median-power-on-by-brand-wd-5536-seagate-15070",
      "citation_text": "5,536 power-on hours was the median at failure for the Western Digital hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026, against 15,070 for Seagate, 7,639 for Toshiba and 14,348 for Hitachi (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-failed-hdds-median-power-on-by-brand-wd-5536-seagate-15070."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-07-claims-96pct-recovery-success-rate",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "Secure Data Recovery claims a 96% success rate for its recovery services, its own marketing figure without a published definition (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 96,
      "unit": "% of cases recovered (firm's claim)",
      "display_value": "96%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Secure Data Recovery's own cases (definition of success and period not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Our services feature a 96% success rate, free quotes, and a No Data, No Recovery Fee guarantee.",
      "locator": "Closing paragraph before 'Frequently Asked Questions'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A vendor claim, not a measured statistic: no case count, period or definition of 'success' is given. A data-recovery firm's own sample: only drives that failed badly enough to be sent for recovery, so it over-represents early and accidental failures (the firm says so: 'they contain a higher number of early-life failures than the total population'). It describes when failed drives died, not how long drives last in general. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-claims-96pct-recovery-success-rate",
      "citation_text": "Secure Data Recovery claims a 96% success rate for its recovery services, its own marketing figure without a published definition (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last? [2026 Edition]\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-07-claims-96pct-recovery-success-rate."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-median-190-days-power-on",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "190 days (4,559 power-on hours) was the median running time before failure among 3,453 failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from January 2023 to June 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "The median failed external drive sent to one US recovery lab had run **190 days** of power-on time.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 190,
      "unit": "days of power-on time at failure (median)",
      "display_value": "190 days",
      "display_label": "Secure Data Recovery, 3,453 external HDDs, 2023-2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "January 2023 to June 2026",
      "population": "3,453 failed external hard drives from five brands sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between January 2023 and June 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure, physical damage or both; logical errors and drives with damaged firmware (unreliable SMART values) excluded; power-on hours from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 3453,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The median external hard drive failed after 4,559 power-on hours. That figure equates to the disk spinning for nearly 190 days (6 months and 6 days) before it stops.",
      "locator": "Section 'Finding #1: When External Hard Drives Fail in the Real World', first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed external drives; the firm notes it 'will likely include more early failures than the broader population'. Power-on hours count hours spinning, not calendar age. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-median-190-days-power-on",
      "citation_text": "190 days (4,559 power-on hours) was the median running time before failure among 3,453 failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from January 2023 to June 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-median-190-days-power-on."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-average-665-days-power-on",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "665 days (15,961 power-on hours, about 1 year 10 months) was the average running time before failure among 3,453 failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 665,
      "unit": "days of power-on time at failure (mean)",
      "display_value": "665 days",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "January 2023 to June 2026",
      "population": "3,453 failed external hard drives from five brands sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between January 2023 and June 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure, physical damage or both; logical errors and drives with damaged firmware (unreliable SMART values) excluded; power-on hours from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 3453,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In contrast, the average external hard drive in the sample failed at 15,961 power-on hours. Thus, the external hard drives lasted an average of 665 days (1 year, 9 months, and 26 days).",
      "locator": "Section 'Finding #1', paragraph after the backup-methods table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed external drives; the firm notes it 'will likely include more early failures than the broader population'. Power-on hours count hours spinning, not calendar age. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-average-665-days-power-on",
      "citation_text": "665 days (15,961 power-on hours, about 1 year 10 months) was the average running time before failure among 3,453 failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-average-665-days-power-on."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-08-60-8pct-of-failed-external-hdds-failed-in-first-year",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "60.8% of the failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 had run less than one year when they failed (2,101 of 3,453 drives) (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "**60.8%** of failed external hard drives sent to one US recovery lab had run under a year (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 60.8,
      "unit": "% of failed external drives with under 8,760 power-on hours",
      "display_value": "60.8%",
      "display_label": "Secure Data Recovery, 2023-2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "January 2023 to June 2026",
      "population": "3,453 failed external hard drives from five brands sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between January 2023 and June 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure, physical damage or both; logical errors and drives with damaged firmware (unreliable SMART values) excluded; power-on hours from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 3453,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "All told, 60.8% of the external hard drives (2,101 total) in the sample didn’t make it to the one-year mark.",
      "locator": "Section 'Finding #2: When External Hard Drive Failure Rates Spike'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed external drives; the firm notes it 'will likely include more early failures than the broader population'. Power-on hours count hours spinning, not calendar age. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-60-8pct-of-failed-external-hdds-failed-in-first-year",
      "citation_text": "60.8% of the failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 had run less than one year when they failed (2,101 of 3,453 drives) (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-60-8pct-of-failed-external-hdds-failed-in-first-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-08-49-6pct-of-failed-external-hdds-failed-within-six-months",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "49.6% of the failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 had run less than six months, and 2.2% less than 24 hours (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 49.6,
      "unit": "% of failed external drives with under six months of power-on time",
      "display_value": "49.6%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "January 2023 to June 2026",
      "population": "3,453 failed external hard drives from five brands sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between January 2023 and June 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure, physical damage or both; logical errors and drives with damaged firmware (unreliable SMART values) excluded; power-on hours from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 3453,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In fact, 2.2% of the external HDDs (76 drives) failed before they reached 24 hours. 49.6% of our sample (1,713 disks) didn’t last six months.",
      "locator": "Section 'Finding #2', first paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed external drives; the firm notes it 'will likely include more early failures than the broader population'. Power-on hours count hours spinning, not calendar age. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-49-6pct-of-failed-external-hdds-failed-within-six-months",
      "citation_text": "49.6% of the failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 had run less than six months, and 2.2% less than 24 hours (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-49-6pct-of-failed-external-hdds-failed-within-six-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-08-27-2pct-of-failed-external-hdds-had-no-pending-sectors",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "27.2% of the failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 had no pending bad sectors when they died, so SMART gave no warning (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 27.2,
      "unit": "% of failed external drives with a current pending sector count of zero",
      "display_value": "27.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "January 2023 to June 2026",
      "population": "3,453 failed external hard drives from five brands sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between January 2023 and June 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure, physical damage or both; logical errors and drives with damaged firmware (unreliable SMART values) excluded; power-on hours from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 3453,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Yet, more than one-fourth of HDDs (27.2%) in the sample failed without a single current pending sector. There was zero warning that failure could be imminent.",
      "locator": "Section 'Finding #3: What Kills External Hard Drives'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed external drives; the firm notes it 'will likely include more early failures than the broader population'. Power-on hours count hours spinning, not calendar age. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-27-2pct-of-failed-external-hdds-had-no-pending-sectors",
      "citation_text": "27.2% of the failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 had no pending bad sectors when they died, so SMART gave no warning (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-27-2pct-of-failed-external-hdds-had-no-pending-sectors."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-by-year-of-operation-distribution",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "2,101 of the 3,453 failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 failed in their first year of running time, 402 in the second and 272 in the third (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2101,
      "unit": "failed external drives by year of power-on time (count), year 1",
      "display_value": "2,101 in year 1",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "January 2023 to June 2026",
      "population": "3,453 failed external hard drives from five brands sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between January 2023 and June 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure, physical damage or both; logical errors and drives with damaged firmware (unreliable SMART values) excluded; power-on hours from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 3453,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Year 1 0 8,759 2,101 Year 2 8,760 17,519 402 Year 3 17,520 26,279 272",
      "locator": "Table 'External Hard Drive Failure Breakdown'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "securedatarecovery-2026-failed-external-hdds-by-year-of-operation",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Full table: Year 4 190, Year 5 127, Year 6 85, Year 7 90, Year 8 67, Year 9 31, Year 10+ 88 (up to 124,292 hours). Counts of failed drives, not failure rates. A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed external drives; the firm notes it 'will likely include more early failures than the broader population'. Power-on hours count hours spinning, not calendar age. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-by-year-of-operation-distribution",
      "citation_text": "2,101 of the 3,453 failed external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 failed in their first year of running time, 402 in the second and 272 in the third (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-failed-external-hdds-by-year-of-operation-distribution."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-08-external-drives-leading-causes-drops-surges-heat-defects",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "Accidental drops, power surges, extreme heat and manufacturing defects were the leading causes of failure among the external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "leading causes of failure (qualitative)",
      "display_value": "drops, surges, heat, defects",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "January 2023 to June 2026",
      "population": "3,453 failed external hard drives from five brands sent to Secure Data Recovery for recovery between January 2023 and June 2026, all diagnosed with mechanical failure, physical damage or both; logical errors and drives with damaged firmware (unreliable SMART values) excluded; power-on hours from SMART attribute 9 at failure",
      "sample_n": 3453,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Accidental drops, power surges, extreme heat, and manufacturing defects are the leading causes of failure in this cohort.",
      "locator": "Section 'Finding #3: What Kills External Hard Drives', first sentence",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "No shares by cause are published. A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed external drives; the firm notes it 'will likely include more early failures than the broader population'. Power-on hours count hours spinning, not calendar age. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-external-drives-leading-causes-drops-surges-heat-defects",
      "citation_text": "Accidental drops, power surges, extreme heat and manufacturing defects were the leading causes of failure among the external hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery from 2023 to mid 2026 (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-external-drives-leading-causes-drops-surges-heat-defects."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-25233-power-on-hours-2-years-10-months",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**25,233 power-on hours** (1,051 days, about 2 years 10 months) was the average running time before failure among 2,007 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022 (Secure Data Recovery, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1051,
      "unit": "days of power-on time at failure (mean)",
      "display_value": "2 years 10 months",
      "display_label": "Secure Data Recovery, 2,007 failed HDDs, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "2,007 failed hard drives (40 GB to 10 TB, six makers) sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022, keeping only 'predictable' failures (such as accumulated reallocation errors) and excluding surges, malware, disasters and mishandling; power-on hours counted from first use to arrival at the lab",
      "sample_n": 2007,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Power-on hours indicate that the average hard drive in the sample spun for 25,233 hours before failing. That represents 1,051 days or two years and ten months.",
      "locator": "Section 'The Data Behind Hard Drive Performance', paragraph after the manufacturer table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "securedatarecovery-failed-hdd-average-power-on-days",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Widely restated as 'hard drives last 2 years 10 months on average' (Network World, Tom's Hardware, TweakTown 2023); Backblaze answered it with its own analysis of 17,155 failed drives (backblaze-drive-stats family). A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed drives, not a survival study of all drives. Page published 8 March 2023 (updated 10 March 2026 with the same figures); a 17 March 2023 Wayback capture with identical figures is saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-wayback-20230317.txt; live text saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-25233-power-on-hours-2-years-10-months",
      "citation_text": "**25,233 power-on hours** (1,051 days, about 2 years 10 months) was the average running time before failure among 2,007 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022 (Secure Data Recovery, 2023). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-25233-power-on-hours-2-years-10-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-1548-pending-sectors",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "1,548 bad sectors (current pending sector count) was the average at failure among 2,007 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022 (Secure Data Recovery, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1548,
      "unit": "current pending sectors at failure (mean)",
      "display_value": "1,548",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "2,007 failed hard drives (40 GB to 10 TB, six makers) sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022, keeping only 'predictable' failures (such as accumulated reallocation errors) and excluding surges, malware, disasters and mishandling; power-on hours counted from first use to arrival at the lab",
      "sample_n": 2007,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During that span, the sample’s average device developed 1,548 bad sectors.",
      "locator": "Section 'The Data Behind Hard Drive Performance'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed drives, not a survival study of all drives. Page published 8 March 2023 (updated 10 March 2026 with the same figures); a 17 March 2023 Wayback capture with identical figures is saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-wayback-20230317.txt; live text saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-1548-pending-sectors",
      "citation_text": "1,548 bad sectors (current pending sector count) was the average at failure among 2,007 failed hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022 (Secure Data Recovery, 2023). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-1548-pending-sectors."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-power-on-by-brand-toshiba-34799-hitachi-18632",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "34,799 power-on hours was the average at failure for the Toshiba hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022, the highest of six makers, against 25,676 for Western Digital, 23,298 for Seagate and 18,632 for Hitachi (Secure Data Recovery, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 34799,
      "unit": "power-on hours at failure (mean), Toshiba",
      "display_value": "34,799 hours",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "2,007 failed hard drives (40 GB to 10 TB, six makers) sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022, keeping only 'predictable' failures (such as accumulated reallocation errors) and excluding surges, malware, disasters and mishandling; power-on hours counted from first use to arrival at the lab",
      "sample_n": 2007,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Western Digital 936 25,676 628 Seagate 559 23,298 2,671 Hitachi 211 18,632 3,348 Toshiba 151 34,799 1,884",
      "locator": "Manufacturer table (Disks, Power-On Hours, Current Pending Sector Count)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Also Samsung 123 drives 19,224 hours, Maxtor 27 drives 29,771 hours. NOT a brand ranking: failed drives only, mixed uses and ages; flag if a page presents it as brand reliability. A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed drives, not a survival study of all drives. Page published 8 March 2023 (updated 10 March 2026 with the same figures); a 17 March 2023 Wayback capture with identical figures is saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-wayback-20230317.txt; live text saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-power-on-by-brand-toshiba-34799-hitachi-18632",
      "citation_text": "34,799 power-on hours was the average at failure for the Toshiba hard drives sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022, the highest of six makers, against 25,676 for Western Digital, 23,298 for Seagate and 18,632 for Hitachi (Secure Data Recovery, 2023). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2023-03-failed-hdds-average-power-on-by-brand-toshiba-34799-hitachi-18632."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2023-03-most-durable-failed-hdd-models-made-before-2015",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "The five most durable hard-drive models of each maker in Secure Data Recovery's 2022 sample of 2,007 failed drives were all made before 2015, and most of the least durable after 2015 (Secure Data Recovery, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2015,
      "unit": "release year dividing the most and least durable models",
      "display_value": "before 2015",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (drives sent to Secure Data Recovery's labs)",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "2,007 failed hard drives (40 GB to 10 TB, six makers) sent to Secure Data Recovery in 2022, keeping only 'predictable' failures (such as accumulated reallocation errors) and excluding surges, malware, disasters and mishandling; power-on hours counted from first use to arrival at the lab",
      "sample_n": 2007,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Hard Drives Last",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-03-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We found that the five most durable and resilient hard drives from each manufacturer were made before 2015. On the other hand, most of the least durable and resilient hard drives from each manufacturer were made after 2015.",
      "locator": "Section 'The Data Behind Hard Drive Performance', after the model charts",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Durability here is power-on hours and pending sectors at failure among failed drives only; older models in the sample had more time to accumulate hours, a survivorship effect the firm does not discuss. A data-recovery firm's own sample of failed drives, not a survival study of all drives. Page published 8 March 2023 (updated 10 March 2026 with the same figures); a 17 March 2023 Wayback capture with identical figures is saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last-wayback-20230317.txt; live text saved as raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2023-03-most-durable-failed-hdd-models-made-before-2015",
      "citation_text": "The five most durable hard-drive models of each maker in Secure Data Recovery's 2022 sample of 2,007 failed drives were all made before 2015, and most of the least durable after 2015 (Secure Data Recovery, 2023). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do Hard Drives Last\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2023-03-most-durable-failed-hdd-models-made-before-2015."
    },
    {
      "id": "deloitte-2011-02-51pct-of-americans-lost-content-to-computer-or-hard-drive-failure",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "51% of Americans had experienced a computer or hard drive failure that caused them to lose photos, movies or other digital content, among nearly 2,000 consumers aged 14 to 75 surveyed for Deloitte in 2010 (Deloitte, 2011).",
      "short_statement": "**51%** of Americans had lost photos, films or other files to a computer or hard-drive failure.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 51,
      "unit": "% of respondents who had lost content to a computer or hard drive failure",
      "display_value": "51%",
      "display_label": "Deloitte survey, 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2010-09/2010-10",
      "population": "Nearly 2,000 US consumers aged 14 to 75, online survey by Harrison Group for Deloitte, 10 September to 8 October 2010 (margin of error plus or minus 2 points)",
      "sample_n": 2000,
      "publisher": "Deloitte",
      "source_title": "Deloitte's 'State of the Media Democracy' Survey: TV Industry Embraces the Internet and Prospers",
      "source_url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/deloittes-state-of-the-media-democracy-survey-tv-industry-embraces-the-internet-and-prospers-115002929.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-02-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The survey reveals that 51 percent of Americans have experienced a computer or hard drive failure that caused them to lose photos, movies, or other digital content.",
      "locator": "Paragraph on cloud storage (after the device-ownership figures); methodology in the closing paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Deloitte's own press release (fifth edition of State of the Media Democracy). Backblaze's blog restated it as '51% of Americans Have Lost Digital Content' and added its own '100 million people' extrapolation, which is not Deloitte's. The question combines computer and hard-drive failure. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/prnewswire-2011-deloitte-state-of-the-media-democracy-5th.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#deloitte-2011-02-51pct-of-americans-lost-content-to-computer-or-hard-drive-failure",
      "citation_text": "51% of Americans had experienced a computer or hard drive failure that caused them to lose photos, movies or other digital content, among nearly 2,000 consumers aged 14 to 75 surveyed for Deloitte in 2010 (Deloitte, 2011). Source: Deloitte, \"Deloitte's 'State of the Media Democracy' Survey: TV Industry Embraces the Internet and Prospers\" (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/deloittes-state-of-the-media-democracy-survey-tv-industry-embraces-the-internet-and-prospers-115002929.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#deloitte-2011-02-51pct-of-americans-lost-content-to-computer-or-hard-drive-failure."
    },
    {
      "id": "ontrack-2014-65pct-of-australians-most-recent-data-loss-from-desktop-or-laptop-hdd",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "65% of the Australians in Kroll Ontrack's 2014 customer survey said their most recent data loss came from a desktop or laptop hard drive, against 16% from an SSD and 12% from a tablet or smartphone (Kroll Ontrack, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 65,
      "unit": "% of Australian respondents whose most recent data loss came from a desktop or laptop HDD",
      "display_value": "65%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Australia",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Australian respondents to Kroll Ontrack's 2014 survey of recent data-recovery customers (part of 1,066 customers in 10 countries; Australian count not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Ontrack (Kroll Ontrack)",
      "source_title": "HDD crashes more than doubled in the last four years",
      "source_url": "https://www.ontrack.com/en-au/blog/hdd-crashes-doubled-last-four-years",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-06-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "65 percent of Australians surveyed noted that their most recent data loss came from a desktop or laptop hard drive, followed by SSD (16 percent), tablet/smart phone (12 percent) and RAID/virtual services (7 percent)",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Ontrack's Australian page carries a 2022 republication date; the survey and the global release date from June 2014 (StorageNewsletter, 17 June 2014; see kroll-ontrack-2014-06-72pct-of-data-losses-from-desktop-or-laptop-hdd). Respondents are recovery customers, so all had lost data. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/ontrack-blog-hdd-crashes-doubled-last-four-years.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2014-65pct-of-australians-most-recent-data-loss-from-desktop-or-laptop-hdd",
      "citation_text": "65% of the Australians in Kroll Ontrack's 2014 customer survey said their most recent data loss came from a desktop or laptop hard drive, against 16% from an SSD and 12% from a tablet or smartphone (Kroll Ontrack, 2014). Source: Ontrack (Kroll Ontrack), \"HDD crashes more than doubled in the last four years\" (https://www.ontrack.com/en-au/blog/hdd-crashes-doubled-last-four-years). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ontrack-2014-65pct-of-australians-most-recent-data-loss-from-desktop-or-laptop-hdd."
    },
    {
      "id": "securedatarecovery-2026-08-no-fleet-of-external-drives-large-enough-for-afr",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "No fleet of external hard drives large enough to measure annualized failure rates is tracked, Secure Data Recovery noted in 2026, so its external-drive figures come from failed drives sent to its labs (Secure Data Recovery, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "statement of a data gap",
      "display_value": "no AFR data for external drives",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Published failure-rate data for external and portable hard drives (as described by Secure Data Recovery)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Secure Data Recovery Services",
      "source_title": "How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?",
      "source_url": "https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Unfortunately, there isn’t a large enough fleet of external hard drives to track this data. Therefore, AFR only offers limited insight into external storage units with an enterprise HDD inside",
      "locator": "Section 'Inside Our Study of 3,453 Failed External Hard Drives', 'Methodology', third paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The search for this page found no maker, retailer or fleet operator publishing failure or return rates for external or portable drives as a class; hardware.fr's dossiers covered internal drives only, Puget Systems sells workstations, and Backblaze's fleet is internal data-centre drives. The only measured external-drive figures found are recovery firms' samples of failed drives (Secure Data Recovery 2026; Payam's model lists). Makers' external-drive warranties are in the ratings-endurance-retention family. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/sdr-how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-no-fleet-of-external-drives-large-enough-for-afr",
      "citation_text": "No fleet of external hard drives large enough to measure annualized failure rates is tracked, Secure Data Recovery noted in 2026, so its external-drive figures come from failed drives sent to its labs (Secure Data Recovery, 2026). Source: Secure Data Recovery Services, \"How Long Do External Hard Drives Last?\" (https://www.securedatarecovery.com/blog/how-long-do-external-hard-drives-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#securedatarecovery-2026-08-no-fleet-of-external-drives-large-enough-for-afr."
    },
    {
      "id": "gartner-2006-06-motherboards-and-hard-drives-top-notebook-and-desktop-failures",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "Motherboards and hard drives were the two most common sources of hardware failure in notebook and desktop PCs under two years old, Gartner reported in 2006 (Gartner, 2006).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "ranking of hardware failure sources (qualitative)",
      "display_value": "top two causes",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global (Gartner client and third-party data)",
      "period": "2005-2006",
      "population": "Notebook and desktop PCs, failures defined by Gartner as any repair needing a hardware component replaced (data from third parties and Gartner clients; counts not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Gartner (as reported by InformationWeek)",
      "source_title": "PC Failure Rates Drop, But Not Far Enough",
      "source_url": "https://www.informationweek.com/it-leadership/pc-failure-rates-drop-but-not-far-enough",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2006-06-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For notebooks, the top sources of failure on systems less than two years old are motherboards and hard drives, followed by chassis, including latches, hinges, feet and case cracks; keyboards and screens, Gartner said.",
      "locator": "Fourth paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Gartner's research note is paywalled; InformationWeek's report of 26 June 2006 is the earliest open account found (InfoWorld/IDG and The Register ran the same figures the same week). TWICE's report the same day gives the share (see gartner-2006-06-notebook-failures-motherboards-and-hard-drives-25-to-45pct). Same article: notebook annual failure rates 'ranged from 15 percent for machines bought today to a projected 20 percent in three years'. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/informationweek-2006-06-gartner-pc-failure-rates.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gartner-2006-06-motherboards-and-hard-drives-top-notebook-and-desktop-failures",
      "citation_text": "Motherboards and hard drives were the two most common sources of hardware failure in notebook and desktop PCs under two years old, Gartner reported in 2006 (Gartner, 2006). Source: Gartner (as reported by InformationWeek), \"PC Failure Rates Drop, But Not Far Enough\" (https://www.informationweek.com/it-leadership/pc-failure-rates-drop-but-not-far-enough). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gartner-2006-06-motherboards-and-hard-drives-top-notebook-and-desktop-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "gartner-2006-06-notebook-failures-motherboards-and-hard-drives-25-to-45pct",
      "family": "consumer-drives-and-recovery",
      "statement": "**25% to 45%** of notebook hardware failures were motherboard and hard-drive failures, Gartner found in 2006 from warranty repair providers and end-user surveys (Gartner, 2006).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 45,
      "unit": "% of notebook hardware failures (upper end of the range, motherboards and hard drives)",
      "display_value": "25% to 45%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global (Gartner client and repair-provider data)",
      "period": "2005-2006",
      "population": "Notebook PCs bought in 2005-2006; failures defined as any problem requiring replacement of a hardware component; data from warranty repair providers and end-user surveys (counts not published)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Gartner (as reported by TWICE)",
      "source_title": "Computer Failure Rate Declining",
      "source_url": "https://www.twice.com/?p=75400",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2006-06-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Motherboards and hard drives were also the likely problem to crop up with notebooks, comprising between 25 percent and 45 percent of all failures.",
      "locator": "Fifth paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TWICE's wording leaves open whether the range applies to each component or to the two together; techcentral.ie (17 September 2006) wrote that the two 'account for nearly 50% of all failures'. Gartner's own note is paywalled. Same article: 'Gartner developed the data for the study by contacting warranty repair providers and surveying end users'. Raw text saved in raw/consumer-drives-and-recovery/twice-2006-06-gartner-pc-notebook-failure-rates.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gartner-2006-06-notebook-failures-motherboards-and-hard-drives-25-to-45pct",
      "citation_text": "**25% to 45%** of notebook hardware failures were motherboard and hard-drive failures, Gartner found in 2006 from warranty repair providers and end-user surveys (Gartner, 2006). Source: Gartner (as reported by TWICE), \"Computer Failure Rate Declining\" (https://www.twice.com/?p=75400). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gartner-2006-06-notebook-failures-motherboards-and-hard-drives-25-to-45pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "hpe-2019-11-sas-ssd-firmware-bug-fails-at-32768-power-on-hours",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "HPE warned that certain of its SAS SSDs would fail at 32,768 hours of operation (3 years, 270 days and 8 hours) unless updated to firmware HPD8, with neither the drive nor its data recoverable afterwards (HPE, 2019).",
      "short_statement": "Some SAS SSDs would fail at exactly **32,768 hours** of operation unless their firmware was updated (HPE, 2019).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 32768,
      "unit": "power-on hours at which the drives fail (firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "32,768 hours",
      "display_label": "HPE customer bulletin, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (HPE servers and storage)",
      "period": "2019 (bulletin first released 22 November 2019)",
      "population": "HPE-branded 12G SAS SSDs (19 model numbers, 20 SKUs) in HPE ProLiant, Synergy, Apollo, ConvergedSystem, D3000/D6000/D6020, MSA, StoreEasy 1000 and StoreVirtual products, running drive firmware older than HPD8",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hewlett Packard Enterprise",
      "source_title": "Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 32,768 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00092491en_us)",
      "source_url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=emr_na-a00092491en_us",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The issue affects SSDs with an HPE firmware version prior to HPD8 that results in SSD failure at 32,768 hours of operation (i.e., 3 years, 270 days 8 hours).",
      "locator": "Description section, paragraph after the platform list (document version 8, last updated 2024-02-23)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The maker's own bulletin. Version history: original release 11/22/2019, revisions to 02/23/2024. HPE says it 'was notified by a Solid State Drive (SSD) manufacturer of a firmware defect' and does not name the supplier. 32,768 = 2 to the 15th power, the limit of a signed 16-bit counter (our arithmetic, not HPE's wording). The page renders by script; the text was saved from HPE's document endpoint https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/api/document/emr_na-a00092491en_us, which serves the same bulletin.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2019-11-sas-ssd-firmware-bug-fails-at-32768-power-on-hours",
      "citation_text": "HPE warned that certain of its SAS SSDs would fail at 32,768 hours of operation (3 years, 270 days and 8 hours) unless updated to firmware HPD8, with neither the drive nor its data recoverable afterwards (HPE, 2019). Source: Hewlett Packard Enterprise, \"Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 32,768 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00092491en_us)\" (https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=emr_na-a00092491en_us). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2019-11-sas-ssd-firmware-bug-fails-at-32768-power-on-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "hpe-2019-11-ssds-put-into-service-together-likely-to-fail-nearly-simultaneously",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "HPE warned that SAS SSDs hit by its 32,768-hour firmware bug could not be recovered, nor their data, and that drives put into service at the same time would likely fail nearly simultaneously, so RAID would not protect them (HPE, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's warning on recoverability and simultaneous failure)",
      "display_value": "Nearly simultaneous failure",
      "display_label": "HPE customer bulletin, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (HPE servers and storage)",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "HPE SAS SSDs running drive firmware older than HPD8 (the 32,768-hour defect)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hewlett Packard Enterprise",
      "source_title": "Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 32,768 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00092491en_us)",
      "source_url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=emr_na-a00092491en_us",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "After the SSD failure occurs, neither the SSD nor the data can be recovered. In addition, SSDs which were put into service at the same time will likely fail nearly simultaneously.",
      "locator": "Description section, sentence after the 32,768-hours statement",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 'so RAID would not protect them' clause paraphrases HPE's own IMPORTANT note: failure 'will result in drive failure and data loss ... and in fault tolerance RAID mode if more drives fail than what is supported'. The same two sentences recur in the 2020 40,000-hour bulletin (a00097382en_us).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2019-11-ssds-put-into-service-together-likely-to-fail-nearly-simultaneously",
      "citation_text": "HPE warned that SAS SSDs hit by its 32,768-hour firmware bug could not be recovered, nor their data, and that drives put into service at the same time would likely fail nearly simultaneously, so RAID would not protect them (HPE, 2019). Source: Hewlett Packard Enterprise, \"Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 32,768 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00092491en_us)\" (https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=emr_na-a00092491en_us). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2019-11-ssds-put-into-service-together-likely-to-fail-nearly-simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "id": "hpe-2019-11-32768-hour-bug-affected-19-sas-ssd-models-20-skus",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "**19** HPE SAS SSD models (20 SKUs, 400 GB to 15.3 TB) were listed as affected by the 32,768-hour firmware failure, which HPE said was a comprehensive list (HPE, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 19,
      "unit": "SSD model numbers listed as affected",
      "display_value": "19 models",
      "display_label": "HPE customer bulletin, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (HPE servers and storage)",
      "period": "2019",
      "population": "HPE SAS SSD models in the bulletin's Scope table (model numbers VO0480JFDGT to VO015300JWSSV; SKU 816562-B21 and others), firmware older than HPD8",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hewlett Packard Enterprise",
      "source_title": "Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 32,768 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00092491en_us)",
      "source_url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=emr_na-a00092491en_us",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The list of impacted SSD models identified in this documentation is comprehensive. No other drive models are affected.",
      "locator": "Scope section, IMPORTANT NOTE above the table; count from the Scope table (HPE Model Number column)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Count of distinct values in the Scope table's 'HPE Model Number' column (19; VK003840JWSST appears under two SKUs, giving 20 SKU rows)",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Counted by us from the table; HPE does not state the total. HPE gives no count of drives in the field.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2019-11-32768-hour-bug-affected-19-sas-ssd-models-20-skus",
      "citation_text": "**19** HPE SAS SSD models (20 SKUs, 400 GB to 15.3 TB) were listed as affected by the 32,768-hour firmware failure, which HPE said was a comprehensive list (HPE, 2019). Source: Hewlett Packard Enterprise, \"Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 32,768 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00092491en_us)\" (https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=emr_na-a00092491en_us). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2019-11-32768-hour-bug-affected-19-sas-ssd-models-20-skus."
    },
    {
      "id": "hpe-2020-03-sas-ssd-firmware-bug-fails-at-40000-power-on-hours",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "HPE warned in March 2020 that four of its SAS SSD models would fail at **40,000 power-on hours** (4 years, 206 days and 16 hours) unless updated to firmware HPD7, a second bug unrelated to the 32,768-hour one (HPE, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 40000,
      "unit": "power-on hours at which the drives fail (firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "40,000 hours",
      "display_label": "HPE customer bulletin, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (HPE servers and storage)",
      "period": "2020 (bulletin first released 20 March 2020)",
      "population": "HPE 12G SAS SSDs EK0800JVYPN (800 GB write-intensive), EO1600JVYPP (1.6 TB write-intensive), MK0800JVYPQ (800 GB mixed-use), MO1600JVYPR (1.6 TB mixed-use), firmware older than HPD7, in ProLiant, Synergy, Apollo 4200, SimpliVity OmniCube, Superdome Flex and other HPE products",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hewlett Packard Enterprise",
      "source_title": "Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 40,000 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00097382en_us)",
      "source_url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=a00097382en_us",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-03-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The issue affects SSDs with an HPE firmware version prior to HPD7 that results in SSD failure at 40,000 power-on hours of operation (i.e., 4 years, 206 days, 16 hours).",
      "locator": "Description section, end of the paragraph naming the affected HPE products (document version 5, last updated 2021-03-08)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "HPE: 'While the failure mode is similar, this issue is unrelated to the SSD issue ... released in November 2019' and 'this issue is not unique to HPE and potentially affects other manufacturers and customers that purchased these drives.' HPE added that, from the dates the drives began shipping, none could fail before October 2020 except SimpliVity OmniCube units. Dell (KB 000177640) and Cisco (FN70545) published the same 40,000-hour failure for their own SKUs. Text saved from https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/api/document/a00097382en_us.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2020-03-sas-ssd-firmware-bug-fails-at-40000-power-on-hours",
      "citation_text": "HPE warned in March 2020 that four of its SAS SSD models would fail at **40,000 power-on hours** (4 years, 206 days and 16 hours) unless updated to firmware HPD7, a second bug unrelated to the 32,768-hour one (HPE, 2020). Source: Hewlett Packard Enterprise, \"Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 40,000 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00097382en_us)\" (https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=a00097382en_us). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2020-03-sas-ssd-firmware-bug-fails-at-40000-power-on-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "hpe-2020-03-40000-hour-bug-not-unique-to-hpe-four-models",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "HPE said its 40,000-hour SSD failure was not unique to HPE and potentially affected other manufacturers' customers who bought the same drives; four HPE SAS SSD models were listed (HPE, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "SSD model numbers listed as affected",
      "display_value": "4 models",
      "display_label": "HPE customer bulletin, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (HPE servers and storage)",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "HPE SAS SSDs EK0800JVYPN, EO1600JVYPP, MK0800JVYPQ and MO1600JVYPR (800 GB and 1.6 TB), firmware older than HPD7",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hewlett Packard Enterprise",
      "source_title": "Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 40,000 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00097382en_us)",
      "source_url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=a00097382en_us",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-03-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In addition, this issue is not unique to HPE and potentially affects other manufacturers and customers that purchased these drives.",
      "locator": "Description section, IMPORTANT box at the top; Scope table (four model numbers)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "HPE does not name the drive's maker. Trade press at the time attributed both HPE bugs to SanDisk-designed SAS SSDs (Western Digital); no maker's document we fetched confirms it, so it is not stated as fact.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2020-03-40000-hour-bug-not-unique-to-hpe-four-models",
      "citation_text": "HPE said its 40,000-hour SSD failure was not unique to HPE and potentially affected other manufacturers' customers who bought the same drives; four HPE SAS SSD models were listed (HPE, 2020). Source: Hewlett Packard Enterprise, \"Bulletin: (Revision) HPE SAS Solid State Drives - Critical Firmware Upgrade Required for Certain HPE SAS Solid State Drive Models to Prevent Drive Failure at 40,000 Hours of Operation (Document ID a00097382en_us)\" (https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=a00097382en_us). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2020-03-40000-hour-bug-not-unique-to-hpe-four-models."
    },
    {
      "id": "dell-2020-enterprise-sas-ssds-fail-at-40000-power-on-hours-firmware-d417",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Dell listed nine of its enterprise SAS SSD models (LT0200MO to LT0800WM) as failing at **40,000 power-on hours** on firmware older than D417, the failed drive reporting 0 GB of available storage (Dell, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 40000,
      "unit": "power-on hours at which the drives fail (firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "40,000 hours",
      "display_label": "Dell knowledge base article 000177640",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Dell servers and storage)",
      "period": "2020 (article current to 2026)",
      "population": "Dell EMC enterprise SAS SSDs LT0200MO, LT0400MO, LT0800MO, LT1600MO, LT0800RO, LT1600RO, LT0200WM, LT0400WM and LT0800WM, firmware older than D417, in PowerEdge servers, PowerVault storage and DSS 7500 systems",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Dell Technologies",
      "source_title": "PowerEdge: SSDs, LTXX00MO, LTXX00RO, LTXX00WM Fail at 40,000 Power-on Hours (Article Number 000177640)",
      "source_url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000177640/dell-emc-enterprise-ssds-model-numbers-lt0200mo-lt0400mo-lt0800mo-lt1600mo-lt0800ro-lt1600ro-lt0200wm-lt0400wm-and-lt0800wm-unexpected-failures-at-40-000-power-on-hours",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "...have a firmware issue that results in drive failure at 40,000 power-on hours.",
      "locator": "Cause section (article version 17, last modified 09 Jul 2026)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "published_at is the version fetched (last modified 2026-07-09); the article's slug and the press date its first publication to March 2020, which the page as fetched does not show. Fetched with WebFetch because curl got HTTP 403; the tool returned verbatim sentences only up to 125 characters, saved in raw/dell-kb-000177640-webfetch.txt. Also in Cause: 'A failed drive due to this firmware issue resulted in the drive reporting 0 GB of available storage.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#dell-2020-enterprise-sas-ssds-fail-at-40000-power-on-hours-firmware-d417",
      "citation_text": "Dell listed nine of its enterprise SAS SSD models (LT0200MO to LT0800WM) as failing at **40,000 power-on hours** on firmware older than D417, the failed drive reporting 0 GB of available storage (Dell, 2020). Source: Dell Technologies, \"PowerEdge: SSDs, LTXX00MO, LTXX00RO, LTXX00WM Fail at 40,000 Power-on Hours (Article Number 000177640)\" (https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000177640/dell-emc-enterprise-ssds-model-numbers-lt0200mo-lt0400mo-lt0800mo-lt1600mo-lt0800ro-lt1600ro-lt0200wm-lt0400wm-and-lt0800wm-unexpected-failures-at-40-000-power-on-hours). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#dell-2020-enterprise-sas-ssds-fail-at-40000-power-on-hours-firmware-d417."
    },
    {
      "id": "cisco-2020-04-fn70545-ssd-fails-at-40000-power-on-hours-industry-wide-index-bug",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Cisco attributed the **40,000**-power-on-hour SSD failure (about 4.5 years) to an industry-wide firmware index bug, after which the drive reports 0 GB and must be replaced (Cisco, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 40000,
      "unit": "power-on hours at which the drives fail (firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "40,000 hours",
      "display_label": "Cisco Field Notice FN70545, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Cisco UCS and HyperFlex servers)",
      "period": "2020 (notice first released 23 April 2020, revised to 30 June 2023)",
      "population": "Cisco-branded SAS SSDs (400 GB and 1.6 TB enterprise-performance PIDs such as UCS-SD400G12S4-EP, UCS-SD16TB12S4-EP, HX-SD400G12TX-EP) in UCS and HyperFlex systems, firmware older than C405",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Cisco Systems",
      "source_title": "Field Notice: FN70545 - SSD Will Fail at 40,000 Power-On Hours - BIOS/Firmware Upgrade Recommended",
      "source_url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/field-notices/705/fn70545.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-04-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Because of an industry wide firmware index bug, a drive that operates for 40,000 hours will experience an invalid index and will cease to function.",
      "locator": "Background section; Problem Symptom: 'after 40,000 power-on hours (4.5 years), the SSD will report that 0 GB of available storage space rem[ains]'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Cisco also says: 'The problem is caused by a check that checks for the index to pass N when the value can go to N+1. This does not impact the wear specification of the drive.' The notice does not name the drive's maker. Revision 2.0 (2023-06-30) added four PIDs, three years after the first release. Fetched with WebFetch (curl got HTTP 403); verbatim extract saved in raw/cisco-fn70545-webfetch.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cisco-2020-04-fn70545-ssd-fails-at-40000-power-on-hours-industry-wide-index-bug",
      "citation_text": "Cisco attributed the **40,000**-power-on-hour SSD failure (about 4.5 years) to an industry-wide firmware index bug, after which the drive reports 0 GB and must be replaced (Cisco, 2020). Source: Cisco Systems, \"Field Notice: FN70545 - SSD Will Fail at 40,000 Power-On Hours - BIOS/Firmware Upgrade Recommended\" (https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/field-notices/705/fn70545.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cisco-2020-04-fn70545-ssd-fails-at-40000-power-on-hours-industry-wide-index-bug."
    },
    {
      "id": "vmware-broadcom-kb-329029-ssd-failures-32k-40k-hours-dell-hpe-cisco-firmware",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "VMware's vSAN knowledge base lists one SSD failure at **32,000 or 40,000 power-on hours** across three server makers' firmware (Dell below D417, HPE below HPD7, Cisco below C405), with disk groups going offline and possible data loss (Broadcom, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (cross-vendor advisory)",
      "display_value": "3 server makers",
      "display_label": "VMware vSAN KB 329029 (Broadcom)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (VMware vSAN clusters)",
      "period": "2020 event (knowledge base article as updated in 2025)",
      "population": "SSDs in VMware vSAN clusters on Dell, HPE and Cisco servers running the affected drive firmware",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Broadcom (VMware)",
      "source_title": "SSDs experience unexpected failures at 32k/40k power-on hours (Article ID 329029)",
      "source_url": "https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/329029/ssds-experience-unexpected-failures-at-3.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-04-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Symptoms: SSDs experience unexpected failures Disk groups going offline Dell firmware below D417 HPE firmware below HPD7 Cisco firmware below C405",
      "locator": "Issue/Introduction, Symptoms list",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A platform vendor's advisory linking the three makers' notices, not the drives' maker. The page's datePublished field reads '04-08-2025' (read as 8 April 2025, US format; the article predates Broadcom's migration of VMware's knowledge base). Cause given: 'Faulty disk firmware'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#vmware-broadcom-kb-329029-ssd-failures-32k-40k-hours-dell-hpe-cisco-firmware",
      "citation_text": "VMware's vSAN knowledge base lists one SSD failure at **32,000 or 40,000 power-on hours** across three server makers' firmware (Dell below D417, HPE below HPD7, Cisco below C405), with disk groups going offline and possible data loss (Broadcom, 2025). Source: Broadcom (VMware), \"SSDs experience unexpected failures at 32k/40k power-on hours (Article ID 329029)\" (https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/329029/ssds-experience-unexpected-failures-at-3.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#vmware-broadcom-kb-329029-ssd-failures-32k-40k-hours-dell-hpe-cisco-firmware."
    },
    {
      "id": "intel-2011-08-ssd-320-8mb-bad-ctx-bug-after-unexpected-power-loss",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Intel said an SSD 320 Series drive could show a capacity of **8 MB** after an unexpected power loss under specific conditions, after which no data on it could be read, and released firmware 4PC10362 to fix it (Intel, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "MB, capacity reported by an affected drive",
      "display_value": "8 MB",
      "display_label": "Intel Communities announcement, 2011",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2011 (fix posted 17 August 2011)",
      "population": "Intel SSD 320 Series consumer and business SATA SSDs on firmware older than 4PC10362",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Intel Corporation (NVM Solutions Group), archived by Solidigm",
      "source_title": "Firmware update now available - Addresses Bad Context 13x Error",
      "source_url": "https://community.solidigm.com/t5/archive/firmware-update-now-available-addresses-bad-context-13x-error/m-p/13811",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-08-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "an Intel SSD 320 Series drive may exhibit a drive capacity of 8MB and an electronic serial # field containing a message of \"BAD_CTX 0000013x\" caused by an unexpected power loss under specific conditions.",
      "locator": "Original post by Alan_F_Intel (NVM Solutions Group), 08-17-2011 12:18 PM, 'Background' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Posted by an Intel employee on Intel's Communities forum, now archived on community.solidigm.com after Intel sold its SSD business to SK hynix (Solidigm). The post continues: 'Once this error occurs, no data on the SSD can be accessed and the user cannot write to or read from the SSD.' Intel offered replacement or a secure erase (data lost) for drives already affected; 'The firmware update will not recover user data.' Intel gave no count of affected drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2011-08-ssd-320-8mb-bad-ctx-bug-after-unexpected-power-loss",
      "citation_text": "Intel said an SSD 320 Series drive could show a capacity of **8 MB** after an unexpected power loss under specific conditions, after which no data on it could be read, and released firmware 4PC10362 to fix it (Intel, 2011). Source: Intel Corporation (NVM Solutions Group), archived by Solidigm, \"Firmware update now available - Addresses Bad Context 13x Error\" (https://community.solidigm.com/t5/archive/firmware-update-now-available-addresses-bad-context-13x-error/m-p/13811). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2011-08-ssd-320-8mb-bad-ctx-bug-after-unexpected-power-loss."
    },
    {
      "id": "western-digital-2020-wd-red-2tb-to-6tb-use-device-managed-smr",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Western Digital confirmed in **April 2020** that its WD Red NAS drives of 2 TB, 3 TB, 4 TB and 6 TB used device-managed shingled magnetic recording (DMSMR), and in June 2020 renamed its conventional (CMR) NAS drives WD Red Plus (Western Digital, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's disclosure of recording technology)",
      "display_value": "2 TB to 6 TB",
      "display_label": "Western Digital blog, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020 (posts of 22 April and 23 June 2020)",
      "population": "WD Red NAS hard drives, 2 TB to 6 TB (WD20EFAX, WD30EFAX, WD40EFAX, WD60EFAX)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red NAS Drives (Western Digital blog, updated 23 June 2020)",
      "source_url": "https://blog.westerndigital.com/wd-red-nas-drives/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-04-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Our current device-managed shingled magnetic recording (DMSMR) (2TB, 3TB, 4TB, and 6TB) WD Red series will be the choice for the majority of NAS owners whose demands are lighter SOHO workloads.",
      "locator": "June 23, 2020 update, 'The WD Red Family' list, first bullet; April 22, 2020 post table (WD Red, 2TB - 6TB: SMR)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The April 22, 2020 post opens: 'Your concerns were heard loud and clear', followed by a table of which client drives use SMR. SMR is not a failure mode; it is in this family because the disclosure led to the class action (Malone v. Western Digital, record western-digital-2021-12-wd-red-smr-class-action-settlement-2-7-million).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2020-wd-red-2tb-to-6tb-use-device-managed-smr",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital confirmed in **April 2020** that its WD Red NAS drives of 2 TB, 3 TB, 4 TB and 6 TB used device-managed shingled magnetic recording (DMSMR), and in June 2020 renamed its conventional (CMR) NAS drives WD Red Plus (Western Digital, 2020). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red NAS Drives (Western Digital blog, updated 23 June 2020)\" (https://blog.westerndigital.com/wd-red-nas-drives/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2020-wd-red-2tb-to-6tb-use-device-managed-smr."
    },
    {
      "id": "western-digital-2020-06-smr-wd-red-can-result-in-slower-raid-rebuild-times",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Western Digital acknowledged that its SMR WD Red NAS drives can take longer to rebuild a RAID array in some cases, and that ZFS resilvering left them too little idle time, causing significantly lower performance reported by users (Western Digital, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's acknowledgement)",
      "display_value": "Slower RAID rebuilds",
      "display_label": "Western Digital blog, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020 (post of 23 June 2020)",
      "population": "WD Red DMSMR NAS hard drives (2 TB to 6 TB) in RAID and ZFS NAS systems",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red NAS Drives (Western Digital blog, updated 23 June 2020)",
      "source_url": "https://blog.westerndigital.com/wd-red-nas-drives/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-06-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "we acknowledge that in some cases DMSMR, for the idle-time reasons covered earlier, can result in slower rebuild times.",
      "locator": "June 23, 2020 update, section 'The Right Drive for SOHO Users', third paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "On ZFS: 'The increased amount of sustained random writes during ZFS resilvering ... causes a lack of idle time for DMSMR drives to execute internal data management tasks, resulting in significantly lower performance reported by users.' WD gives no figures.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2020-06-smr-wd-red-can-result-in-slower-raid-rebuild-times",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital acknowledged that its SMR WD Red NAS drives can take longer to rebuild a RAID array in some cases, and that ZFS resilvering left them too little idle time, causing significantly lower performance reported by users (Western Digital, 2020). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red NAS Drives (Western Digital blog, updated 23 June 2020)\" (https://blog.westerndigital.com/wd-red-nas-drives/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2020-06-smr-wd-red-can-result-in-slower-raid-rebuild-times."
    },
    {
      "id": "western-digital-2021-12-wd-red-smr-class-action-settlement-2-7-million",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "$2.7 million was Western Digital's maximum payment under the court-approved settlement of the US class action over SMR WD Red NAS drives bought from October 2018 to July 2021, fees and costs included (N.D. Cal., 2021).",
      "short_statement": "Western Digital paid at most **$2.7 million** to settle the class action over shingled WD Red NAS drives.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2700000,
      "unit": "US dollars, defendant's maximum settlement payment (court-approved)",
      "display_value": "$2.7 million",
      "display_label": "Malone v. Western Digital, final approval order, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2021 (final approval 22 December 2021; class purchases October 2018 to 21 July 2021)",
      "population": "US buyers of WD Red NAS drives using SMR (WD20EFAX, WD30EFAX, WD40EFAX, WD60EFAX), October 2018 to 21 July 2021, excluding resellers",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "Malone et al. v. Western Digital Corporation, Case No. 5:20-cv-03584-NC, Final Order Approving Class Action Settlement (Document 71, filed 12/22/21)",
      "source_url": "https://truthinadvertising.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Malone-v-Western-Digital-Corp-final-approval-order.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-12-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Defendant's maximum financial commitment under the Settlement shall be two million seven hundred thousand dollars ($2,700,000.00).",
      "locator": "Page 7, paragraph 10(a) 'Settlement Consideration'; class definition paragraph 4, page 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A court figure. The amount includes attorneys' fees and expenses, incentive awards, administration costs and the cash awards. Injunctive relief (para. 10(b)): WD must disclose SMR on packaging and product pages of SMR WD Red drives for at least four years. Western Digital admitted no wrongdoing in the order we read. The PDF is the court's filed order (ECF header 'Case 5:20-cv-03584-NC Document 71 Filed 12/22/21') as hosted by truthinadvertising.org; CourtListener and PACER were not reachable without login.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2021-12-wd-red-smr-class-action-settlement-2-7-million",
      "citation_text": "$2.7 million was Western Digital's maximum payment under the court-approved settlement of the US class action over SMR WD Red NAS drives bought from October 2018 to July 2021, fees and costs included (N.D. Cal., 2021). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"Malone et al. v. Western Digital Corporation, Case No. 5:20-cv-03584-NC, Final Order Approving Class Action Settlement (Document 71, filed 12/22/21)\" (https://truthinadvertising.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Malone-v-Western-Digital-Corp-final-approval-order.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2021-12-wd-red-smr-class-action-settlement-2-7-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "western-digital-2021-12-wd-red-smr-settlement-46898-claims-filed",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "**46,898** claims were filed in the WD Red SMR class settlement, and the more than 10,000 claims that sought payment for over five drives each added up to more than 1 billion drives, so the court approved proof-of-purchase checks (N.D. Cal., 2021).",
      "short_statement": "**46,898** claims were filed in the WD Red settlement.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 46898,
      "unit": "claims filed in the class settlement (administrator's count, as recited by the court)",
      "display_value": "46,898 claims",
      "display_label": "Malone v. Western Digital, final approval order, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Claims submitted to JND Legal Administration in Malone v. Western Digital (WD Red SMR NAS drives)",
      "sample_n": 46898,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "Malone et al. v. Western Digital Corporation, Case No. 5:20-cv-03584-NC, Final Order Approving Class Action Settlement (Document 71, filed 12/22/21)",
      "source_url": "https://truthinadvertising.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Malone-v-Western-Digital-Corp-final-approval-order.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-12-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "of the 46,898 claims filed, more than 10,000 claims sought reimbursement for more than 5 Hard Drives apiece. Cumulatively, these 10,000 claims sought reimbursement for more than 1 billion total Hard Drives.",
      "locator": "Pages 11 and 12, paragraph 20 (quoting the Eoff declaration, para. 31)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The court also approved an additional $190,000 of administration expenses (total $492,073) and noted one claimant sought payment for '999,999,999 Hard Drives'. The claim count is not a count of affected drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2021-12-wd-red-smr-settlement-46898-claims-filed",
      "citation_text": "**46,898** claims were filed in the WD Red SMR class settlement, and the more than 10,000 claims that sought payment for over five drives each added up to more than 1 billion drives, so the court approved proof-of-purchase checks (N.D. Cal., 2021). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"Malone et al. v. Western Digital Corporation, Case No. 5:20-cv-03584-NC, Final Order Approving Class Action Settlement (Document 71, filed 12/22/21)\" (https://truthinadvertising.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Malone-v-Western-Digital-Corp-final-approval-order.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2021-12-wd-red-smr-settlement-46898-claims-filed."
    },
    {
      "id": "nelson-v-seagate-2017-02-complaint-alleged-st3000dm001-afr-false-citing-backblaze-29-5pct",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "The ST3000DM001 class action complaint alleged that Seagate's published annualized failure rate of less than 1% was false, citing Backblaze's count that 1,423 of 4,829 deployed Seagate 3 TB drives (**29.5%**) had failed by March 2015; the court let that claim proceed (N.D. Cal., 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 29.5,
      "unit": "% of deployed drives failed (Backblaze figure cited in the complaint)",
      "display_value": "29.5%",
      "display_label": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, order of 9 February 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (court); Backblaze data centres (data)",
      "period": "2012 to March 2015 (Backblaze data); order 2017",
      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 3 TB hard drives deployed by Backblaze (4,829 drives), cited in the second consolidated amended complaint",
      "sample_n": 4829,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 3:16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Regarding Motion to Dismiss (Document 100, filed 02/09/17)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-2.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-02-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As of March 31, 2015, 1,423 of the 4,829 deployed Seagate 3TB drives had failed, that's 29.5% of the drives.",
      "locator": "Page 15, section on 'Published Annualized Failure Rate' (quoting RJN Ex. A at 9, the Backblaze report); page 16 holding",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An allegation in a complaint, judicially noticed as a document the complaint incorporates; the court held only that the allegation of a false AFR was plausible. The figures are Backblaze's own (its 2015 post on 3 TB drive failures): the original belongs to backblaze-drive-stats. The order also recites Backblaze's annual rates of 2.7% (2012), 5.4% (2013) and 47.2% (2014), and the plaintiffs' allegation of an AFR of 30.94% for the first three quarters of 2015. Seagate argued Backblaze used consumer drives in commercial service and 'shucked' external drives. Retailer return rates of the ST3000DM001 (hardware.fr, 10 points from 3.36% for sales 2011-10 to 2012-04 to 0.95% for 2016-07 to 2016-12) are consumer-drives-and-recovery's: hardware-fr-2012-10-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-3-36pct to hardware-fr-2017-08-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-0-95pct; not duplicated here.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2017-02-complaint-alleged-st3000dm001-afr-false-citing-backblaze-29-5pct",
      "citation_text": "The ST3000DM001 class action complaint alleged that Seagate's published annualized failure rate of less than 1% was false, citing Backblaze's count that 1,423 of 4,829 deployed Seagate 3 TB drives (**29.5%**) had failed by March 2015; the court let that claim proceed (N.D. Cal., 2017). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 3:16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Regarding Motion to Dismiss (Document 100, filed 02/09/17)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-2.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2017-02-complaint-alleged-st3000dm001-afr-false-citing-backblaze-29-5pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-advertised-st3000dm001-afr-0-34pct",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "0.34% was the annualized failure rate an April 2011 Seagate Barracuda product manual gave for the ST3000DM001, and other Seagate documents gave less than 1%, according to the evidence described by the court (N.D. Cal., 2018).",
      "short_statement": "Seagate's product manual gave its ST3000DM001 drive a **0.34%** annualized failure rate.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.34,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate, maker's published specification",
      "display_value": "0.34%",
      "display_label": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, order of 5 July 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (court); worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2011 to 2013 (specification); order 2018",
      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 3 TB desktop hard drive (Barracuda), maker's published AFR specification",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A Barracuda product manual from April 2011, which Hospodor suggests was available on Seagate's website, indicated that the ST300DM001 drive had an AFR of 0.34%.",
      "locator": "Page 4-5, Background, summary of the Hospodor declaration (citing Bates FED_SEAG0019056)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A specification, not a measurement. The order spells the model 'ST300DM001' throughout. The court adds that 'Other documents and websites from around the same time and continuing through January of 2013 also represented an AFR of either 0.34% or less than 1%', and that a data sheet giving less than 1% stayed online and some manuals carried it as late as 2016.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-advertised-st3000dm001-afr-0-34pct",
      "citation_text": "0.34% was the annualized failure rate an April 2011 Seagate Barracuda product manual gave for the ST3000DM001, and other Seagate documents gave less than 1%, according to the evidence described by the court (N.D. Cal., 2018). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-advertised-st3000dm001-afr-0-34pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-plaintiffs-expert-seagate-oct-2011-shipping-approval-first-year-afr-2-621pct",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "2.621% was the actual first-year annualized failure rate on Seagate's October 2011 shipping approval for ST3000DM001 drives sold through OEM and distribution channels, according to the plaintiffs' expert as described by the court (N.D. Cal., 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.621,
      "unit": "% first-year annualized failure rate in maker's internal testing (as described by plaintiffs' expert)",
      "display_value": "2.621%",
      "display_label": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, order of 5 July 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (court)",
      "period": "October 2011 (internal document); order 2018",
      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 drives in internal reliability testing for OEM and distributor release (Grenada Classic), per the Hospodor declaration",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "According to Hospodor, the October 2011 shipping approval document for those products listed an actual first-year AFR of 2.621% and a \"demonstrated reduced AFR\" of 0.95%.",
      "locator": "Page 7, Background, summary of the Hospodor declaration para. 81",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The plaintiffs' expert's reading of Seagate internal documents, not a court finding. Seagate's expert (Adams) countered that the higher AFRs applied to external drives or to drives under a shipping hold, and the court found the expert's opinion of a consistently above-1% AFR not supported. Keep the attribution.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-plaintiffs-expert-seagate-oct-2011-shipping-approval-first-year-afr-2-621pct",
      "citation_text": "2.621% was the actual first-year annualized failure rate on Seagate's October 2011 shipping approval for ST3000DM001 drives sold through OEM and distribution channels, according to the plaintiffs' expert as described by the court (N.D. Cal., 2018). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-plaintiffs-expert-seagate-oct-2011-shipping-approval-first-year-afr-2-621pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-plaintiffs-expert-grenada-classic-june-2012-post-release-afr-3-436pct",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "3.436% was the first-year annualized failure rate in Seagate's June 2012 post-release testing of the ST3000DM001 (Grenada Classic), against the under-1% rate it advertised, according to the plaintiffs' expert as described by the court (N.D. Cal., 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.436,
      "unit": "% first-year annualized failure rate in maker's internal testing (as described by plaintiffs' expert)",
      "display_value": "3.436%",
      "display_label": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, order of 5 July 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (court)",
      "period": "June 2012 (internal testing); order 2018",
      "population": "Seagate ST3000DM001 'Grenada Classic' drives in post-release reliability testing, per the Hospodor declaration",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Post-release testing of the Grenada Classic product in June of 2012 demonstrated a first-year AFR of 3.436% and reduced AFR of 2.35%.",
      "locator": "Page 7, Background, summary of the Hospodor declaration paras. 84-85",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The plaintiffs' expert's reading of Seagate internal documents, not a court finding. The order adds: 'Approximately one in four failures during the post-release testing were attributable to read-write heads.' Seagate's expert said such documents covered drives not sold to consumers or only external products.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-plaintiffs-expert-grenada-classic-june-2012-post-release-afr-3-436pct",
      "citation_text": "3.436% was the first-year annualized failure rate in Seagate's June 2012 post-release testing of the ST3000DM001 (Grenada Classic), against the under-1% rate it advertised, according to the plaintiffs' expert as described by the court (N.D. Cal., 2018). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-plaintiffs-expert-grenada-classic-june-2012-post-release-afr-3-436pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-field-failure-rate-1-29pct-vs-test-afr-1-24pct",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "**1.29%** was the actual field failure rate of one Seagate drive product (codenamed Pharaoh) over two years, against 1.24% predicted by testing, by a Seagate chart the plaintiffs' expert cited; the court called the gap 'around twelve percent', though the two rates differ by about 4% (N.D. Cal., 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.29,
      "unit": "% actual field failure rate (maker's internal chart, as described by the court)",
      "display_value": "1.29%",
      "display_label": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, order of 5 July 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (court)",
      "period": "Two-year period before 2018 (not dated in the order)",
      "population": "One Seagate drive product codenamed 'Pharaoh' (not the ST3000DM001), per a Seagate chart cited in the Hospodor rebuttal declaration",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "field failure rate was around twelve percent, not twelve percentage points, higher than the average tested AFR: the actual failure rate was 1.29% and the test-derived AFR was 1.24%.",
      "locator": "Page 17, footnote 14 (citing Hospodor Rebuttal Decl. para. 52 and fig. 10)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rare published comparison of a maker's tested AFR with its own field failure rate, but for one product and from a litigation exhibit as summarised by the court; the 12% is relative, not percentage points. Label it as the court's description of a Seagate chart.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-field-failure-rate-1-29pct-vs-test-afr-1-24pct",
      "citation_text": "**1.29%** was the actual field failure rate of one Seagate drive product (codenamed Pharaoh) over two years, against 1.24% predicted by testing, by a Seagate chart the plaintiffs' expert cited; the court called the gap 'around twelve percent', though the two rates differ by about 4% (N.D. Cal., 2018). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-field-failure-rate-1-29pct-vs-test-afr-1-24pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-afr-basis-2400-poh-desktop-730-poh-external",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "**2,400 power-on hours** a year (about 6.5 hours a day) was the use Seagate assumed in calculating reliability ratings for desktop drives such as the ST3000DM001, and 730 hours (two hours a day) for external drives, according to the experts as described by the court (N.D. Cal., 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2400,
      "unit": "power-on hours a year assumed in the maker's AFR and MTBF calculations",
      "display_value": "2,400 hours a year",
      "display_label": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, order of 5 July 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (court)",
      "period": "2011 to 2015 (product ratings); order 2018",
      "population": "Seagate desktop (internal) and external hard drives, reliability-rating assumptions as described by plaintiffs' expert Hospodor and Seagate's expert Adams",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate calculates its reliability metrics for desktop drives like the ST300DM001 based on a POH value of 2,400, or about 6.5 hours per day if used every day of the year.",
      "locator": "Page 4, Background (Hospodor declaration para. 36); external-drive 730 POH on page 16 (Adams declaration paras. 55-56)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Why a rated AFR is not a lifespan: the rating assumes a duty cycle. The order: Seagate's manuals before January 2015 represented that the AFR was 'based upon an 8760 POH workload' (24 hours a day), per Hospodor; Adams: Seagate uses 'two hours of use per day, or 730 POH per year' for external drives. Overlaps ratings-endurance-retention (HDD power-on-hours assumptions); recorded here because the source is the court record.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-afr-basis-2400-poh-desktop-730-poh-external",
      "citation_text": "**2,400 power-on hours** a year (about 6.5 hours a day) was the use Seagate assumed in calculating reliability ratings for desktop drives such as the ST3000DM001, and 730 hours (two hours a day) for external drives, according to the experts as described by the court (N.D. Cal., 2018). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 16-cv-00523-JCS, Order Denying Motion for Class Certification (Document 182, filed 07/05/18)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-5.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2018-07-seagate-afr-basis-2400-poh-desktop-730-poh-external."
    },
    {
      "id": "nelson-v-seagate-2019-st3000dm001-class-action-ended-without-class-or-settlement",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "The US class action over Seagate's ST3000DM001 3 TB drive ended **without a class or a class settlement**: the court denied class certification in July 2018 and again in January 2019, and the plaintiffs dismissed the case with prejudice in May 2019, each side bearing its own costs (N.D. Cal., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (case outcome)",
      "display_value": "No class settlement",
      "display_label": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, 2016-2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2016 to 2019",
      "population": "Proposed classes of US buyers of products containing the ST3000DM001 (the renewed motion: eight state classes of buyers of internal drives made on or before 1 January 2015)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 3:16-cv-00523-JCS, Notice of Voluntary Dismissal (Document 219, filed 05/02/19)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-8.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-05-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "hereby give notice of their voluntary dismissal with prejudice of this action as to Seagate Technology, LLC, pursuant to Fed. Civ. P. Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(ii). Each party has agreed to bear its own costs.",
      "locator": "Page 2 of the notice; class-certification denials: Document 182 (07/05/18) and Document 200 (01/22/19), govinfo packages -5 and -7",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The renewed motion (Document 200, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-7.pdf) sought eight classes in California, Florida, Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee and Texas and was denied. Any private terms of the dismissal are not in the record we read. Often restated as 'Seagate lost' or 'Seagate settled': neither is shown by the docket. For the drive's retail return rates see the hardware.fr ST3000DM001 series in consumer-drives-and-recovery (hardware-fr-2012-10-seagate-st3000dm001-return-rate-3-36pct and following).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2019-st3000dm001-class-action-ended-without-class-or-settlement",
      "citation_text": "The US class action over Seagate's ST3000DM001 3 TB drive ended **without a class or a class settlement**: the court denied class certification in July 2018 and again in January 2019, and the plaintiffs dismissed the case with prejudice in May 2019, each side bearing its own costs (N.D. Cal., 2019). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re Seagate Technology LLC Litigation, Case No. 3:16-cv-00523-JCS, Notice of Voluntary Dismissal (Document 219, filed 05/02/19)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_16-cv-00523-8.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nelson-v-seagate-2019-st3000dm001-class-action-ended-without-class-or-settlement."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2023-02-990-pro-health-drop-caused-by-firmware-fix-1b2qjxd7",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Samsung said the abnormal drop in the S.M.A.R.T. health reading of its 990 PRO SSDs was caused by **a firmware problem**, fixed by firmware 1B2QJXD7 released on 13 February 2023, which did not restore health already lost (Samsung, via ComputerBase, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's statement on a firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "Firmware fault",
      "display_label": "Samsung statement, ComputerBase, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "December 2022 to February 2023",
      "population": "Samsung 990 PRO NVMe M.2 consumer SSDs (1 TB and 2 TB) on launch firmware 0B2QJXD7",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ComputerBase (quoting Samsung's statement and Samsung's support-forum moderator)",
      "source_title": "Samsung 990 Pro: SMART-Wert „Health“ sinkt bei einigen viel zu schnell (Update 4)",
      "source_url": "https://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/samsung-990-pro-smart-wert-health-sinkt-bei-einigen-viel-zu-schnell/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Es wurde festgestellt, dass diese Anomalien durch Probleme mit der Firmware der 990 PRO SSD verursacht wurden.",
      "locator": "Update 14.02.2023 13:58 Uhr, quoting Samsung moderator DavidB in Samsung's support forum",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Samsung published no release notes; its own firmware page no longer lists 1B2QJXD7. ComputerBase is the outlet Samsung answered directly (statement of 27 January 2023: 'Samsung steht hinter der Qualität seiner SSDs, einschließlich der neuen NVMe M.2 SSD 990 PRO') and it reproduces the moderator's German post, including: 'Die S.M.A.R.T.-Werte werden nach der Aktualisierung der Firmware nicht auf die Werkseinstellungen zurückgesetzt.' The quote is in German, verbatim. User reports in the article (for example 64% health after 2 TB written) are anecdotes, not statistics. Samsung gave no count of affected drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2023-02-990-pro-health-drop-caused-by-firmware-fix-1b2qjxd7",
      "citation_text": "Samsung said the abnormal drop in the S.M.A.R.T. health reading of its 990 PRO SSDs was caused by **a firmware problem**, fixed by firmware 1B2QJXD7 released on 13 February 2023, which did not restore health already lost (Samsung, via ComputerBase, 2023). Source: ComputerBase (quoting Samsung's statement and Samsung's support-forum moderator), \"Samsung 990 Pro: SMART-Wert „Health“ sinkt bei einigen viel zu schnell (Update 4)\" (https://www.computerbase.de/2023-01/samsung-990-pro-smart-wert-health-sinkt-bei-einigen-viel-zu-schnell/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2023-02-990-pro-health-drop-caused-by-firmware-fix-1b2qjxd7."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2025-09-990-pro-firmware-7b2qjxd7-intermittent-non-recognition-blue-screen",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Samsung released firmware 7B2QJXD7 for the 990 PRO in September 2025 to address an **intermittent non-recognition and blue screen issue**, and 8B2QJXD7 in December 2025 to improve read-operation stability (Samsung, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's firmware release note)",
      "display_value": "Non-recognition fix",
      "display_label": "Samsung consumer storage firmware page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "September 2025 (and December 2025)",
      "population": "Samsung 990 PRO and 990 PRO with Heatsink NVMe M.2 consumer SSDs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Semiconductor",
      "source_title": "Samsung Consumer Storage: Tools (Samsung Storage Firmware, NVMe SSD-990 PRO Series Firmware)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-12-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "(7B2QJXD7) To address the intermittent non-recognition and blue screen issue. (Release: September 2025)",
      "locator": "Firmware section, 'NVMe SSD-990 PRO Series Firmware' notes",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "published_at: the newest note on the page is dated 'December 2025' (day set to 01). The page also says 4B2QJXD7 (December 2024) addressed 'reports of high temperatures logged on Samsung Magician'. Samsung gives no cause or count. Whether this is linked to the August 2025 Windows 11 reports is not stated by Samsung; do not connect them.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2025-09-990-pro-firmware-7b2qjxd7-intermittent-non-recognition-blue-screen",
      "citation_text": "Samsung released firmware 7B2QJXD7 for the 990 PRO in September 2025 to address an **intermittent non-recognition and blue screen issue**, and 8B2QJXD7 in December 2025 to improve read-operation stability (Samsung, 2025). Source: Samsung Semiconductor, \"Samsung Consumer Storage: Tools (Samsung Storage Firmware, NVMe SSD-990 PRO Series Firmware)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/tools/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2025-09-990-pro-firmware-7b2qjxd7-intermittent-non-recognition-blue-screen."
    },
    {
      "id": "puget-systems-2023-01-samsung-980-pro-2tb-read-only-failures-firmware-3b2qgxa7",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Puget Systems reported abnormally high field failure rates of the Samsung 980 Pro 2 TB SSD in its workstations, the drives suddenly locking into **read-only mode**, and Samsung confirmed an issue in firmware 3B2QGXA7 fixed by 5B2QGXA7 (Puget Systems, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (system builder's field report and maker's confirmation)",
      "display_value": "Read-only lockups",
      "display_label": "Puget Systems, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Puget Systems customers)",
      "period": "2022 to early 2023",
      "population": "Samsung 980 Pro 2 TB NVMe M.2 SSDs in workstations sold by Puget Systems, on firmware 3B2QGXA7 (500 GB and 1 TB models 'seemed unaffected')",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Puget Systems",
      "source_title": "Critical Samsung SSD Firmware Update",
      "source_url": "https://www.pugetsystems.com/support/guides/critical-samsung-ssd-firmware-update/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung has confirmed they are aware of the issue affecting firmware version 3B2QGXA7 and recommends users update the firmware on all 980 Pro drives to the latest version (5B2QGXA7) to prevent the issue from occurring.",
      "locator": "Section 'What is Happening' (posted January 31, 2023, last updated February 7, 2023)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Puget gives no failure count or rate. Its blog of 2 February 2023 (https://www.pugetsystems.com/blog/2023/02/02/update-on-samsung-ssd-reliability/) says: 'We started to see abnormally high failure rates in the field with one specific model: the Samsung 980 Pro 2TB', and that it moved its 1 and 2 TB NVMe drives to Sabrent. 'Samsung has stated that performing the update should prevent these failures, but it will not reverse the problem on an already failed drive.' Puget's yearly reliability figures belong to consumer-drives-and-recovery.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-systems-2023-01-samsung-980-pro-2tb-read-only-failures-firmware-3b2qgxa7",
      "citation_text": "Puget Systems reported abnormally high field failure rates of the Samsung 980 Pro 2 TB SSD in its workstations, the drives suddenly locking into **read-only mode**, and Samsung confirmed an issue in firmware 3B2QGXA7 fixed by 5B2QGXA7 (Puget Systems, 2023). Source: Puget Systems, \"Critical Samsung SSD Firmware Update\" (https://www.pugetsystems.com/support/guides/critical-samsung-ssd-firmware-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#puget-systems-2023-01-samsung-980-pro-2tb-read-only-failures-firmware-3b2qgxa7."
    },
    {
      "id": "western-digital-2023-05-sandisk-extreme-portable-ssd-v2-firmware-issue-unexpectedly-disconnect",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Western Digital said a firmware issue could cause SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD V2, SanDisk Extreme Pro Portable SSD V2 and WD My Passport SSD drives to unexpectedly disconnect from a computer, and released a firmware updater with a serial-number lookup (Western Digital, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's statement on a firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "Firmware fault",
      "display_label": "SanDisk support forum, May 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2023 (statement posted 31 May 2023)",
      "population": "SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD V2, SanDisk Extreme Pro Portable SSD V2 and WD My Passport SSD external drives (affected units by serial number)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital (SanDisk)",
      "source_title": "SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD V2, SanDisk Extreme Pro Portable SSD V2, and WD My Passport SSD External Drive Firmware Update",
      "source_url": "https://forums.sandisk.com/t/sandisk-extreme-portable-ssd-v2-sandisk-extreme-pro-portable-ssd-v2-and-wd-my-passport-ssd-external-drive-firmware-update",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-05-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We have identified a firmware issue that can cause SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD V2, SanDisk Extreme Pro Portable SSD V2, and WD My Passport SSD products to unexpectedly disconnect from a computer.",
      "locator": "Announcement post, first paragraph (article:published_time 2023-05-31T20:17:43Z)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The maker's wording says 'disconnect'; users and the later class action described corrupted or missing data. The court (In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, 2026) quotes the same statement from WD's 'Your Portable SSD May Require a Firmware Update' page and records WD's internal root-cause finding: bridge-chip firmware in the power-saving mode could corrupt the partition record. The forum page renders by script; the quote is in the saved page's meta description and og:description.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2023-05-sandisk-extreme-portable-ssd-v2-firmware-issue-unexpectedly-disconnect",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital said a firmware issue could cause SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD V2, SanDisk Extreme Pro Portable SSD V2 and WD My Passport SSD drives to unexpectedly disconnect from a computer, and released a firmware updater with a serial-number lookup (Western Digital, 2023). Source: Western Digital (SanDisk), \"SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD V2, SanDisk Extreme Pro Portable SSD V2, and WD My Passport SSD External Drive Firmware Update\" (https://forums.sandisk.com/t/sandisk-extreme-portable-ssd-v2-sandisk-extreme-pro-portable-ssd-v2-and-wd-my-passport-ssd-external-drive-firmware-update). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2023-05-sandisk-extreme-portable-ssd-v2-firmware-issue-unexpectedly-disconnect."
    },
    {
      "id": "in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-wd-estimated-145000-impacted-portable-ssds",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "145,000 SanDisk Extreme, Extreme Pro and WD My Passport portable SSDs were potentially affected by the 2022-2023 firmware defect, by Western Digital's own estimate, 69,173 of them in the United States (N.D. Cal., 2026).",
      "short_statement": "**145,000** SanDisk and WD portable SSDs were potentially hit by a 2022-2023 firmware defect, by the maker's estimate.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 145000,
      "unit": "drives potentially affected (defendants' estimate, recited by the court)",
      "display_value": "145,000 drives",
      "display_label": "In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, order of 6 May 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (69,173 in the United States)",
      "period": "Drives produced from October 2022 (defect reported December 2022 to early 2023)",
      "population": "'Impacted Drives' on the Atlas-R platform: 4 TB WD My Passport Portable SSD, 4 TB SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD, and 1 TB, 2 TB and 4 TB SanDisk Extreme Pro Portable SSD",
      "sample_n": 145000,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, Case No. 23-cv-04152-RFL, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion for Class Certification and Denying Rule 702 Motions (Document 236, filed 05/06/26)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152-18.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Defendants estimate that there were potentially 145,000 Impacted Drives.",
      "locator": "Page 4, Background, section A.2 'The Alleged Defect' (citing Dkt. No. 206-1, Ex. 26 at 572); US figure page 20, Numerosity: 'Defendants concede that there may have been 69,173 Impacted Drives in the United States'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The maker's own estimate, disclosed in litigation and recited by the court; not a count of failed drives. The court describes the cause: drives left idle for several hours could, through a session-ID error in the bridge chip's power-saving firmware, overwrite the Partition Master Boot Record so the host no longer recognised the drive.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-wd-estimated-145000-impacted-portable-ssds",
      "citation_text": "145,000 SanDisk Extreme, Extreme Pro and WD My Passport portable SSDs were potentially affected by the 2022-2023 firmware defect, by Western Digital's own estimate, 69,173 of them in the United States (N.D. Cal., 2026). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, Case No. 23-cv-04152-RFL, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion for Class Certification and Denying Rule 702 Motions (Document 236, filed 05/06/26)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152-18.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-wd-estimated-145000-impacted-portable-ssds."
    },
    {
      "id": "in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-resellers-reported-about-10pct-dropping-off-mac-systems",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "About 10% of SanDisk Extreme and Extreme Pro portable SSDs were 'randomly dropping off Mac Systems', as reported to Western Digital by resellers in Asia-Pacific and North America on 20 January 2023 (N.D. Cal., 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "% of drives reported dropping off Mac systems (resellers' report in a WD internal document, recited by the court)",
      "display_value": "About 10%",
      "display_label": "In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, order of 6 May 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Asia-Pacific and North America (resellers)",
      "period": "January 2023",
      "population": "SanDisk Extreme and Extreme Pro portable SSDs sold through APAC and North American resellers, as reported in a WD internal document",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, Case No. 23-cv-04152-RFL, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion for Class Certification and Denying Rule 702 Motions (Document 236, filed 05/06/26)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152-18.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "On January 20, 2023, APAC and North American resellers reported that approximately 10% of SanDisk Extreme and Extreme Pro drives were \"randomly dropping off Mac Systems.\"",
      "locator": "Page 4, section A.3 'Defendants' Response to the Defect' (citing Dkt. No. 206-1, Ex. 29 at 613)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A resellers' report quoted in a WD internal document, not a measured failure rate across all drives sold. Keep the attribution. The parties dispute whether the defect manifested on Windows; WD's own presentation reported reproducing it on Windows.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-resellers-reported-about-10pct-dropping-off-mac-systems",
      "citation_text": "About 10% of SanDisk Extreme and Extreme Pro portable SSDs were 'randomly dropping off Mac Systems', as reported to Western Digital by resellers in Asia-Pacific and North America on 20 January 2023 (N.D. Cal., 2026). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, Case No. 23-cv-04152-RFL, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion for Class Certification and Denying Rule 702 Motions (Document 236, filed 05/06/26)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152-18.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-resellers-reported-about-10pct-dropping-off-mac-systems."
    },
    {
      "id": "in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-stop-ship-4tb-only-no-recall-firmware-fix-march-2023",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Western Digital stopped shipping only the 4 TB SanDisk Extreme and Extreme Pro portable SSDs on 17 February 2023, issued no recall, and fixed the firmware for unsold drives on 15 March 2023, with a download for owners only in June or July 2023 (N.D. Cal., 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (timeline of the maker's response, as found in the court record)",
      "display_value": "No recall",
      "display_label": "In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, order of 6 May 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "December 2022 to July 2023",
      "population": "SanDisk Extreme, Extreme Pro and WD My Passport portable SSDs on the Atlas-R platform",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, Case No. 23-cv-04152-RFL, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion for Class Certification and Denying Rule 702 Motions (Document 236, filed 05/06/26)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152-18.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "On February 17, 2023, Defendants approved a stop ship of only some of the Impacted Drives: the 4TB Extreme and Extreme Pro SSDs. ... No further stop ships were issued, nor any recalls.",
      "locator": "Pages 4 and 5, section A.3 'Defendants' Response to the Defect'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Timeline from the order: problems reported the week of 13 December 2022; failure reproduced 2 February 2023; root cause (power-management algorithm and bridge-chip firmware) identified 8 February; firmware fix completed 15 March 2023 for drives not yet shipped or sold; consumer download June or July 2023. WD offered refunds and data recovery on request. The order dates WD's Ars Technica statement to 'May 19, 2025' in the text but cites the article as May 19, 2023: a typo in the order.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-stop-ship-4tb-only-no-recall-firmware-fix-march-2023",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital stopped shipping only the 4 TB SanDisk Extreme and Extreme Pro portable SSDs on 17 February 2023, issued no recall, and fixed the firmware for unsold drives on 15 March 2023, with a download for owners only in June or July 2023 (N.D. Cal., 2026). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, Case No. 23-cv-04152-RFL, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion for Class Certification and Denying Rule 702 Motions (Document 236, filed 05/06/26)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152-18.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-stop-ship-4tb-only-no-recall-firmware-fix-march-2023."
    },
    {
      "id": "in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-class-certified-california-florida",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "A federal court certified California and Florida classes of buyers of the defective SanDisk and WD portable SSDs in May 2026, on claims including fraud by omission and breach of implied warranty; the consolidated case filed in August 2023 had no settlement in the record (N.D. Cal., 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (case status)",
      "display_value": "Class certified",
      "display_label": "In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, order of 6 May 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (California and Florida classes)",
      "period": "2023 to 2026",
      "population": "Buyers of the Impacted Drives in California and Florida (nationwide class and New York subclass not certified)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "United States District Court, Northern District of California",
      "source_title": "In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, Case No. 23-cv-04152-RFL, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion for Class Certification and Denying Rule 702 Motions (Document 236, filed 05/06/26)",
      "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152-18.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Plaintiffs' motion for class certification is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART to certify California and Florida classes as to certain claims, as set forth below.",
      "locator": "Pages 1 and 2, introduction; Conclusion, page 31",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The plaintiffs' claims are allegations; class certification is not a finding of liability. Perrin, Bayerl and Jafri sued on 17 August 2023; consolidated 25 October 2023. A named plaintiff (Bayerl) 'spent around $6,000 on third-party data recovery services but had only limited success recovering his data' (page 6): one person's cost, not a statistic. No later GovInfo opinion was found as of 2026-11-04; check the docket for a settlement before publishing a status.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-class-certified-california-florida",
      "citation_text": "A federal court certified California and Florida classes of buyers of the defective SanDisk and WD portable SSDs in May 2026, on claims including fraud by omission and breach of implied warranty; the consolidated case filed in August 2023 had no settlement in the record (N.D. Cal., 2026). Source: United States District Court, Northern District of California, \"In re SanDisk SSDs Litigation, Case No. 23-cv-04152-RFL, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion for Class Certification and Denying Rule 702 Motions (Document 236, filed 05/06/26)\" (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152/pdf/USCOURTS-cand-3_23-cv-04152-18.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#in-re-sandisk-ssds-2026-05-class-certified-california-florida."
    },
    {
      "id": "phison-2025-08-windows-11-kb5063878-4500-testing-hours-2200-cycles-could-not-reproduce",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Phison ran more than **4,500** cumulative testing hours and over 2,200 test cycles on the SSDs reported as affected by the August 2025 Windows 11 updates (KB5063878, KB5062660) and could not reproduce the reported failures (Phison, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4500,
      "unit": "cumulative testing hours (controller maker's own investigation)",
      "display_value": "over 4,500 hours",
      "display_label": "Phison official statement, August 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "August 2025",
      "population": "SSDs with Phison controllers reported online as failing after the Windows 11 24H2 updates KB5063878 and KB5062660",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Phison Electronics",
      "source_title": "Phison Electronics Official Statement on Windows 11 Security Update Impact",
      "source_url": "https://www.phison.com/phison-electronics-official-statement-on-windows-11-security-update-impact/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Phison dedicated over 4,500 cumulative testing hours across the drives reported as potentially impacted and conducted over 2200 test cycles. We were not able to reproduce the reported issue",
      "locator": "Press release dated August 25, 2025, fourth paragraph ('To investigate, ...')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The page is dated 25 August 2025; the testing paragraph reads as a later update to it. Phison also said 'no partners or customers have reported that the issue impacted their drives at this time' and advised a heatsink or thermal pad for extended workloads. In September 2025 Phison said the failures reproduced by the PCDIY! group were on engineering preview firmware (record phison-2025-09-pcdiy-failures-on-engineering-preview-firmware-not-retail). Phison is an SSD controller maker with an interest in the finding.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#phison-2025-08-windows-11-kb5063878-4500-testing-hours-2200-cycles-could-not-reproduce",
      "citation_text": "Phison ran more than **4,500** cumulative testing hours and over 2,200 test cycles on the SSDs reported as affected by the August 2025 Windows 11 updates (KB5063878, KB5062660) and could not reproduce the reported failures (Phison, 2025). Source: Phison Electronics, \"Phison Electronics Official Statement on Windows 11 Security Update Impact\" (https://www.phison.com/phison-electronics-official-statement-on-windows-11-security-update-impact/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#phison-2025-08-windows-11-kb5063878-4500-testing-hours-2200-cycles-could-not-reproduce."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2025-08-no-connection-august-2025-update-hard-drive-failures",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Microsoft said it found no connection between the August 2025 Windows 11 security update (KB5063878) and the SSD and hard drive failures reported on social media, with neither telemetry nor internal testing showing more disk failures or file corruption (Microsoft, via BleepingComputer, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (platform maker's finding)",
      "display_value": "No connection",
      "display_label": "Microsoft service alert, August 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "August 2025",
      "population": "Windows 11 24H2 PCs with the August 2025 security update; SSDs and HDDs reported failing during heavy writes",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "BleepingComputer (quoting Microsoft's service alert)",
      "source_title": "Microsoft says recent Windows update didn't kill your SSD",
      "source_url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-says-recent-KB5063878-windows-update-didnt-kill-your-ssd/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "\"After thorough investigation, Microsoft has found no connection between the August 2025 Windows security update and the types of hard drive failures reported on social media,\" Microsoft said in an update to the service alert",
      "locator": "Paragraph 4 (article by Sergiu Gatlan, August 29, 2025)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Microsoft's statement was a Microsoft 365 admin-center service alert, not public; the Windows release health pages for 24H2 (status and resolved issues, checked 2026-11-04) carry no SSD entry, so the first outlet quoting the alert is the source. The '60% full' and 'tens of gigabytes' conditions in coverage come from user reports (first from Japan), not from Microsoft or Phison measurements.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2025-08-no-connection-august-2025-update-hard-drive-failures",
      "citation_text": "Microsoft said it found no connection between the August 2025 Windows 11 security update (KB5063878) and the SSD and hard drive failures reported on social media, with neither telemetry nor internal testing showing more disk failures or file corruption (Microsoft, via BleepingComputer, 2025). Source: BleepingComputer (quoting Microsoft's service alert), \"Microsoft says recent Windows update didn't kill your SSD\" (https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-says-recent-KB5063878-windows-update-didnt-kill-your-ssd/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2025-08-no-connection-august-2025-update-hard-drive-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "phison-2025-09-pcdiy-failures-on-engineering-preview-firmware-not-retail",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Phison said the Windows 11 SSD failures reproduced by the PCDIY! enthusiast group occurred on engineering preview firmware, not the firmware sold to consumers, and that retail drives under the same stress tests (100 GB and 1 TB writes) showed **no failures** (Phison, via Windows Report, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (controller maker's finding)",
      "display_value": "Pre-release firmware",
      "display_label": "Phison statement, September 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "September 2025",
      "population": "Corsair Force Series MP600 2 TB and other Phison E16-controller SSDs used in PCDIY!'s tests",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Windows Report (quoting Phison's statement)",
      "source_title": "Phison Confirms PCDIY Report on Preview Engineering Firmware Causing SSD Failures Tied to KB5063878 Update",
      "source_url": "https://windowsreport.com/phison-confirms-pcdiy-report-on-engineering-firmware-causing-ssd-failures-tied-to-kb5063878-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Phison examined the exact SSDs used in the PCDIY! testing and determined PCDIY! was utilizing an engineering preview firmware, which is not the final firmware used in the CORSAIR FORCE SERIES MP600 SSD 2TB",
      "locator": "Quoted Phison statement, paragraph 3 (published September 8, 2025)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Phison emailed this statement to the press; no copy was found on phison.com (checked 2026-11-04). Neowin, which also carried it, refused automated fetches (HTTP 403). The explanation is the maker's own and was not independently confirmed; how engineering firmware reached the tested drives was not explained.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#phison-2025-09-pcdiy-failures-on-engineering-preview-firmware-not-retail",
      "citation_text": "Phison said the Windows 11 SSD failures reproduced by the PCDIY! enthusiast group occurred on engineering preview firmware, not the firmware sold to consumers, and that retail drives under the same stress tests (100 GB and 1 TB writes) showed **no failures** (Phison, via Windows Report, 2025). Source: Windows Report (quoting Phison's statement), \"Phison Confirms PCDIY Report on Preview Engineering Firmware Causing SSD Failures Tied to KB5063878 Update\" (https://windowsreport.com/phison-confirms-pcdiy-report-on-engineering-firmware-causing-ssd-failures-tied-to-kb5063878-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#phison-2025-09-pcdiy-failures-on-engineering-preview-firmware-not-retail."
    },
    {
      "id": "siemens-2016-01-hard-disks-damaged-by-sound-110-decibels-or-more",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Hard disks can be damaged by sound levels of **110 decibels** or more and the vibrations they cause, according to experiments by Siemens Corporate Technology on noise from gas fire-suppression nozzles in data centres (Siemens, 2016).",
      "short_statement": "Sound of **110 decibels** or more can damage hard disks, and a fire-suppression nozzle reaches about 130.",
      "short_refs": [
        "siemens-2016-01-conventional-fire-suppression-nozzle-about-130-decibels"
      ],
      "value": 110,
      "unit": "decibels, sound level from which hard disks can be damaged (maker's experiments)",
      "display_value": "110 dB",
      "display_label": "Siemens Corporate Technology, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Germany (Siemens laboratory and data-centre module tests)",
      "period": "2016 (press release of 8 January 2016)",
      "population": "Hard disk drives exposed to recorded fire-extinguishing noise (20 new drives in a lab) and storage systems in a data-centre test module",
      "sample_n": 20,
      "publisher": "Siemens AG (Corporate Technology), released via idw Informationsdienst Wissenschaft",
      "source_title": "\"Quiet\" Fire Extinguisher Protects Hard Disks",
      "source_url": "https://idw-online.de/en/news644104",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-01-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Experiments conducted by Corporate Technology (CT) – Siemens' global research organization – have determined that hard disks can be damaged by sound levels of 110 decibels or more and the associated vibrations.",
      "locator": "Lead paragraph; 'Confirmed Results' section (20 hard disks; data lost in every high-noise instance)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Siemens sells the Sinorix Silent Nozzle that its research promotes: a vendor's own test, not independent. The release says operators saw extinguishing systems cause hard disks to fail, 'although usually only temporarily', and that 'data was lost in every instance in which sound levels were high' in the data-centre module. Posted on idw by Siemens Corporate Communications (Dr. Norbert Aschenbrenner); the original Pictures of the Future page is no longer online.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#siemens-2016-01-hard-disks-damaged-by-sound-110-decibels-or-more",
      "citation_text": "Hard disks can be damaged by sound levels of **110 decibels** or more and the vibrations they cause, according to experiments by Siemens Corporate Technology on noise from gas fire-suppression nozzles in data centres (Siemens, 2016). Source: Siemens AG (Corporate Technology), released via idw Informationsdienst Wissenschaft, \"\"Quiet\" Fire Extinguisher Protects Hard Disks\" (https://idw-online.de/en/news644104). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#siemens-2016-01-hard-disks-damaged-by-sound-110-decibels-or-more."
    },
    {
      "id": "siemens-2016-01-conventional-fire-suppression-nozzle-about-130-decibels",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "About 130 decibels, as loud as a fighter jet taking off, is the noise of a conventional gas fire-extinguishing nozzle by Siemens' measurements, against the under-100 decibels its quieter nozzle is designed for (Siemens, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 130,
      "unit": "decibels, sound level of a conventional extinguishing nozzle (maker's measurement)",
      "display_value": "130 dB",
      "display_label": "Siemens Corporate Technology, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Germany (Siemens measurements)",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Conventional nozzles of inert-gas fire-extinguishing systems used in data centres",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Siemens AG (Corporate Technology), released via idw Informationsdienst Wissenschaft",
      "source_title": "\"Quiet\" Fire Extinguisher Protects Hard Disks",
      "source_url": "https://idw-online.de/en/news644104",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-01-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Measurements show that a conventional fire extinguisher nozzle generates a sound level of around 130 decibels, which is equivalent to a fighter jet taking off.",
      "locator": "Third paragraph ('But there's a big drawback.')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Siemens' UK brochure (2021, raw/siemens-sinorix-silent-nozzle-solutions-for-critical-data.txt) repeats 'in excess of 130 dB' and says 'Since 2008, the fire safety industry has been aware that Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and IT hardware face serious damage when gaseous fire extinguishing systems are activated.' Vendor figures.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#siemens-2016-01-conventional-fire-suppression-nozzle-about-130-decibels",
      "citation_text": "About 130 decibels, as loud as a fighter jet taking off, is the noise of a conventional gas fire-extinguishing nozzle by Siemens' measurements, against the under-100 decibels its quieter nozzle is designed for (Siemens, 2016). Source: Siemens AG (Corporate Technology), released via idw Informationsdienst Wissenschaft, \"\"Quiet\" Fire Extinguisher Protects Hard Disks\" (https://idw-online.de/en/news644104). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#siemens-2016-01-conventional-fire-suppression-nozzle-about-130-decibels."
    },
    {
      "id": "ing-romania-2016-09-fire-suppression-test-noise-took-data-centre-offline-10-hours",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "ING Bank's main data centre in Bucharest took 10 hours to restart after the noise of an inert-gas fire-suppression test damaged several servers and storage equipment on 10 September 2016, cutting card and online banking for that time (Motherboard, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "hours to restart operations (bank's press release, as reported)",
      "display_value": "10 hours",
      "display_label": "Motherboard (Vice), September 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Romania",
      "period": "10 September 2016",
      "population": "ING Bank Romania's main data centre in Bucharest (servers and storage equipment)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Motherboard (Vice), quoting ING Bank Romania's press release and spokeswoman",
      "source_title": "A Loud Sound Just Shut Down a Bank's Data Center for 10 Hours",
      "source_url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-loud-sound-just-shut-down-a-banks-data-center-for-10-hours/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-09-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The Bank said it required 10 hours to restart its operation due to the magnitude and the complexity of the damage.",
      "locator": "Article by Andrada Fiscutean, September 11, 2016, paragraph citing ING's press release",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "First outlet to report it; ING's own press release (in Romanian) was not found online. ING, as quoted: 'The inert gas deployment procedure has severely and surprisingly affected several servers and our storage equipment.' The 'over 130dB' and 'dozens of hard drives' figures come from an unnamed source, not ING: do not publish them as ING's. Clients could not use debit cards or online banking from 1 PM to 11 PM.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ing-romania-2016-09-fire-suppression-test-noise-took-data-centre-offline-10-hours",
      "citation_text": "ING Bank's main data centre in Bucharest took 10 hours to restart after the noise of an inert-gas fire-suppression test damaged several servers and storage equipment on 10 September 2016, cutting card and online banking for that time (Motherboard, 2016). Source: Motherboard (Vice), quoting ING Bank Romania's press release and spokeswoman, \"A Loud Sound Just Shut Down a Bank's Data Center for 10 Hours\" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-loud-sound-just-shut-down-a-banks-data-center-for-10-hours/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ing-romania-2016-09-fire-suppression-test-noise-took-data-centre-offline-10-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "western-digital-2012-01-thailand-floods-hdd-shipments-28-5m-vs-52-2m-year-earlier",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "28.5 million hard drives were shipped by Western Digital in the quarter to 30 December 2011, after the Thailand floods submerged its main plant, against 52.2 million a year earlier (Western Digital, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 28.5,
      "unit": "million hard drives shipped in the quarter (maker's filing)",
      "display_value": "28.5 million",
      "display_label": "Western Digital Form 8-K, January 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (WD's Thai plants at Bang Pa-in and Navanakorn flooded)",
      "period": "Quarter ended 30 December 2011 (fiscal Q2 2012)",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives shipped worldwide",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital Corporation (SEC Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1)",
      "source_title": "WD Announces Q2 Results and Operations Update, Reflecting Continued Progress in Flood Recovery (Form 8-K Exhibit 99.1)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000106040/000119312512020400/d286432dex991.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-01-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "revenue of $2.0 billion, hard-drive unit shipments of 28.5 million ... and shipped 52.2 million hard drives.",
      "locator": "First paragraph (fiscal Q2 2012 results) and the year-ago comparison sentence",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Shipment counts are storage-market's subject; recorded here only as the documented supply effect of the 2011 flood. WD's 17 October 2011 release (raw/wd-2011-10-17-prnewswire-thailand-floods-update.txt): 'rising water penetrated the Bang Pa-in Industrial Park flood defenses, inundating the company's manufacturing facilities there'. Fetched with WebFetch (SEC needs a declared user agent); verbatim excerpts in raw/sec-wdc-8k-2012-01-23-ex99-1-webfetch.txt. Drive prices after the flood belong to storage-market. No source we found documents a change in drive failure rates from the floods.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2012-01-thailand-floods-hdd-shipments-28-5m-vs-52-2m-year-earlier",
      "citation_text": "28.5 million hard drives were shipped by Western Digital in the quarter to 30 December 2011, after the Thailand floods submerged its main plant, against 52.2 million a year earlier (Western Digital, 2012). Source: Western Digital Corporation (SEC Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1), \"WD Announces Q2 Results and Operations Update, Reflecting Continued Progress in Flood Recovery (Form 8-K Exhibit 99.1)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000106040/000119312512020400/d286432dex991.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2012-01-thailand-floods-hdd-shipments-28-5m-vs-52-2m-year-earlier."
    },
    {
      "id": "western-digital-2012-01-thailand-flood-charges-199-million",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "$199 million of charges and expenses related to the 2011 Thailand floods were booked by Western Digital in the quarter to 30 December 2011, and it expected pre-flood manufacturing capacity back only in the quarter ending September 2012 (Western Digital, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 199000000,
      "unit": "US dollars, flood-related charges and expenses in one quarter (maker's filing)",
      "display_value": "$199 million",
      "display_label": "Western Digital Form 8-K, January 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Thailand (WD plants)",
      "period": "Quarter ended 30 December 2011",
      "population": "Western Digital Corporation",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital Corporation (SEC Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1)",
      "source_title": "WD Announces Q2 Results and Operations Update, Reflecting Continued Progress in Flood Recovery (Form 8-K Exhibit 99.1)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000106040/000119312512020400/d286432dex991.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-01-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the company incurred charges and expenses of $199 million related to the flooding",
      "locator": "Results paragraph (non-GAAP reconciliation); outlook: 'manufacturing capacity will be back to pre-flood capabilities in the quarter ending September 2012'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Fetched with WebFetch; verbatim excerpts saved in raw/sec-wdc-8k-2012-01-23-ex99-1-webfetch.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2012-01-thailand-flood-charges-199-million",
      "citation_text": "$199 million of charges and expenses related to the 2011 Thailand floods were booked by Western Digital in the quarter to 30 December 2011, and it expected pre-flood manufacturing capacity back only in the quarter ending September 2012 (Western Digital, 2012). Source: Western Digital Corporation (SEC Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1), \"WD Announces Q2 Results and Operations Update, Reflecting Continued Progress in Flood Recovery (Form 8-K Exhibit 99.1)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000106040/000119312512020400/d286432dex991.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2012-01-thailand-flood-charges-199-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "cpsc-1999-03-iomega-jaz-disk-drive-power-supplies-recalled-about-60000",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "About 60,000 power supply units for Iomega external Jaz disk drives were recalled in the US in 1999 because their housing could separate and expose live electronics, a shock hazard (CPSC, 1999).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 60000,
      "unit": "units recalled (regulator's recall notice)",
      "display_value": "About 60,000",
      "display_label": "CPSC recall 99-077, 1999",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "1999 (sold September 1998 to March 1999)",
      "population": "Iomega power supply units model GPC14-2001 sold with Jaz 2 GB and remanufactured Jaz 1 GB external drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
      "source_title": "CPSC, Iomega Corp. Announce Recall of Power Supply Units for External Jaz Disk Drives (Release #99-077)",
      "source_url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/1999/CPSC-Iomega-Corp-Announce-Recall-of-Power-Supply-Units-for-External-Jaz-Disk-Drives",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "1999-03-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Iomega Corp., of Roy, Utah, is recalling about 60,000 power supply units for use with certain Iomega external Jaz disk drives.",
      "locator": "Recall 99-077, first paragraph of the release (retrieved through CPSC's recall API, saferproducts.gov/RestWebServices/Recall)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A safety recall of the power supply, not of the drive and not for data loss. Iomega had three reports of the power supply breaking; no injuries. The largest storage-related recall found in CPSC's database by our searches (see cpsc-recall-database-no-hard-drive-or-ssd-recalled-for-data-loss).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cpsc-1999-03-iomega-jaz-disk-drive-power-supplies-recalled-about-60000",
      "citation_text": "About 60,000 power supply units for Iomega external Jaz disk drives were recalled in the US in 1999 because their housing could separate and expose live electronics, a shock hazard (CPSC, 1999). Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, \"CPSC, Iomega Corp. Announce Recall of Power Supply Units for External Jaz Disk Drives (Release #99-077)\" (https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/1999/CPSC-Iomega-Corp-Announce-Recall-of-Power-Supply-Units-for-External-Jaz-Disk-Drives). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cpsc-1999-03-iomega-jaz-disk-drive-power-supplies-recalled-about-60000."
    },
    {
      "id": "cpsc-2006-07-lexar-jumpdrive-flash-drives-recalled-burn-hazard-about-66000",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "About **66,000** Lexar JumpDrive FireFly and 1 GB Secure II USB flash drives were recalled in the US in 2006 because they could overheat, a burn and property-damage risk (CPSC, 2006).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 66000,
      "unit": "units recalled (regulator's recall notice)",
      "display_value": "About 66,000",
      "display_label": "CPSC recall 06-205, 2006",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2006",
      "population": "Lexar JumpDrive FireFly (all colours) and JumpDrive Secure II 1 GB USB flash drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
      "source_title": "Lexar JumpDrive Computer Storage Devices Recalled for Burn Hazard, Certain Models Involved (Recall 06-205)",
      "source_url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2006/Lexar-JumpDrive-Computer-Storage-Devices-Recalled-for-Burn-Hazard-Certain-Models-Involved",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2006-07-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "FireFly and Secure II products could overheat, posing a risk of burns to consumers and property damage.",
      "locator": "Recall 06-205, Hazards field; units in the Products field ('About 66,000'), via CPSC's recall API",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A USB flash drive: flash-cards-and-archival-media's media, recorded here because recalls belong to this family (listed first). No incidents or injuries were reported.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cpsc-2006-07-lexar-jumpdrive-flash-drives-recalled-burn-hazard-about-66000",
      "citation_text": "About **66,000** Lexar JumpDrive FireFly and 1 GB Secure II USB flash drives were recalled in the US in 2006 because they could overheat, a burn and property-damage risk (CPSC, 2006). Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, \"Lexar JumpDrive Computer Storage Devices Recalled for Burn Hazard, Certain Models Involved (Recall 06-205)\" (https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2006/Lexar-JumpDrive-Computer-Storage-Devices-Recalled-for-Burn-Hazard-Certain-Models-Involved). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cpsc-2006-07-lexar-jumpdrive-flash-drives-recalled-burn-hazard-about-66000."
    },
    {
      "id": "cpsc-recall-database-no-hard-drive-or-ssd-recalled-for-data-loss",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "No hard drive or SSD has been recalled in the US for failing or losing data, as far as CPSC's recall database shows: the five storage-related recalls found (1999 to 2009) were for power adapters, power supplies or flash drives that could overheat or shock (CPSC, 1999-2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "storage-related recalls found in CPSC's database (our search count)",
      "display_value": "0 for data loss",
      "display_label": "CPSC recall database, searched 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "1999 to 2009 (database searched 4 November 2026)",
      "population": "Recalls in the CPSC recall database matching hard drive, hard disk, disk drive, solid state, SSD, external drive and storage maker names",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
      "source_title": "CPSC Recalls API (saferproducts.gov RestWebServices/Recall)",
      "source_url": "https://www.saferproducts.gov/RestWebServices/Recall?format=json&ProductName=hard%20drive",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-11-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A plastic weld on the power adapters can fail and allow two parts to separate, exposing live electrical contacts. This poses a shock hazard to consumers.",
      "locator": "Recall 10-706 (IBM RDX back-up hard drives' adapters, about 90 units), Hazards field; the other four: 99-077 Iomega Jaz power supplies (about 60,000), 05-576 Go!Data enclosure adapters (about 3,100), 06-205 Lexar JumpDrive (about 66,000), 07-287 I-O Data network drive adapters (about 740)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Count of distinct recalls returned by CPSC's Recall API for ProductName in {hard drive, hard disk, disk drive, solid state, SSD}, ProductDescription in {hard drive, external hard}, RecallTitle in {hard drive, external drive, storage} and Manufacturer in {Seagate, Western Digital, LaCie, Maxtor, Iomega, Samsung, Toshiba, SanDisk}, keeping storage products only: 5",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A 'nothing published' record: CPSC covers safety hazards (fire, shock), not data loss, so drive failures reach consumers as maker programmes (Apple's, Seagate's firmware) or lawsuits, not recalls. The API search may miss records filed under other words; published_at is the newest recall found. Records saved in raw/cpsc-saferproducts-api-drive-recalls.json.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cpsc-recall-database-no-hard-drive-or-ssd-recalled-for-data-loss",
      "citation_text": "No hard drive or SSD has been recalled in the US for failing or losing data, as far as CPSC's recall database shows: the five storage-related recalls found (1999 to 2009) were for power adapters, power supplies or flash drives that could overheat or shock (CPSC, 1999-2009). Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, \"CPSC Recalls API (saferproducts.gov RestWebServices/Recall)\" (https://www.saferproducts.gov/RestWebServices/Recall?format=json&ProductName=hard%20drive). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cpsc-recall-database-no-hard-drive-or-ssd-recalled-for-data-loss."
    },
    {
      "id": "apple-2011-07-imac-1tb-seagate-hard-drive-replacement-program",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Apple set up a worldwide program to replace, **free of charge**, a very small number of Seagate 1 TB hard drives in 21.5-inch and 27-inch iMacs sold between May and July 2011 that may fail under certain conditions (Apple, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's replacement program)",
      "display_value": "Free replacement",
      "display_label": "Apple support, July 2011",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2011 (program announced July 2011, replacements until 23 July 2012)",
      "population": "21.5-inch and 27-inch iMacs sold between May 2011 and July 2011 with Seagate 1 TB hard drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Apple",
      "source_title": "iMac 1TB Seagate Hard Drive Replacement Program",
      "source_url": "https://www.apple.com/support/imac-harddrive/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-07-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Apple has determined that a very small number of Seagate 1TB hard drives used in 21.5-inch and 27-inch iMac systems, may fail under certain conditions. These systems were sold between May 2011 and July 2011.",
      "locator": "Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20110723072022/http://www.apple.com/support/imac-harddrive/ (page 'Information as of 2011-07-22'), first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Apple gave no count. The page says the program 'does not extend the standard warranty coverage' and that Apple 'will continue to evaluate service data and will provide further extensions to this program as needed'; later versions of the same URL may carry extended dates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#apple-2011-07-imac-1tb-seagate-hard-drive-replacement-program",
      "citation_text": "Apple set up a worldwide program to replace, **free of charge**, a very small number of Seagate 1 TB hard drives in 21.5-inch and 27-inch iMacs sold between May and July 2011 that may fail under certain conditions (Apple, 2011). Source: Apple, \"iMac 1TB Seagate Hard Drive Replacement Program\" (https://www.apple.com/support/imac-harddrive/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#apple-2011-07-imac-1tb-seagate-hard-drive-replacement-program."
    },
    {
      "id": "apple-2015-06-imac-27-inch-3tb-hard-drive-replacement-program",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Apple set up a program to replace, free of charge, a very small number of 3 TB hard drives in 27-inch iMacs sold between **December 2012 and September 2013** that may fail under certain conditions (Apple, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's replacement program)",
      "display_value": "Free replacement",
      "display_label": "Apple support, June 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2015 (program announced June 2015)",
      "population": "27-inch iMacs sold between December 2012 and September 2013 with 3 TB hard drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Apple",
      "source_title": "iMac (27-inch) 3TB Hard Drive Replacement Program",
      "source_url": "https://www.apple.com/support/imac-harddrive-3tb/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Apple has determined that a very small number of 3TB hard drives used in 27-inch iMac systems, may fail under certain conditions. These systems were sold between December 2012 and September 2013.",
      "locator": "Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20150620002202/https://www.apple.com/support/imac-harddrive-3tb/, first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Apple named neither the drive maker nor a count. The plaintiffs' expert in the Seagate ST3000DM001 case described a lubricant issue that led customers to return 6% of Apple products with those drives and Apple to launch a recall in June 2015 (Document 182, 5 July 2018, page 9): an expert's allegation, not Apple's figure. Program start date (19 June 2015) from the snapshot date and press coverage.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#apple-2015-06-imac-27-inch-3tb-hard-drive-replacement-program",
      "citation_text": "Apple set up a program to replace, free of charge, a very small number of 3 TB hard drives in 27-inch iMacs sold between **December 2012 and September 2013** that may fail under certain conditions (Apple, 2015). Source: Apple, \"iMac (27-inch) 3TB Hard Drive Replacement Program\" (https://www.apple.com/support/imac-harddrive-3tb/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#apple-2015-06-imac-27-inch-3tb-hard-drive-replacement-program."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2009-01-barracuda-7200-11-firmware-data-inaccessible-at-power-on",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Seagate said a firmware issue in a limited number of Barracuda 7200.11 hard drives and related SATA drives made through **December 2008** could, in some circumstances, make the data inaccessible when the computer was powered on, and offered a free firmware upgrade (Seagate, via MacTech, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's statement on a firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "Data inaccessible",
      "display_label": "Seagate statement, January 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "January 2009 (drives made through December 2008)",
      "population": "Seagate Barracuda 7200.11, Barracuda ES.2 SATA and DiamondMax 22 drives on the affected firmware (for example SD15 to SD19), made through December 2008",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "MacTech (reprinting Seagate's statement and knowledge-base notice)",
      "source_title": "Seagate reported potential firmware issue in limited number of",
      "source_url": "https://www.mactech.com/2009/01/22/seagate-reported-potential-firmware-issue-in-limited-number-of/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate has isolated a potential firmware issue in limited number of Barracuda 7200.11 hard drives and related SATA drives based on this product platform, manufactured through December 2008.",
      "locator": "First paragraph; Seagate's quoted statement follows ('While we believe that the vast majority of customers will not experience any disruption...')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's 2009 knowledge-base notice (seagate.custkb.com news.jsp?DocId=207931) has no Wayback capture before 2011, by which time it showed a generic firmware page; MacTech reprints the notice text and Seagate's statement. Seagate gave no count of affected drives. The statement adds that the new firmware 'corrects compatibility issues that occurred with the firmware download provided on our support web site on Jan. 16'. Symptom names in coverage ('BSY', 'LBA 0') come from users and recovery firms. Retail return rates for the 7200.11 in the firmware-bug period are consumer-drives-and-recovery's: hardware-fr-2010-04-seagate-barracuda-7200-11-500gb-return-rate-39pct (39%, hardware.fr, sales 2009-04 to 2009-09); not duplicated here.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2009-01-barracuda-7200-11-firmware-data-inaccessible-at-power-on",
      "citation_text": "Seagate said a firmware issue in a limited number of Barracuda 7200.11 hard drives and related SATA drives made through **December 2008** could, in some circumstances, make the data inaccessible when the computer was powered on, and offered a free firmware upgrade (Seagate, via MacTech, 2009). Source: MacTech (reprinting Seagate's statement and knowledge-base notice), \"Seagate reported potential firmware issue in limited number of\" (https://www.mactech.com/2009/01/22/seagate-reported-potential-firmware-issue-in-limited-number-of/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2009-01-barracuda-7200-11-firmware-data-inaccessible-at-power-on."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-kb-207951-barracuda-7200-11-firmware-sd1a-eight-models",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Seagate still lists firmware SD1A for **eight** Barracuda 7200.11 models (ST3500320AS to ST31000340AS), replacing firmware AD14, SD15 to SD19 and SD81, the update issued for the 2009 defect (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "drive models listed for the firmware update",
      "display_value": "8 models",
      "display_label": "Seagate knowledge base 207951",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2009 update (page as of 2026)",
      "population": "Seagate ST3500320AS, ST3500620AS, ST3500820AS, ST3640330AS, ST3640530AS, ST3750330AS, ST3750630AS and ST31000340AS",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Firmware Update for ST3500320AS, ST3500620AS, ST3500820AS, ST3640330AS, ST3640530AS, ST3750330AS, ST3750630AS, ST31000340AS",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/as/en/support/kb/firmware-update-for-st3500320as-st3500620as-st3500820as-st3640330as-st3640530as-st3750330as-st3750630as-st31000340as-207951en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Firmware update information for certain Barracuda 7200.11 Serial ATA drives. Check to see if your model is included.",
      "locator": "KB article 207951, opening lines and model table (current firmware AD14, SD15, SD16, SD17, SD18, SD19, SD81; new firmware SD1A)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The page carries no date; published_at is the date we read it. It does not describe the defect; for the 640 GB models it says 'Please contact support for update.' The 2009 defect statement is in record seagate-2009-01-barracuda-7200-11-firmware-data-inaccessible-at-power-on. Retail return rate in that period: see consumer-drives-and-recovery id hardware-fr-2010-04-seagate-barracuda-7200-11-500gb-return-rate-39pct.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-207951-barracuda-7200-11-firmware-sd1a-eight-models",
      "citation_text": "Seagate still lists firmware SD1A for **eight** Barracuda 7200.11 models (ST3500320AS to ST31000340AS), replacing firmware AD14, SD15 to SD19 and SD81, the update issued for the 2009 defect (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Firmware Update for ST3500320AS, ST3500620AS, ST3500820AS, ST3640330AS, ST3640530AS, ST3750330AS, ST3750630AS, ST31000340AS\" (https://www.seagate.com/as/en/support/kb/firmware-update-for-st3500320as-st3500620as-st3500820as-st3640330as-st3640530as-st3750330as-st3750630as-st31000340as-207951en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-207951-barracuda-7200-11-firmware-sd1a-eight-models."
    },
    {
      "id": "apple-2018-11-13in-macbook-pro-128gb-256gb-ssd-service-program-data-loss",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Apple said a limited number of 128 GB and 256 GB SSDs in 13-inch MacBook Pro (non Touch Bar) laptops sold between **June 2017 and June 2018** had an issue that may result in data loss and failure of the drive, and serviced them free (Apple, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's service program)",
      "display_value": "Free SSD service",
      "display_label": "Apple support, service program, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2018 (program launched November 2018; laptops sold June 2017 to June 2018)",
      "population": "13-inch MacBook Pro (2017, two Thunderbolt 3 ports, non Touch Bar) with 128 GB or 256 GB SSDs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Apple",
      "source_title": "13-inch MacBook Pro (non Touch Bar) Solid-State Drive Service Program",
      "source_url": "https://support.apple.com/13-inch-macbook-pro-solid-state-drive-service",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-11-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Apple has determined that a limited number of 128GB and 256GB solid-state drives (SSD) used in 13-inch MacBook Pro (non Touch Bar) units have an issue that may result in data loss and failure of the drive.",
      "locator": "Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20190702020055/https://support.apple.com/13-inch-macbook-pro-solid-state-drive-service, first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Apple gave no count. The fix was a firmware update applied by Apple or an authorised provider; owners had to restore data from a backup. The live URL now redirects to Apple's service-programs status page (program ended). Launch date 9 November 2018 from press coverage; the page itself is undated.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#apple-2018-11-13in-macbook-pro-128gb-256gb-ssd-service-program-data-loss",
      "citation_text": "Apple said a limited number of 128 GB and 256 GB SSDs in 13-inch MacBook Pro (non Touch Bar) laptops sold between **June 2017 and June 2018** had an issue that may result in data loss and failure of the drive, and serviced them free (Apple, 2018). Source: Apple, \"13-inch MacBook Pro (non Touch Bar) Solid-State Drive Service Program\" (https://support.apple.com/13-inch-macbook-pro-solid-state-drive-service). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#apple-2018-11-13in-macbook-pro-128gb-256gb-ssd-service-program-data-loss."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-2012-01-m4-ssd-unresponsive-after-5184-power-on-hours-firmware-0309",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Crucial said its m4 SSDs would become unresponsive after 5,184 hours of power-on time (about 216 days) because of an incorrect response to a SMART counter, failing again every hour after a power cycle, until updated to firmware 0309 (Crucial, 2012).",
      "short_statement": "Crucial's m4 SSDs became unresponsive after **5,184 hours** of power-on time, about 216 days.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5184,
      "unit": "power-on hours at which the drives became unresponsive (firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "5,184 hours",
      "display_label": "Crucial firmware release notes, 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2012 (firmware 0309 released 13 January 2012)",
      "population": "Crucial m4 2.5-inch SATA SSDs, 64 GB, 128 GB, 256 GB and 512 GB (CT064M4SSD to CT512M4SSD), firmware 0001, 0002 or 0009",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial Support: Firmware (m4 firmware 0309 change log)",
      "source_url": "http://www.crucial.com/support/firmware.aspx",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-01-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Correct a condition where an incorrect response to a SMART counter will cause the m4 drive to become unresponsive after 5184 hours of Power-on time.",
      "locator": "Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20120113205213/http://www.crucial.com/support/firmware.aspx, m4 firmware 0309 change log (Release Date: 01/13/2012)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Crucial: 'The drive will recover after a power cycle, however, this failure will repeat once per hour after reaching this point' and the condition 'poses no risk to user or system data stored on the drive'; the update was 'STRONGLY RECOMMENDED'. 5,184 hours = 216 days (our arithmetic). Crucial gave no count of affected drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2012-01-m4-ssd-unresponsive-after-5184-power-on-hours-firmware-0309",
      "citation_text": "Crucial said its m4 SSDs would become unresponsive after 5,184 hours of power-on time (about 216 days) because of an incorrect response to a SMART counter, failing again every hour after a power cycle, until updated to firmware 0309 (Crucial, 2012). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial Support: Firmware (m4 firmware 0309 change log)\" (http://www.crucial.com/support/firmware.aspx). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2012-01-m4-ssd-unresponsive-after-5184-power-on-hours-firmware-0309."
    },
    {
      "id": "intel-2019-ssd-d3-s4510-s4610-unresponsive-after-1700-idle-power-on-hours",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Intel's D3-S4510 and D3-S4610 data-centre SSDs of 1.92 TB and 3.84 TB on firmware XCV10100 could become unresponsive after about **1,700 hours** of cumulative idle power-on time, fixed by firmware XCV10110 in March 2019 (Microsoft, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1700,
      "unit": "cumulative idle power-on hours after which drives could become unresponsive (firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "1,700 hours",
      "display_label": "Microsoft support article 4499612",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Windows Server Storage Spaces Direct clusters and other servers)",
      "period": "2019 (fix released March 2019)",
      "population": "Intel SSD D3-S4510 and D3-S4610 SATA SSDs, 1.92 TB and 3.84 TB, firmware XCV10100 (240 GB, 480 GB and 960 GB not affected)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Microsoft (support article reporting Intel's finding)",
      "source_title": "Intel SSD D3-S4510 and Intel SSD D3-S4610 series 1.92 TB and 3.84 TB drives unresponsive after 1,700 cumulative idle power-on hours (original KB 4499612)",
      "source_url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/backup-and-storage/intel-ssd-d3-s4510-s4610-series-1-dot-92-3-dot-84-tb-drives-unresponsive",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "may experience an NAND \"channel hang\" condition in firmware release XCV10100 that could cause the drive to become unresponsive after approximately 1,700 hours of cumulative idle power-on time.",
      "locator": "Symptoms section; Resolution: 'Maintenance Release 1 (MR1) of Intel firmware (version XCV10110) as of March 2019'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Text saved from the article's source file in Microsoft's public SupportArticles-docs repository (raw.githubusercontent.com/MicrosoftDocs/SupportArticles-docs/main/support/windows-server/backup-and-storage/intel-ssd-d3-s4510-s4610-series-1-dot-92-3-dot-84-tb-drives-unresponsive.md). published_at is the article's ms.date (12 February 2026); the original KB 4499612 dates from 2019. Microsoft: 'There is no counter or other attribute that reports drive idle power-on hours' and Intel 'strongly recommends that you update the firmware as soon as possible to avoid the risk of unrecoverable data loss.' Intel's own notice (now Solidigm's) returned 404 when checked.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2019-ssd-d3-s4510-s4610-unresponsive-after-1700-idle-power-on-hours",
      "citation_text": "Intel's D3-S4510 and D3-S4610 data-centre SSDs of 1.92 TB and 3.84 TB on firmware XCV10100 could become unresponsive after about **1,700 hours** of cumulative idle power-on time, fixed by firmware XCV10110 in March 2019 (Microsoft, 2019). Source: Microsoft (support article reporting Intel's finding), \"Intel SSD D3-S4510 and Intel SSD D3-S4610 series 1.92 TB and 3.84 TB drives unresponsive after 1,700 cumulative idle power-on hours (original KB 4499612)\" (https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/backup-and-storage/intel-ssd-d3-s4510-s4610-series-1-dot-92-3-dot-84-tb-drives-unresponsive). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2019-ssd-d3-s4510-s4610-unresponsive-after-1700-idle-power-on-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2014-10-840-evo-old-data-read-slowdown-aggressive-read-retry-algorithm",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Samsung traced the read-speed slowdown of old data on its 840 EVO SSDs to an error in its NAND management algorithm that caused aggressive read retries, and released a firmware and Performance Restoration tool in **October 2014**; no data loss resulted (AnandTech, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's disclosure of a firmware defect, as reported)",
      "display_value": "Read-speed bug",
      "display_label": "AnandTech, October 2014",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "September to October 2014",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 840 EVO (2.5-inch and mSATA) TLC consumer SSDs holding data written months earlier",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "AnandTech (Kristian Vättö), reporting Samsung's disclosure",
      "source_title": "Samsung Releases Firmware Update to Fix the SSD 840 EVO Read Performance Bug",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141022035221/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8617",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-10-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In case of the 840 EVO, there was an error in the algorithm that resulted in an aggressive read-retry process when reading old data.",
      "locator": "Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20141022035221/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8617, paragraph after the NAND explanation",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Samsung's own 2014 statement was given to the press; AnandTech's pages now redirect to its forums, so the archived article is the source. The author: 'this bug never resulted in data loss, so it was more of an annoyance than a real threat', and the tool needed at least 10% free space and rewrote all data on the drive. Samsung said it had seen the issue only in the 840 EVO. No count of affected drives or measured speeds from Samsung.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2014-10-840-evo-old-data-read-slowdown-aggressive-read-retry-algorithm",
      "citation_text": "Samsung traced the read-speed slowdown of old data on its 840 EVO SSDs to an error in its NAND management algorithm that caused aggressive read retries, and released a firmware and Performance Restoration tool in **October 2014**; no data loss resulted (AnandTech, 2014). Source: AnandTech (Kristian Vättö), reporting Samsung's disclosure, \"Samsung Releases Firmware Update to Fix the SSD 840 EVO Read Performance Bug\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141022035221/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8617). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2014-10-840-evo-old-data-read-slowdown-aggressive-read-retry-algorithm."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2015-02-840-evo-slowdown-returned-statement-new-fix",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Samsung acknowledged in **February 2015** that some 840 EVO owners saw the old-data read slowdown again after its October 2014 fix, and promised an updated Magician tool, a fix it shipped in April 2015 (Samsung, via AnandTech, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's statement)",
      "display_value": "Slowdown returned",
      "display_label": "Samsung statement, AnandTech, February 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "February 2015",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 840 EVO consumer SSDs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "AnandTech (Ryan Smith), quoting Samsung's statement",
      "source_title": "Samsung Releases Statement on 840 EVO Performance - Another Fix Is In the Works",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150224033232/http://www.anandtech.com:80/show/8997/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-02-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In October, Samsung released a tool to address a slowdown in 840 EVO Sequential Read speeds reported by a small number of users after not using their drive for an extended period of time.",
      "locator": "Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20150224033232/http://www.anandtech.com:80/show/8997/, Samsung's statement (block quote)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Samsung's statement continues: 'We understand that some users are experiencing the slowdown again. While we continue to look into the issue, Samsung will release an updated version of the Samsung SSD Magician software in March that will include a performance restoration tool.' The April 2015 shipping date (firmware EXT0DB6Q with Magician 4.6) is from press coverage, not fetched here. 'A small number of users' is Samsung's wording; no count.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2015-02-840-evo-slowdown-returned-statement-new-fix",
      "citation_text": "Samsung acknowledged in **February 2015** that some 840 EVO owners saw the old-data read slowdown again after its October 2014 fix, and promised an updated Magician tool, a fix it shipped in April 2015 (Samsung, via AnandTech, 2015). Source: AnandTech (Ryan Smith), quoting Samsung's statement, \"Samsung Releases Statement on 840 EVO Performance - Another Fix Is In the Works\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150224033232/http://www.anandtech.com:80/show/8997/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2015-02-840-evo-slowdown-returned-statement-new-fix."
    },
    {
      "id": "western-digital-2024-10-hmb-firmware-fix-bsod-windows-11-24h2-2tb-ssds",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Western Digital released firmware for 2 TB WD_BLACK SN770, SN770M, WD Blue SN580, SN5000 and SanDisk Extreme M.2 SSDs that could cause a **blue screen (BSOD)** on Windows 11 24H2 through a Host Memory Buffer issue (Western Digital, via The Register, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (maker's firmware release note, as reported)",
      "display_value": "Blue screens",
      "display_label": "Western Digital firmware note, The Register, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "October 2024",
      "population": "2 TB WD_BLACK SN770, WD_BLACK SN770M, WD Blue SN580, WD Blue SN5000 and SanDisk Extreme M.2 NVMe SSDs (DRAM-less, using host memory)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "The Register (quoting Western Digital's release notes)",
      "source_title": "Western Digital releases firmware fix for SSDs blighted by Windows 11 24H2 BSODs",
      "source_url": "https://www.theregister.com/2024/10/17/western_digital_releases_a_firmware/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-10-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Addresses an issue with the HMB (Host Memory Buffer) for certain models of Western Digital and SanDisk SSDs, where the drive may cause a BSOD on Windows 11 24H2.",
      "locator": "Paragraph quoting WD's firmware release notes",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "WD also warned: 'Microsoft may prevent systems with affected models from upgrading to Windows 11 24H2 until the firmware is updated.' WD's own support pages (support-en.wd.com) were not fetched. The '64 MB to 200 MB' HMB allocation change often cited comes from user analysis, not WD. Not a data-loss defect in WD's wording.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2024-10-hmb-firmware-fix-bsod-windows-11-24h2-2tb-ssds",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital released firmware for 2 TB WD_BLACK SN770, SN770M, WD Blue SN580, SN5000 and SanDisk Extreme M.2 SSDs that could cause a **blue screen (BSOD)** on Windows 11 24H2 through a Host Memory Buffer issue (Western Digital, via The Register, 2024). Source: The Register (quoting Western Digital's release notes), \"Western Digital releases firmware fix for SSDs blighted by Windows 11 24H2 BSODs\" (https://www.theregister.com/2024/10/17/western_digital_releases_a_firmware/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#western-digital-2024-10-hmb-firmware-fix-bsod-windows-11-24h2-2tb-ssds."
    },
    {
      "id": "ibm-deskstar-75gxp-2005-class-settlement-100-dollars-per-failed-drive",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "$100 per failed drive was offered in the 2005 US class settlement over IBM's Deskstar 75GXP hard drives, whose failures were documented in IBM's support or returns records; owners whose drives had not failed could choose 25 blank CD-ROMs or a 15% IBM discount (settlement notice, 2005).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "US dollars per class member with a documented drive failure (court-supervised settlement)",
      "display_value": "$100",
      "display_label": "IBM Deskstar 75GXP settlement, 2005",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2005 (purchases 15 March 2000 to 4 March 2005)",
      "population": "US buyers, not for resale, of IBM Deskstar 75GXP drives DTLA 307-015 to 307-075, alone or in a pre-assembled computer",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "IBM Deskstar 75GXP Litigation settlement administrator (Berdon Claims Administration LLC)",
      "source_title": "IBM Deskstar 75GXP Class Action Website: F.A.Q.s",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20050505091442/http://www.ibmdeskstar75gxplitigation.com:80/faqs.asp",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2005-04-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "all Class Members who purchased a Qualifying Deskstar 75GXP and have experienced a \"disk drive failure\" ... are eligible to receive a check for $100",
      "locator": "Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20050505091442/http://www.ibmdeskstar75gxplitigation.com:80/faqs.asp, 'What are the Settlement Benefits?'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The court-ordered notice site of the claims administrator; published_at is the date of initial mailing (29 April 2005); settlement hearing 1 July 2005. The site does not name the court in the pages saved. IBM 'denies any liability'. The complaint (Michael T. Granito Jr., 2001) alleged the drives 'crash' with 'irreversible and permanent loss of data' (quoted by The Register, raw/theregister-2005-05-04-ibm-deskstar-class-action-settlement.txt): an allegation. Settlement amounts in total and the claims count were not found.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ibm-deskstar-75gxp-2005-class-settlement-100-dollars-per-failed-drive",
      "citation_text": "$100 per failed drive was offered in the 2005 US class settlement over IBM's Deskstar 75GXP hard drives, whose failures were documented in IBM's support or returns records; owners whose drives had not failed could choose 25 blank CD-ROMs or a 15% IBM discount (settlement notice, 2005). Source: IBM Deskstar 75GXP Litigation settlement administrator (Berdon Claims Administration LLC), \"IBM Deskstar 75GXP Class Action Website: F.A.Q.s\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050505091442/http://www.ibmdeskstar75gxplitigation.com:80/faqs.asp). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ibm-deskstar-75gxp-2005-class-settlement-100-dollars-per-failed-drive."
    },
    {
      "id": "fujitsu-2003-mpg-hard-drive-class-settlement-42-5-million-pool",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "$42.5 million was the proposed settlement pool in the California class action over Fujitsu's MPG3xxx desktop hard drives, paying $45 per drive replaced and up to $1,200 per drive for lost data, with Fujitsu admitting no liability (The Register, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 42500000,
      "unit": "US dollars, proposed settlement fund (court papers, as reported)",
      "display_value": "$42.5 million",
      "display_label": "The Register, October 2003",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2003 (final approval hearing set for 2 March 2004)",
      "population": "Buyers of Fujitsu MPG3xxx 3.5-inch IDE desktop hard drives, or PCs containing them (HP Pavilion 7845 and others)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "The Register (reporting settlement papers filed with the California Superior Court, Santa Clara)",
      "source_title": "Fujitsu HDD fiasco to end in $42.5m pay-out",
      "source_url": "https://www.theregister.com/2003/10/22/fujitsu_hdd_fiasco_to_end/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-10-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The settlement centres on the foundation of a $42.5 million pool of cash to be used to pay \"any consumers and other end users who bought certain Fujitsu desktop 3.5in IDE hard disk drives",
      "locator": "Second paragraph; per-drive terms in the paragraph beginning 'At this stage, the settlement is a proposal'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A proposed settlement at the time of the article; final approval and the amount paid out were not found. The court papers themselves (Santa Clara Superior Court) were not retrievable. Terms as reported: '$45 per HDD to class members who can prove that they owned one of the faulty drives' and replaced it, and 'up to $1200 per HDD' for proven data loss. The article's 'lodged its complaint with the US Supreme Court' is an error in the article (the case was in the California Superior Court).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#fujitsu-2003-mpg-hard-drive-class-settlement-42-5-million-pool",
      "citation_text": "$42.5 million was the proposed settlement pool in the California class action over Fujitsu's MPG3xxx desktop hard drives, paying $45 per drive replaced and up to $1,200 per drive for lost data, with Fujitsu admitting no liability (The Register, 2003). Source: The Register (reporting settlement papers filed with the California Superior Court, Santa Clara), \"Fujitsu HDD fiasco to end in $42.5m pay-out\" (https://www.theregister.com/2003/10/22/fujitsu_hdd_fiasco_to_end/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#fujitsu-2003-mpg-hard-drive-class-settlement-42-5-million-pool."
    },
    {
      "id": "fujitsu-2003-mpg-hard-drive-settlement-up-to-1200-dollars-per-drive-data-loss",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Up to $1,200 per hard drive was offered for proven data loss in the proposed settlement over Fujitsu's failing MPG3xxx drives, against $45 per drive for replacement costs (The Register, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "US dollars per drive, maximum for proven data loss (proposed settlement, as reported)",
      "display_value": "Up to $1,200",
      "display_label": "The Register, October 2003",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "period": "2003",
      "population": "Class members with Fujitsu MPG3xxx drives who could prove data loss",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "The Register (reporting settlement papers filed with the California Superior Court, Santa Clara)",
      "source_title": "Fujitsu HDD fiasco to end in $42.5m pay-out",
      "source_url": "https://www.theregister.com/2003/10/22/fujitsu_hdd_fiasco_to_end/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-10-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Anyone who claims they lost data can submit a statement to that effect to the Court and, after offering \"proof that the Settlement Administrator may reasonably require\", be entitled to up to $1200 per HDD.",
      "locator": "Paragraph after the $45-per-drive terms",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rare court-supervised price put on lost data, but from a proposed settlement as reported by the press; final terms were not verified.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#fujitsu-2003-mpg-hard-drive-settlement-up-to-1200-dollars-per-drive-data-loss",
      "citation_text": "Up to $1,200 per hard drive was offered for proven data loss in the proposed settlement over Fujitsu's failing MPG3xxx drives, against $45 per drive for replacement costs (The Register, 2003). Source: The Register (reporting settlement papers filed with the California Superior Court, Santa Clara), \"Fujitsu HDD fiasco to end in $42.5m pay-out\" (https://www.theregister.com/2003/10/22/fujitsu_hdd_fiasco_to_end/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#fujitsu-2003-mpg-hard-drive-settlement-up-to-1200-dollars-per-drive-data-loss."
    },
    {
      "id": "digiplex-nasdaq-nordic-2018-04-fire-suppression-noise-destroyed-server-disk-drives",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "The noise of an inert-gas fire-suppression release at DigiPlex's data centre near Stockholm on 18 April 2018 destroyed server disk drives and took the Nasdaq Nordic exchanges offline until the afternoon (The Register, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative (incident report)",
      "display_value": "Exchanges offline",
      "display_label": "The Register, April 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Sweden (Nordic and Baltic exchanges affected)",
      "period": "18 April 2018",
      "population": "Nasdaq Nordic servers in a module at the DigiPlex data centre in Upplands Väsby",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "The Register",
      "source_title": "Noise from blast of gas destroys Digiplex data depot disk drives",
      "source_url": "https://www.theregister.com/2018/04/26/decibels_destroy_disk_drives_in_digiplex_data_centre/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-04-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The gas release – on 18 April – caused a loud, high-pitched whistle, which resulted in vibrations destroying server disk drives, the servers crashing and the Nasdaq Nordic exchange going offline",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Neither Nasdaq nor DigiPlex published a root-cause report we could find; DigiPlex told DCD (raw/dcd-2018-04-digiplex-nasdaq-fire-suppression.txt) there was no fire and no other customer was affected, and trading was halted in Copenhagen, Helsinki, Reykjavik, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn and Vilnius. A '30 percent of equipment' figure attributed to a Nasdaq executive in later coverage was not found in a fetched source. The Register notes a similar Sydney incident four years earlier.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#digiplex-nasdaq-nordic-2018-04-fire-suppression-noise-destroyed-server-disk-drives",
      "citation_text": "The noise of an inert-gas fire-suppression release at DigiPlex's data centre near Stockholm on 18 April 2018 destroyed server disk drives and took the Nasdaq Nordic exchanges offline until the afternoon (The Register, 2018). Source: The Register, \"Noise from blast of gas destroys Digiplex data depot disk drives\" (https://www.theregister.com/2018/04/26/decibels_destroy_disk_drives_in_digiplex_data_centre/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#digiplex-nasdaq-nordic-2018-04-fire-suppression-noise-destroyed-server-disk-drives."
    },
    {
      "id": "hpe-2021-03-sas-ssd-data-inaccessible-at-70000-power-on-hours-firmware-hpd4",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "HPE warned in March 2021 of a third SAS SSD firmware defect, making data inaccessible at **70,000 power-on hours** (7.99 years) on two model numbers (800 GB and 1.6 TB, six SKUs) unless updated to firmware HPD4 (HPE, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 70000,
      "unit": "power-on hours at which data becomes inaccessible (firmware defect)",
      "display_value": "70,000 hours",
      "display_label": "HPE customer advisory, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (HPE servers and storage)",
      "period": "2021 (advisory of 18 March 2021)",
      "population": "HPE 12G SAS SSDs VK0800JEABE (800 GB) and VO1600JEABF (1.6 TB), six SKUs, firmware HPD3 or earlier",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hewlett Packard Enterprise",
      "source_title": "Advisory: HPE SAS Solid State Drives (SSDs) - Critical HPD4 Firmware Update Required For Certain SSDs to Prevent Data Inaccessibility at 70,000 Hours (7.99 years) Of Operation (Document ID a00111296en_us)",
      "source_url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=a00111296en_us",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-03-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Neglecting to update to SSD firmware version HPD4 will result in temporary loss of drive operation at 70,000 power-on hours (7.99 years), followed by a drive power cycle.",
      "locator": "Description section, 'Important' paragraph; Scope table (two model numbers, six SKU rows) (document version 1, last updated 2021-03-18)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Unlike the 2019 and 2020 bugs, HPD4 also recovers drives already hit: 'this firmware version serves to both prevent the 70,000 power-on hours issue and recover impacted drives'. HPE: 'this issue is not unique to HPE and potentially affects other manufacturers' and the defect was reported to HPE by the SSD's maker, not named. With the 32,768-hour (2019) and 40,000-hour (2020) bulletins, three power-on-hour bugs in HPE SAS SSDs in 16 months. Text saved from https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/api/document/a00111296en_us.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2021-03-sas-ssd-data-inaccessible-at-70000-power-on-hours-firmware-hpd4",
      "citation_text": "HPE warned in March 2021 of a third SAS SSD firmware defect, making data inaccessible at **70,000 power-on hours** (7.99 years) on two model numbers (800 GB and 1.6 TB, six SKUs) unless updated to firmware HPD4 (HPE, 2021). Source: Hewlett Packard Enterprise, \"Advisory: HPE SAS Solid State Drives (SSDs) - Critical HPD4 Firmware Update Required For Certain SSDs to Prevent Data Inaccessibility at 70,000 Hours (7.99 years) Of Operation (Document ID a00111296en_us)\" (https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=a00111296en_us). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hpe-2021-03-sas-ssd-data-inaccessible-at-70000-power-on-hours-firmware-hpd4."
    },
    {
      "id": "cisco-2026-09-fn74426-micron-5100-ssd-slowdown-after-65535-power-on-hours",
      "family": "failure-events-and-firmware",
      "statement": "Cisco warned in September 2026 that certain SATA SSDs, Micron 5100 Series drives among them, may slow down for good after **65,535 power-on hours** (about 7.5 years) because of a firmware counter limit, without data loss or drive failure (Cisco, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 65535,
      "unit": "power-on hours after which performance drops (firmware limitation)",
      "display_value": "65,535 hours",
      "display_label": "Cisco Field Notice FN74426, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Cisco UCS and HyperFlex servers)",
      "period": "2026 (notice of 21 September 2026)",
      "population": "SATA SSDs and M.2 modules in Cisco UCS and HyperFlex platforms (13 PIDs, for example HX-SD38TBE1NK9 and UCS-SD38TM1X-EV), identified as Micron 5100 Series, without the fixed firmware",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Cisco Systems",
      "source_title": "Field Notice: FN74426 - Certain Drives Used in Cisco UCS and HyperFlex Platforms May Experience Performance Issues After 7.5 Years of Run Time - Software Upgrade Recommended",
      "source_url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/field-notices/744/fn74426.html",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "This issue affects SATA SSDs that have reached or exceeded 65,535 power-on hours of operation.",
      "locator": "Problem Description; Problem Symptom: 'The SSD remains operational, and no data loss, drive failure, or firmware asserts are observed.'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The newest power-on-hour firmware notice found (as of 2026-11-04). Cause per Cisco: 'a firmware limitation involving the internal workload log entry counter' (LogEntryCnt). Fixed firmware listed: D0MH079, D0MH449, D0MH849, D0MC078, D0MC448. Cisco names the Micron 5100 Series only; claims that Micron 5200/5300 are affected come from forums and a Veeam community blog that describes failures, which Cisco's notice contradicts. Fetched with WebFetch (curl got HTTP 403); verbatim extract in raw/cisco-fn74426-webfetch.txt.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cisco-2026-09-fn74426-micron-5100-ssd-slowdown-after-65535-power-on-hours",
      "citation_text": "Cisco warned in September 2026 that certain SATA SSDs, Micron 5100 Series drives among them, may slow down for good after **65,535 power-on hours** (about 7.5 years) because of a firmware counter limit, without data loss or drive failure (Cisco, 2026). Source: Cisco Systems, \"Field Notice: FN74426 - Certain Drives Used in Cisco UCS and HyperFlex Platforms May Experience Performance Issues After 7.5 Years of Run Time - Software Upgrade Recommended\" (https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/field-notices/744/fn74426.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cisco-2026-09-fn74426-micron-5100-ssd-slowdown-after-65535-power-on-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-2003-10-disc-makers-claim-cd-r-dvd-r-life-expectancy-100-to-200-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**100 to 200 years** or more is the life expectancy disc makers agreed on for recorded CD-R, DVD-R and DVD+R discs under recommended storage, a manufacturers' claim from accelerated aging with few independent tests behind it (NIST, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "years, life expectancy claimed by disc makers (lower bound of a 100 to 200 year range)",
      "display_value": "100 to 200 years",
      "display_label": "NIST, Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs, 2003",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory and manufacturer data, applies worldwide)",
      "period": "Manufacturer claims current in 2003",
      "population": "Recordable CD-R, DVD-R and DVD+R discs, manufacturers' accelerated aging tests",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)",
      "source_title": "Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "there is consensus that, under recommended storage conditions, CD-R, DVD-R, and DVD+R discs should have a life expectancy of 100 to 200 years or more",
      "locator": "Section 4 'How Long Can You Store CDs and DVDs and Use Them Again?', printed page 13 (PDF page 20)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's claim, not a measurement: NIST adds 'Few, if any, life expectancy reports for these discs have been published by independent laboratories.' Published October 2003; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-disc-makers-claim-cd-r-dvd-r-life-expectancy-100-to-200-years",
      "citation_text": "**100 to 200 years** or more is the life expectancy disc makers agreed on for recorded CD-R, DVD-R and DVD+R discs under recommended storage, a manufacturers' claim from accelerated aging with few independent tests behind it (NIST, 2003). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), \"Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers\" (https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-disc-makers-claim-cd-r-dvd-r-life-expectancy-100-to-200-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-2003-10-disc-makers-claim-rewritable-discs-25-years-or-more",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "25 years or more is the life expectancy disc makers claimed for rewritable CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM discs, against 100 to 200 years for write-once discs (NIST, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 25,
      "unit": "years, life expectancy claimed by disc makers (minimum)",
      "display_value": "25 years or more",
      "display_label": "NIST, Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs, 2003",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory and manufacturer data, applies worldwide)",
      "period": "Manufacturer claims current in 2003",
      "population": "Rewritable CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM discs, manufacturers' accelerated aging tests",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)",
      "source_title": "Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM discs should have a life expectancy of 25 years or more",
      "locator": "Section 4, printed page 13 (PDF page 20)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's claim, not a measurement. NIST: RW and RAM discs 'are generally not considered for long-term or archival use'. Published October 2003; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-disc-makers-claim-rewritable-discs-25-years-or-more",
      "citation_text": "25 years or more is the life expectancy disc makers claimed for rewritable CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM discs, against 100 to 200 years for write-once discs (NIST, 2003). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), \"Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers\" (https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-disc-makers-claim-rewritable-discs-25-years-or-more."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-2003-10-pressed-cd-rom-dvd-rom-life-expectations-20-to-100-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**20 to 100 years** was the range of life expectations for pressed CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs (audio, video, software), with little information published on them (NIST, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "years, expected life (lower bound of a 20 to 100 year range)",
      "display_value": "20 to 100 years",
      "display_label": "NIST, Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs, 2003",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory and manufacturer data, applies worldwide)",
      "period": "Expectations current in 2003",
      "population": "Read-only (pressed) CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs, including audio CDs and video DVDs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)",
      "source_title": "Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Little information is available for CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs (including audio and video), resulting in an increased level of uncertainty for their life expectancy. Expectations vary from 20 to 100 years for these discs.",
      "locator": "Section 4, printed page 13 (PDF page 20)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An expectation range, not a measurement. Published October 2003; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-pressed-cd-rom-dvd-rom-life-expectations-20-to-100-years",
      "citation_text": "**20 to 100 years** was the range of life expectations for pressed CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs (audio, video, software), with little information published on them (NIST, 2003). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), \"Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers\" (https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-pressed-cd-rom-dvd-rom-life-expectations-20-to-100-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-2003-10-nist-accelerated-aging-dvd-r-for-authoring-30-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "30 years was NIST's estimated life expectancy for one type of DVD-R for authoring disc stored at 25 °C (77 °F) and 50% relative humidity, from an early accelerated aging study (NIST, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "years, estimated life expectancy at 25 °C and 50% RH (accelerated aging)",
      "display_value": "30 years",
      "display_label": "NIST, Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs, 2003",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory and manufacturer data, applies worldwide)",
      "period": "Preliminary NIST test reported in 2003",
      "population": "One type of DVD-R for authoring disc, NIST accelerated aging test",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)",
      "source_title": "Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "An accelerated aging study at NIST estimated the life expectancy of one type of DVD-R for authoring disc to be 30 years if stored at 25°C (77°F) and 50% relative humidity.",
      "locator": "Section 4, printed page 13 (PDF page 20)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "NIST calls the testing 'in the preliminary stages'. The fuller NIST/Library of Congress study (2007) is recorded under nist-loc-2007-09-*. Published October 2003; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-nist-accelerated-aging-dvd-r-for-authoring-30-years",
      "citation_text": "30 years was NIST's estimated life expectancy for one type of DVD-R for authoring disc stored at 25 °C (77 °F) and 50% relative humidity, from an early accelerated aging study (NIST, 2003). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), \"Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers\" (https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-nist-accelerated-aging-dvd-r-for-authoring-30-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-2003-10-blank-cd-r-dvd-r-shelf-life-5-to-10-years-maker-claim-untested",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**5 to 10 years** is the shelf life before recording that makers claimed for blank CD-R and DVD-R discs, a claim NIST found no published tests to verify (NIST, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, shelf life before recording claimed by disc makers (lower bound of 5 to 10)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years",
      "display_label": "NIST, Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs, 2003",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory and manufacturer data, applies worldwide)",
      "period": "Manufacturer claims current in 2003",
      "population": "Unrecorded (blank) CD-R, DVD-R and DVD+R discs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)",
      "source_title": "Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Manufacturers claim that CD-R and DVD-R discs have a shelf life of 5 to 10 years before recording, but no expiration dates are indicated",
      "locator": "Section 4.2 'CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R Discs', printed page 15 (PDF page 22)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's claim. The original industry statement is OSTA's (osta-2001-blank-cd-r-shelf-life-5-to-10-years-maker-estimate); NARA later repeated it as 'conservatively estimated'. Published October 2003; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-blank-cd-r-dvd-r-shelf-life-5-to-10-years-maker-claim-untested",
      "citation_text": "**5 to 10 years** is the shelf life before recording that makers claimed for blank CD-R and DVD-R discs, a claim NIST found no published tests to verify (NIST, 2003). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), \"Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers\" (https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-blank-cd-r-dvd-r-shelf-life-5-to-10-years-maker-claim-untested."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-2003-10-rewritable-discs-about-1000-rewrites-dvd-ram-100000",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "About 1,000 erase-and-rewrite cycles is the limit for rewritable CDs and DVDs, and about 100,000 for DVD-RAM discs, with each rewrite shortening the disc's life (NIST, 2003).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000,
      "unit": "erase and rewrite cycles (approximate) for CD-RW and DVD-RW",
      "display_value": "about 1,000 rewrites",
      "display_label": "NIST, Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs, 2003",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory and manufacturer data, applies worldwide)",
      "period": "2003",
      "population": "Rewritable optical discs (CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW) and DVD-RAM",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)",
      "source_title": "Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2003-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "can be erased and rewritten to a limited number of times (about 1,000 times for RW discs and about 100,000 times for RAM discs)",
      "locator": "Section 4.3 'CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM Discs', printed page 15 (PDF page 22)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Approximate format figures as NIST states them. Published October 2003; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-rewritable-discs-about-1000-rewrites-dvd-ram-100000",
      "citation_text": "About 1,000 erase-and-rewrite cycles is the limit for rewritable CDs and DVDs, and about 100,000 for DVD-RAM discs, with each rewrite shortening the disc's life (NIST, 2003). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), \"Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists (NIST Special Publication 500-252), by Fred R. Byers\" (https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/NISTspecialpublication500-252.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2003-10-rewritable-discs-about-1000-rewrites-dvd-ram-100000."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-2004-10-recordable-disc-can-fail-in-a-few-weeks-of-direct-sunlight",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "A few weeks of direct sunlight can be enough to make a recordable CD or DVD fail, depending on the disc and the light's intensity, in NIST's stress tests of commercial discs (NIST, 2004).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "time to failure under direct light (qualitative: a few weeks)",
      "display_value": "a few weeks",
      "display_label": "NIST Journal of Research, 2004",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory test)",
      "period": "Tests reported in 2004",
      "population": "Commercially available recordable CD-R and DVD-R discs exposed to metal-halide light and to heat and humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)",
      "source_title": "Stability Comparison of Recordable Optical Discs: A Study of Error Rates in Harsh Conditions (Slattery, Lu, Zheng, Byers, Tang), Journal of Research of NIST 109(5), 517-524",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/109/5/j95sla.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2004-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Depending on the media type and intensity of the light, a disc may fail due to exposure to direct sunlight in as little as a few weeks.",
      "locator": "Section 4 'Conclusions', page 523 (PDF page 7)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "NIST also found phthalocyanine-dye CD-Rs with a gold-silver alloy reflective layer consistently the most stable CD-Rs, and large differences between brands. The authors say the sample was too small for a statistical life-expectancy estimate. DOI 10.6028/jres.109.038; published 2004-10-01 (PubMed Central record).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2004-10-recordable-disc-can-fail-in-a-few-weeks-of-direct-sunlight",
      "citation_text": "A few weeks of direct sunlight can be enough to make a recordable CD or DVD fail, depending on the disc and the light's intensity, in NIST's stress tests of commercial discs (NIST, 2004). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), \"Stability Comparison of Recordable Optical Discs: A Study of Error Rates in Harsh Conditions (Slattery, Lu, Zheng, Byers, Tang), Journal of Research of NIST 109(5), 517-524\" (https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/109/5/j95sla.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-2004-10-recordable-disc-can-fail-in-a-few-weeks-of-direct-sunlight."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-loc-2007-09-cd-r-5-of-7-products-life-expectancy-over-45-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**5 of the 7** CD-R products tested had an estimated life expectancy of more than 45 years at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, and the other two 30 to 45 years, in the NIST and Library of Congress accelerated aging study of discs bought in 2005 (NIST and Library of Congress, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "CD-R products (of 7) with estimated life expectancy over 45 years",
      "display_value": "5 of 7",
      "display_label": "NIST and Library of Congress, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory test of discs sold in 2005)",
      "period": "Discs bought in 2005, tested 2005-2007",
      "population": "7 CD-R products bought in 2005 (all phthalocyanine dye), 90 discs each; life expectancy = time 95% of discs survive, with 95% confidence, before uncorrectable errors are imminent, at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "sample_n": 630,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Library of Congress",
      "source_title": "Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study (J. Zheng, O. Slattery et al.)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-09-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Five of the seven CD-R products had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. The remaining two products had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of 30-45 years.",
      "locator": "Section 5 'Results', page 16, paragraph 'Recordable CD'; Fig. 5",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate from accelerated aging (Eyring model, heat and humidity only; light, pollutants and handling not modelled). sample_n = 7 products x 90 discs (computed). Report dated September 2007 in its footer; day set to 01. 'All CD media in this study had life expectancies of greater than 30 years.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-loc-2007-09-cd-r-5-of-7-products-life-expectancy-over-45-years",
      "citation_text": "**5 of the 7** CD-R products tested had an estimated life expectancy of more than 45 years at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, and the other two 30 to 45 years, in the NIST and Library of Congress accelerated aging study of discs bought in 2005 (NIST and Library of Congress, 2007). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Library of Congress, \"Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study (J. Zheng, O. Slattery et al.)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-loc-2007-09-cd-r-5-of-7-products-life-expectancy-over-45-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-loc-2007-09-recordable-dvd-7-of-15-products-life-expectancy-over-45-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**7 of the 15** recordable and rewritable DVD products tested had an estimated life expectancy of more than 45 years at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, and 4 more 30 to 45 years (NIST and Library of Congress, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7,
      "unit": "DVD products (of 15) with estimated life expectancy over 45 years",
      "display_value": "7 of 15",
      "display_label": "NIST and Library of Congress, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory test of discs sold in 2005)",
      "period": "Discs bought in 2005, tested 2005-2007",
      "population": "15 DVD products bought in 2005 (5 DVD-R, 5 DVD+R, 2 DVD-RW, 3 DVD+RW), 90 discs each; life expectancy = 95% survival with 95% confidence at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "sample_n": 1350,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Library of Congress",
      "source_title": "Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study (J. Zheng, O. Slattery et al.)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-09-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30-45 years in ambient storage conditions.",
      "locator": "Section 5 'Results', page 17, paragraph 'Recordable and rewritable DVD'; Fig. 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Accelerated aging estimate. sample_n = 15 products x 90 discs (computed). 'No obvious or significant difference in the longevity of differing DVD types emerged.' September 2007; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-loc-2007-09-recordable-dvd-7-of-15-products-life-expectancy-over-45-years",
      "citation_text": "**7 of the 15** recordable and rewritable DVD products tested had an estimated life expectancy of more than 45 years at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, and 4 more 30 to 45 years (NIST and Library of Congress, 2007). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Library of Congress, \"Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study (J. Zheng, O. Slattery et al.)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-loc-2007-09-recordable-dvd-7-of-15-products-life-expectancy-over-45-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nist-loc-2007-09-recordable-dvd-4-of-15-products-under-30-years-2-under-15",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**4 of the 15** DVD products tested were estimated to last less than 30 years at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, 2 of them less than 15 years, against none of the CD-R products (NIST and Library of Congress, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "DVD products (of 15) with estimated life expectancy under 30 years",
      "display_value": "4 of 15",
      "display_label": "NIST and Library of Congress, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (laboratory test of discs sold in 2005)",
      "period": "Discs bought in 2005, tested 2005-2007",
      "population": "15 DVD products bought in 2005, 90 discs each, NIST accelerated aging",
      "sample_n": 1350,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Library of Congress",
      "source_title": "Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study (J. Zheng, O. Slattery et al.)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-09-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Two products had a estimated life expectancy of 15-30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions.",
      "locator": "Section 5 'Results', page 17, paragraph 'Recordable and rewritable DVD'; Fig. 6",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "2 products at 15-30 years + 2 products under 15 years = 4 of 15 under 30 years",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Accelerated aging estimate; the 4 is the sum of the report's two lowest bands. September 2007; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-loc-2007-09-recordable-dvd-4-of-15-products-under-30-years-2-under-15",
      "citation_text": "**4 of the 15** DVD products tested were estimated to last less than 30 years at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, 2 of them less than 15 years, against none of the CD-R products (NIST and Library of Congress, 2007). Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Library of Congress, \"Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study (J. Zheng, O. Slattery et al.)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nist-loc-2007-09-recordable-dvd-4-of-15-products-under-30-years-2-under-15."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-mean-estimated-life-776-years-at-25c-50pct-rh",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "776 years was the estimated mean life of prerecorded CDs stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity in the Library of Congress's accelerated aging study, although 10% of the discs were estimated to fail in under 25 years (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 776,
      "unit": "years, estimated mean life at 25 °C and 50% RH (Eyring model)",
      "display_value": "776 years",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "This corresponds to a mean lifetime of 776 years for CD-ROMs stored at 25 ˚C and 50% RH.",
      "locator": "Page 13 (PDF page 14), section on acceleration factors, after the Eyring solution",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A mean of a widely spread estimate, not a typical disc: the report says some discs could last less than 25 years and others 500 years or more, and that its results show why an 'average lifetime' is hard to define. The normalised data set gave a mean of 1,101 years. Published 2009; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-mean-estimated-life-776-years-at-25c-50pct-rh",
      "citation_text": "776 years was the estimated mean life of prerecorded CDs stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity in the Library of Congress's accelerated aging study, although 10% of the discs were estimated to fail in under 25 years (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-mean-estimated-life-776-years-at-25c-50pct-rh."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-10pct-of-discs-estimated-to-fail-in-under-25-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "10% of the prerecorded CDs tested were estimated to fail in less than 25 years, including 5% that failed too early to estimate, while 16% showed too little error growth to fail at all under the test (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": "**10%** of pressed CDs were estimated to fail in under 25 years in accelerated-ageing tests (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "% of discs with estimated life under 25 years",
      "display_value": "10%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "10% of the discs failed at an estimated life of less than 25 years, including 6 discs (5%) that failed too early to obtain meaningful data or a meaningful lifetime estimate.",
      "locator": "Conclusion, page 20 (PDF page 21)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'23 discs (16%) had insufficient increase in errors during the test, and thus, had infinite lifetimes, by the standards of the ISO test method.' Published 2009; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-10pct-of-discs-estimated-to-fail-in-under-25-years",
      "citation_text": "10% of the prerecorded CDs tested were estimated to fail in less than 25 years, including 5% that failed too early to estimate, while 16% showed too little error growth to fail at all under the test (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-10pct-of-discs-estimated-to-fail-in-under-25-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-storing-at-7c-35pct-rh-17-fold-longer-life",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Storing CDs at 7 °C and 35% relative humidity could make them last **17 times** longer than at 25 °C and 50%, and one degree cooler alone adds 18% to the mean life, by the Library of Congress's model of its disc test (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 17,
      "unit": "times longer estimated life (7 °C and 35% RH against 25 °C and 50% RH)",
      "display_value": "17 times longer",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "storing discs at 7 °C and 35 % relative humidity ... could produce a 17-fold increase in media life than would be expected at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "locator": "Page 18 (PDF page 20), text under Table 8 'Disc Life Expectancy by Temperature and Relative Humidity'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same page: 'Reducing the storage temperature from 25 °C to 24 °C increases the mean life expectancy by 18%' and cutting RH from 50% to 45% adds 14%. The LoC project web page states the same model as an 11-fold gain at 10 °C and 35% RH (Table 8 gives 11.02 at 10 °C, 35% RH): different vault temperatures, not a contradiction. Published 2009; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-storing-at-7c-35pct-rh-17-fold-longer-life",
      "citation_text": "Storing CDs at 7 °C and 35% relative humidity could make them last **17 times** longer than at 25 °C and 50%, and one degree cooler alone adds 18% to the mean life, by the Library of Congress's model of its disc test (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-storing-at-7c-35pct-rh-17-fold-longer-life."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-1-year-0-10pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "0.10% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 1 year when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.1,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "0.10%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 1 0.10",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 1 (0.10)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-1-year-0-10pct",
      "citation_text": "0.10% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 1 year when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-1-year-0-10pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-5-years-1-25pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "1.25% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 5 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.25,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "1.25%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 5 1.25",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 5 (1.25)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-5-years-1-25pct",
      "citation_text": "1.25% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 5 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-5-years-1-25pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-10-years-3-28pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "3.28% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 10 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.28,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "3.28%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 10 3.28",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 10 (3.28)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-10-years-3-28pct",
      "citation_text": "3.28% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 10 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-10-years-3-28pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-20-years-7-47pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "7.47% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 20 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7.47,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "7.47%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 20 7.47",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 20 (7.47)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-20-years-7-47pct",
      "citation_text": "7.47% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 20 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-20-years-7-47pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-25-years-9-46pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "9.46% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 25 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 9.46,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "9.46%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 25 9.46",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 25 (9.46)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-25-years-9-46pct",
      "citation_text": "9.46% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 25 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-25-years-9-46pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-50-years-18-05pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "18.05% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 50 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 18.05,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "18.05%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 50 18.05",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 50 (18.05)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-50-years-18-05pct",
      "citation_text": "18.05% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 50 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-50-years-18-05pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-75-years-24-83pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "24.83% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 75 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 24.83,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "24.83%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 75 24.83",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 75 (24.83)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-75-years-24-83pct",
      "citation_text": "24.83% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 75 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-75-years-24-83pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-100-years-30-36pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "30.36% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 100 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30.36,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "30.36%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 100 30.36",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 100 (30.36)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01). The LoC project page rounds this to '~ 70% of discs in the test population had an estimated longevity exceeding 100 years'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-100-years-30-36pct",
      "citation_text": "30.36% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 100 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-100-years-30-36pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-150-years-38-95pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "38.95% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 150 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 38.95,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "38.95%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 150 38.95",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 150 (38.95)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-150-years-38-95pct",
      "citation_text": "38.95% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 150 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-150-years-38-95pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-200-years-45-43pct",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "45.43% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 200 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 45.43,
      "unit": "% of discs estimated to reach end of life (cumulative), at 25 °C and 50% RH",
      "display_value": "45.43%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress CD service-life study, 2009",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection discs, laboratory test)",
      "period": "Accelerated aging test reported in 2009",
      "population": "Prerecorded audio CDs (CD-DA, structurally identical to CD-ROM) from duplicates in the Library of Congress collection, 80 pairs of discs, aged at five heat and humidity stresses (ISO 18921 method) and extrapolated to 25 °C and 50% relative humidity",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2009-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table 7: Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age Time (years) Cumulative Percent Failing ... 200 45.43",
      "locator": "Page 17 (PDF page 18), Table 7 'Cumulative Failure Percent by years of age', row 200 (45.43)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-failure-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An estimate extrapolated from accelerated aging, not an observed failure count. End of life = block error rate above 220 per second (ISO 10149 limit). The report says the estimate assumes the make-up of the LoC disc population stays constant. Published 2009 (year only, day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-200-years-45-43pct",
      "citation_text": "45.43% of prerecorded CDs are estimated to fail within 200 years when stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from the Library of Congress's accelerated aging of discs from its collection (Library of Congress, 2009). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"Compact Disc Service Life: An Investigation of the Estimated Service Life of Prerecorded Compact Discs (CD-ROM), Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 10 (Shahani, Youket, Weberg; prepared by W. P. Murray)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/CDservicelife_rev.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2009-cd-rom-cumulative-share-failed-after-200-years-45-43pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2015-cd-audio-natural-aging-4pct-failed-over-15-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "4% of 125 audio CDs from the Library of Congress collection had exceeded the ISO error limit after 15 years of natural aging at room conditions, tracked by periodic testing from 1996 (Library of Congress, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "% of discs with block error rate above the ISO 10149 limit (220 per second) after 15 years",
      "display_value": "4%",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress natural aging study",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Library of Congress collection)",
      "period": "1996-2011 (15 years of natural aging)",
      "population": "125 CD-Audio discs selected from the Library of Congress collection in 1996, stored at standard room conditions and tested periodically",
      "sample_n": 125,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division",
      "source_title": "CD-ROM Longevity Research (Preservation Science research project page)",
      "source_url": "https://www.loc.gov/preservation/scientists/projects/cd_longevity.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A small number have error rates that exceed the limit specified in the ISO standard, representing a 4 % overall failure rate for this specific population of discs.",
      "locator": "Section 'Outcomes/Findings', first paragraph (natural aging study)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A measurement of real (natural) aging, unlike the accelerated estimates. Undated page: the 15-year text is in the Wayback capture of 2015-03-12 and not in the 2011-05-08 capture, so published_at is the earliest capture known to carry it. The page also says the accelerated study found '~ 4% of the discs would reach EOL within 10 years', in agreement with the natural aging; 1,200 more discs were added in 2005.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2015-cd-audio-natural-aging-4pct-failed-over-15-years",
      "citation_text": "4% of 125 audio CDs from the Library of Congress collection had exceeded the ISO error limit after 15 years of natural aging at room conditions, tracked by periodic testing from 1996 (Library of Congress, 2015). Source: Library of Congress, Preservation Research and Testing Division, \"CD-ROM Longevity Research (Preservation Science research project page)\" (https://www.loc.gov/preservation/scientists/projects/cd_longevity.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2015-cd-audio-natural-aging-4pct-failed-over-15-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nara-2007-cd-dvd-experiential-life-expectancy-2-to-5-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**2 to 5 years** is the experiential life expectancy of a CD or DVD by the US National Archives' guidance for agencies storing temporary records, even though published life expectancies are often cited as 10 or 25 years or longer (NARA, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "years, experiential life expectancy (lower bound of a 2 to 5 year range)",
      "display_value": "2 to 5 years",
      "display_label": "US National Archives (NARA)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (federal records guidance)",
      "period": "Guidance online about 2007 to 2015",
      "population": "Recorded CDs and DVDs used by US federal agencies for temporary records",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)",
      "source_title": "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Optical Storage Media: Storing Temporary Records on CDs and DVDs",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150618201448/http://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/initiatives/temp-opmedia-faq.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-10-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CD/DVD experiential life expectancy is 2 to 5 years even though published life expectancies are often cited as 10 years, 25 years, or longer.",
      "locator": "FAQ 6 (answer following FAQ 5 'What is the shelf life of unrecorded CD-R/DVD-R discs?'); Wayback snapshot 2015-06-18 of archives.gov/records-mgmt/initiatives/temp-opmedia-faq.html",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A conservative planning figure from experience, not a test result; it contradicts the accelerated-aging estimates (NIST/LoC 2007: most discs over 30 years). NARA recommends 'testing your media at least every two years'. The page is retired (archives.gov now redirects it); earliest Wayback capture 2007-10-14, used as published_at. Widely restated as 'CDs last 2 to 5 years'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nara-2007-cd-dvd-experiential-life-expectancy-2-to-5-years",
      "citation_text": "**2 to 5 years** is the experiential life expectancy of a CD or DVD by the US National Archives' guidance for agencies storing temporary records, even though published life expectancies are often cited as 10 or 25 years or longer (NARA, 2007). Source: US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), \"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Optical Storage Media: Storing Temporary Records on CDs and DVDs\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150618201448/http://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/initiatives/temp-opmedia-faq.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nara-2007-cd-dvd-experiential-life-expectancy-2-to-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nara-2007-08-makers-claim-optical-media-lifespan-15-to-200-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**15 to 200 years** is the lifespan optical-media makers claimed from accelerated aging experiments, with longer spans for recorded discs than blank ones, the US National Archives told records managers (NARA, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 15,
      "unit": "years, claimed lifespan of optical media (lower bound of 15 to 200)",
      "display_value": "15 to 200 years",
      "display_label": "US National Archives (NARA), 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (federal records guidance)",
      "period": "Page updated 2007-08-06",
      "population": "Optical media (CD, DVD, WORM, rewritable), manufacturers' accelerated aging claims",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)",
      "source_title": "Frequently Asked Questions About Optical Media (Records Managers)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181858/http://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/faqs/optical.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-08-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "On the basis of these types of experiments, manufacturers have claimed that the lifespan of optical media ranges from 15 to 200 years.",
      "locator": "Section 'Physical stability factors', last paragraph; page footer 'Updated 08/06/07'; Wayback snapshot 2015-05-25",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A claim NARA attributes to manufacturers, not a NARA finding. NARA adds 'deterioration begins at the time of manufacture, not recording'. Page retired (redirects).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nara-2007-08-makers-claim-optical-media-lifespan-15-to-200-years",
      "citation_text": "**15 to 200 years** is the lifespan optical-media makers claimed from accelerated aging experiments, with longer spans for recorded discs than blank ones, the US National Archives told records managers (NARA, 2007). Source: US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), \"Frequently Asked Questions About Optical Media (Records Managers)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181858/http://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/faqs/optical.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nara-2007-08-makers-claim-optical-media-lifespan-15-to-200-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "osta-2001-cd-r-makers-claim-longevity-70-to-over-200-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**70 to over 200 years** is the CD-R lifetime makers' own longevity studies claimed, the Optical Storage Technology Association (the disc industry's trade body) said (OSTA, 2001).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 70,
      "unit": "years, claimed CD-R longevity (lower bound of 70 to over 200)",
      "display_value": "70 to 200+ years",
      "display_label": "Optical Storage Technology Association, 2001",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry claims)",
      "period": "2001",
      "population": "Recorded CD-R discs, manufacturers' accelerated longevity studies",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA)",
      "source_title": "CD-R & CD-RW Questions & Answers: Longevity",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20011229231928/http://www.osta.org:80/technology/cdqa3.htm",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2001-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The CD-R media manufacturers have performed extensive media longevity studies using these industry defined tests and mathematical modeling techniques, with results claiming longevity from 70 years to over 200 years.",
      "locator": "Longevity Q&A, answer on how long recorded CD-Rs last; Wayback snapshot 2001-12-29 of osta.org/technology/cdqa3.htm",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An industry association's summary of makers' claims, not a test. Page footer 'Copyright OSTA 2001'; date set to 2001-01-01. One origin of the '100 to 200 years' figures repeated for CDs.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#osta-2001-cd-r-makers-claim-longevity-70-to-over-200-years",
      "citation_text": "**70 to over 200 years** is the CD-R lifetime makers' own longevity studies claimed, the Optical Storage Technology Association (the disc industry's trade body) said (OSTA, 2001). Source: Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA), \"CD-R & CD-RW Questions & Answers: Longevity\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20011229231928/http://www.osta.org:80/technology/cdqa3.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#osta-2001-cd-r-makers-claim-longevity-70-to-over-200-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "osta-2001-blank-cd-r-shelf-life-5-to-10-years-maker-estimate",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**5 to 10 years** is the shelf life of a blank CD-R before recording by the media makers' estimate, as the disc industry's trade body put it (OSTA, 2001).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, unrecorded shelf life estimated by makers (lower bound of 5 to 10)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years",
      "display_label": "Optical Storage Technology Association, 2001",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry estimate)",
      "period": "2001",
      "population": "Unrecorded (blank) CD-R discs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA)",
      "source_title": "CD-R & CD-RW Questions & Answers: Longevity",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20011229231928/http://www.osta.org:80/technology/cdqa3.htm",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2001-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Media manufacturers estimate the shelf life of CD-R media to be between 5 and 10 years.",
      "locator": "Longevity Q&A, 'What is the unrecorded shelf life of CD-R media?'; Wayback snapshot 2001-12-29",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The original of a figure NIST (2003) and NARA (FAQ 5, 'conservatively estimated to be between 5 and 10 years', citing osta.org/technology/cdqa13.htm) repeat. A maker estimate; NIST found no published tests verifying it.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#osta-2001-blank-cd-r-shelf-life-5-to-10-years-maker-estimate",
      "citation_text": "**5 to 10 years** is the shelf life of a blank CD-R before recording by the media makers' estimate, as the disc industry's trade body put it (OSTA, 2001). Source: Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA), \"CD-R & CD-RW Questions & Answers: Longevity\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20011229231928/http://www.osta.org:80/technology/cdqa3.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#osta-2001-blank-cd-r-shelf-life-5-to-10-years-maker-estimate."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-cd-r-phthalocyanine-gold-average-longevity-over-100-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**Over 100 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a CD-R with phthalocyanine dye and a gold layer, the most stable recordable disc it rates (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (more than)",
      "display_value": "over 100 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "CD-R, phthalocyanine dye, gold layer",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CD-R (phthalocyanine dye, gold metal layer) >100 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'CD-R (phthalocyanine dye, gold metal layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI: 'The most stable, and the one recommended for use when maximum longevity is desired, is a CD-R with phthalocyanine dye and a gold metal layer'. CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-cd-r-phthalocyanine-gold-average-longevity-over-100-years",
      "citation_text": "**Over 100 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a CD-R with phthalocyanine dye and a gold layer, the most stable recordable disc it rates (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-cd-r-phthalocyanine-gold-average-longevity-over-100-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-cd-r-phthalocyanine-silver-average-longevity-50-to-100-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**50 to 100 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a CD-R with phthalocyanine dye and a silver alloy layer (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 50 to 100)",
      "display_value": "50 to 100 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "CD-R, phthalocyanine dye, silver alloy layer",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CD-R (phthalocyanine dye, silver alloy metal layer) 50 to 100 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'CD-R (phthalocyanine dye, silver alloy metal layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-cd-r-phthalocyanine-silver-average-longevity-50-to-100-years",
      "citation_text": "**50 to 100 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a CD-R with phthalocyanine dye and a silver alloy layer (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-cd-r-phthalocyanine-silver-average-longevity-50-to-100-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-cd-r-cyanine-or-azo-silver-average-longevity-20-to-50-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**20 to 50 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a CD-R with cyanine or azo dye and a silver alloy layer (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 20 to 50)",
      "display_value": "20 to 50 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "CD-R, cyanine or azo dye, silver alloy layer",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CD-R (cyanine or azo dye, silver alloy metal layer) 20 to 50 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'CD-R (cyanine or azo dye, silver alloy metal layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-cd-r-cyanine-or-azo-silver-average-longevity-20-to-50-years",
      "citation_text": "**20 to 50 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a CD-R with cyanine or azo dye and a silver alloy layer (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-cd-r-cyanine-or-azo-silver-average-longevity-20-to-50-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-read-only-audio-cd-average-longevity-50-to-100-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**50 to 100 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a read-only CD such as an audio CD (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 50 to 100)",
      "display_value": "50 to 100 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "Read-only CD (audio CD, CD-ROM)",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CD (read-only, such as an audio CD) 50 to 100 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'CD (read-only, such as an audio CD)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-read-only-audio-cd-average-longevity-50-to-100-years",
      "citation_text": "**50 to 100 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a read-only CD such as an audio CD (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-read-only-audio-cd-average-longevity-50-to-100-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-dvd-r-gold-average-longevity-50-to-100-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**50 to 100 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a DVD-R with a gold layer, against 10 to 20 years for a DVD-R with a silver alloy layer (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 50 to 100)",
      "display_value": "50 to 100 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "DVD-R, gold layer",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "DVD-R (gold metal layer) 50 to 100 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'DVD-R (gold metal layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-dvd-r-gold-average-longevity-50-to-100-years",
      "citation_text": "**50 to 100 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a DVD-R with a gold layer, against 10 to 20 years for a DVD-R with a silver alloy layer (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-dvd-r-gold-average-longevity-50-to-100-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-dvd-r-silver-alloy-average-longevity-10-to-20-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**10 to 20 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives an ordinary DVD-R with a silver alloy layer (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 10 to 20)",
      "display_value": "10 to 20 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "DVD-R, silver alloy layer",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "DVD-R (silver alloy metal layer) 10 to 20 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'DVD-R (silver alloy metal layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-dvd-r-silver-alloy-average-longevity-10-to-20-years",
      "citation_text": "**10 to 20 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives an ordinary DVD-R with a silver alloy layer (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-dvd-r-silver-alloy-average-longevity-10-to-20-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-dvd-plus-r-silver-alloy-average-longevity-20-to-50-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**20 to 50 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a DVD+R with a silver alloy layer, and 5 to 10 years for a dual-layer DVD+R DL (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 20 to 50)",
      "display_value": "20 to 50 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "DVD+R, silver alloy layer",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "DVD+R (silver alloy metal layer) 20 to 50 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'DVD+R (silver alloy metal layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-dvd-plus-r-silver-alloy-average-longevity-20-to-50-years",
      "citation_text": "**20 to 50 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a DVD+R with a silver alloy layer, and 5 to 10 years for a dual-layer DVD+R DL (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-dvd-plus-r-silver-alloy-average-longevity-20-to-50-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-dvd-plus-r-dl-dual-layer-average-longevity-5-to-10-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**5 to 10 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a dual-layer DVD+R DL disc (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 5 to 10)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "DVD+R DL (dual layer)",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "DVD+R DL (dual layer) 5 to 10 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'DVD+R DL (dual layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-dvd-plus-r-dl-dual-layer-average-longevity-5-to-10-years",
      "citation_text": "**5 to 10 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a dual-layer DVD+R DL disc (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-dvd-plus-r-dl-dual-layer-average-longevity-5-to-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-bd-r-blu-ray-average-longevity-5-to-10-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**5 to 10 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a recordable Blu-ray disc (BD-R, dye or non-dye, single or dual layer), the lowest band it rates, shared with dual-layer DVD+R (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": "Recordable Blu-ray discs share the lowest longevity rating of any disc, **5 to 10 years**, with dual-layer DVD+R.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 5 to 10)",
      "display_value": "5 to 10 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "BD-R, dye or non-dye (recordable Blu-ray)",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "BD-R (dye or non-dye, single layer or dual layer) 5 to 10 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'BD-R (dye or non-dye, single layer or dual layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Only a non-dye BD-R with a gold layer rates higher (10 to 20 years). CCI cites Iraci 2018: BD-Rs 'have rather poor stability compared to some CD-Rs and DVD±Rs'. CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-bd-r-blu-ray-average-longevity-5-to-10-years",
      "citation_text": "**5 to 10 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a recordable Blu-ray disc (BD-R, dye or non-dye, single or dual layer), the lowest band it rates, shared with dual-layer DVD+R (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-bd-r-blu-ray-average-longevity-5-to-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-bd-r-non-dye-gold-average-longevity-10-to-20-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**10 to 20 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a non-dye recordable Blu-ray with a gold layer, the best-rated BD-R (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 10 to 20)",
      "display_value": "10 to 20 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "BD-R, non-dye, gold layer",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "BD-R (non-dye, gold metal layer) 10 to 20 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'BD-R (non-dye, gold metal layer)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-bd-r-non-dye-gold-average-longevity-10-to-20-years",
      "citation_text": "**10 to 20 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a non-dye recordable Blu-ray with a gold layer, the best-rated BD-R (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-bd-r-non-dye-gold-average-longevity-10-to-20-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-read-only-dvd-blu-ray-movie-average-longevity-10-to-20-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**10 to 20 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a read-only DVD or Blu-ray such as a movie disc, against 50 to 100 years for an audio CD (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 10 to 20)",
      "display_value": "10 to 20 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "Read-only DVD or Blu-ray (movie discs)",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "DVD and BD (read-only, such as a DVD or Blu-ray movie) 10 to 20 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'DVD and BD (read-only, such as a DVD or Blu-ray movie)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-read-only-dvd-blu-ray-movie-average-longevity-10-to-20-years",
      "citation_text": "**10 to 20 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives a read-only DVD or Blu-ray such as a movie disc, against 50 to 100 years for an audio CD (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-read-only-dvd-blu-ray-movie-average-longevity-10-to-20-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-rewritable-cd-rw-dvd-plus-rw-bd-re-average-longevity-20-to-50-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**20 to 50 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives rewritable CD-RW, DVD+RW and BD-RE discs, against 5 to 10 years for DVD-RW (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "years, average longevity rating (lower bound of 20 to 50)",
      "display_value": "20 to 50 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": "Rewritable CD-RW, DVD+RW, BD-RE",
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable, rewritable and read-only CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, rated by the Canadian Conservation Institute from accelerated aging (heat and humidity only)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CD-RW (erasable CD) 20 to 50 years BD-RE (erasable Blu-ray) 20 to 50 years",
      "locator": "Section 'The relative stability of optical disc formats', Table 2: the relative stability of optical disc formats, row 'CD-RW (erasable CD); BD-RE; DVD+RW; DVD-RW'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Rows: CD-RW 20 to 50, BD-RE 20 to 50, DVD+RW 20 to 50, DVD-RW (erasable DVD) 5 to 10 years. CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-rewritable-cd-rw-dvd-plus-rw-bd-re-average-longevity-20-to-50-years",
      "citation_text": "**20 to 50 years** is the average longevity the Canadian Conservation Institute gives rewritable CD-RW, DVD+RW and BD-RE discs, against 5 to 10 years for DVD-RW (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-rewritable-cd-rw-dvd-plus-rw-bd-re-average-longevity-20-to-50-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-recordable-disc-lifetimes-range-couple-of-years-to-over-200",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "From **a couple of years to more than 200 years** is how long recordable optical discs can last, by the research, anecdotes and makers' literature the Canadian Conservation Institute reviewed, which is why libraries and archives distrust them (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "years, range of reported lifetimes (a couple of years to more than 200)",
      "display_value": "2 to 200+ years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable CD-R, DVD±R and BD-R discs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Research studies, anecdotal information and manufacturers' literature suggest that the lifetime of recordable optical discs can range from a couple of years to more than 200 years.",
      "locator": "Introduction, first paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-recordable-disc-lifetimes-range-couple-of-years-to-over-200",
      "citation_text": "From **a couple of years to more than 200 years** is how long recordable optical discs can last, by the research, anecdotes and makers' literature the Canadian Conservation Institute reviewed, which is why libraries and archives distrust them (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-recordable-disc-lifetimes-range-couple-of-years-to-over-200."
    },
    {
      "id": "cci-2019-poorly-stored-discs-may-fail-in-2-to-10-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**2 to 10 years** is how soon recordable discs may fail if they are badly chosen, recorded, handled or stored, the Canadian Conservation Institute warns (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "years, possible premature failure (lower bound of 2 to 10)",
      "display_value": "2 to 10 years",
      "display_label": "Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory ratings, apply worldwide)",
      "period": "Revised 2019 (page dated 2020-01-07)",
      "population": "Recordable optical discs used without the CCI's selection, recording, handling and storage guidelines",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada)",
      "source_title": "Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Ignoring these guidelines can lead to premature failure of discs, perhaps in as little as 2 to 10 years.",
      "locator": "Section 'Summary', closing sentence of the guidelines list",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "CCI recommends that, under recommended storage, archives 'test error rate and playability of representative samples every 5 to 10 years', and storage at -10 °C to 23 °C and 20% to 50% RH (ISO 18925:2013). CCI's Table 2 gives relative stability based on temperature and humidity effects only, from Iraci's accelerated-aging studies (Restaurator 2005, 2011, 2018); CCI warns that discs without a gold layer would rate lower where the air carries pollutants. 'Revised in 2019, originally published in 2010'; page metadata dcterms.modified 2020-01-07; year only, day set to 01. canada.ca timed out for curl, so the saved copy is the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20261025192938/https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html; the live page was read with WebFetch on 2026-11-04 and shows the same table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-poorly-stored-discs-may-fail-in-2-to-10-years",
      "citation_text": "**2 to 10 years** is how soon recordable discs may fail if they are badly chosen, recorded, handled or stored, the Canadian Conservation Institute warns (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2019). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Government of Canada), \"Longevity of Recordable CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays, Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 19/1, by Joe Iraci (revised 2019)\" (https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/longevity-recordable-cds-dvds.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cci-2019-poorly-stored-discs-may-fail-in-2-to-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "millenniata-2013-06-m-disc-dvd-expected-average-lifetime-1332-years-maker-test",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "1,332 years is the expected average lifetime Millenniata calculated for its M-DISC DVD stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from its own ISO/IEC 10995 accelerated aging test (Millenniata, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1332,
      "unit": "years, expected average lifetime at 25 °C and 50% RH (maker's own accelerated test)",
      "display_value": "1,332 years",
      "display_label": "Millenniata ISO/IEC 10995 test summary, 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (maker's laboratory)",
      "period": "Test program completed by June 2013",
      "population": "M-DISC DVD (inorganic recording layer), 90 discs over four heat and humidity stresses (20, 20, 30 and 20 specimens)",
      "sample_n": 90,
      "publisher": "Millenniata, Inc.",
      "source_title": "Summary Report of ISO/IEC 10995 Test Program Performed by Millenniata on M-DISC DVD (June 3, 2013)",
      "source_url": "https://www.ridata.com/M-DISC/tc/download/001-n.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-06-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In short, all results confirm the M-DISC has an expected average lifetime of 1,332 years when stored at normal conditions of 25°C and 50% Relative Humidity (RH).",
      "locator": "Page 1, Introduction; Table 2 'M-DISC DVD Expected Mean Lifetime in Years Under Selected Storage Conditions', 25 °C / 50% RH cell",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's estimate from its own test, not an independent measurement; the marketing figure is 'up to 1,000 years'. The same table gives 115 years at 40 °C and 50% RH and 618 years at 25 °C and 70% RH. Hosted by Ritek (RiDATA), an M-DISC licensee; sample_n is the sum of Table 1 specimens. An independent French test found M-DISC DVD+R no longer-lived than ordinary DVDs (lne-2012-06-m-disc-dvd-plus-r-lifetime-under-250-hours-no-better-than-dvd).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#millenniata-2013-06-m-disc-dvd-expected-average-lifetime-1332-years-maker-test",
      "citation_text": "1,332 years is the expected average lifetime Millenniata calculated for its M-DISC DVD stored at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity, from its own ISO/IEC 10995 accelerated aging test (Millenniata, 2013). Source: Millenniata, Inc., \"Summary Report of ISO/IEC 10995 Test Program Performed by Millenniata on M-DISC DVD (June 3, 2013)\" (https://www.ridata.com/M-DISC/tc/download/001-n.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#millenniata-2013-06-m-disc-dvd-expected-average-lifetime-1332-years-maker-test."
    },
    {
      "id": "millenniata-restates-us-navy-china-lake-test-m-disc-dvd-no-data-degradation",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "0 of 25 M-DISC DVDs showed any data degradation while every other brand showed large error increases, in a US Navy (China Lake) stress test of 150 discs from six brands as summarised by Millenniata, the disc's maker (Millenniata, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "M-DISC DVDs (of 25 tested) showing data degradation, by the maker's account",
      "display_value": "0 of 25",
      "display_label": "Millenniata summary of a US Navy test",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, China Lake)",
      "period": "Test before 2011 (date not stated)",
      "population": "25 discs each of five brands of archival gold dye-based DVD-R and the M-DISC DVD, stressed at 85 °C, 85% RH and full-spectrum light",
      "sample_n": 150,
      "publisher": "Millenniata, Inc. (summary of a Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division report)",
      "source_title": "U.S. Department of Defense Longevity Test Summary (M-DISC one-sheet, hosted by Verbatim Japan)",
      "source_url": "https://www.verbatim.jp/download/products/mdisc/M-DISC_1sheet_ChinaLake_vF.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "None of the M-DISC™ DVD media suffered any data degradation at all. Every other brand tested showed large increases in data errors after the stress period.",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Conclusion' (quoting the NAWCWD report, p. i); page 2, 'Testing'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A restatement: the maker's summary of a Navy report that could not be found published (no DTIC or Navy copy located), so the Navy's own wording and date are unverified. The one-sheet is undated; Millenniata launched M-DISC in 2011 (year set, day 01). The sheet also says that for two dye-disc brands 'it took more than 50 discs each to get the required 25 for the test'. Contrast: LNE (France, 2012) found M-DISC DVD+R failed within 250 hours at 90 °C and 85% RH, like ordinary DVDs.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#millenniata-restates-us-navy-china-lake-test-m-disc-dvd-no-data-degradation",
      "citation_text": "0 of 25 M-DISC DVDs showed any data degradation while every other brand showed large error increases, in a US Navy (China Lake) stress test of 150 discs from six brands as summarised by Millenniata, the disc's maker (Millenniata, 2011). Source: Millenniata, Inc. (summary of a Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division report), \"U.S. Department of Defense Longevity Test Summary (M-DISC one-sheet, hosted by Verbatim Japan)\" (https://www.verbatim.jp/download/products/mdisc/M-DISC_1sheet_ChinaLake_vF.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#millenniata-restates-us-navy-china-lake-test-m-disc-dvd-no-data-degradation."
    },
    {
      "id": "lne-2012-06-m-disc-dvd-plus-r-lifetime-under-250-hours-no-better-than-dvd",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "M-DISC DVD+R discs lasted less than **250 hours** at 90 °C and 85% relative humidity in France's national testing laboratory, no longer than ordinary recordable DVDs, while a glass DVD survived 1,000 hours unchanged (LNE, 2012).",
      "short_statement": "M-DISC DVDs lasted under **250 hours** in France's national lab's heat and humidity test, no better than ordinary DVDs.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 250,
      "unit": "hours to end of life at 90 °C and 85% RH (less than)",
      "display_value": "under 250 hours",
      "display_label": "LNE (France), 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (laboratory test of discs sold in Europe)",
      "period": "Tests run 2010-2012",
      "population": "Three M-DISC DVD+R (Millenniata) discs, three DataTresorDisc DVD+R, five each of four organic-dye DVD±R models and six Syylex GlassMasterDisc DVDs, aged at 90 °C and 85% RH in 250-hour cycles",
      "sample_n": 32,
      "publisher": "Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), for GIS DON (France)",
      "source_title": "Durability of recordable DVD±R and DVD made of glass (Syylex) at elevated temperature and humidity: Investigation on the preservation of digital archives in the framework of GISDON (J. Perdereau)",
      "source_url": "https://www.lne.fr/sites/default/files/inline-files/syylex-glass-dvd-accelerated-aging-report.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-06-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The measured lifetime of the DVD+R M-DISC is less than 250 hours.",
      "locator": "Section 5.3 'Inorganic DVD+R', page 8; Section 5.4 summary table; page 9: 'The DVD + R with inorganic recording layer such as M-DISC and DataTresorDisc show no longer lifetimes than conventional DVD±R.'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An independent accelerated test at harsher heat (90 °C) than the Navy test (85 °C); end of life = average PI8 above 280, uncorrectable errors or unreadable disc. sample_n = 3 + 3 + 20 + 6 discs (computed). France's national metrology and testing laboratory, working for GIS DON (the scientific interest group on digital optical discs, with the Archives de France). The study was requested to verify Syylex's glass disc, so the glass disc is the subject and the other discs are comparators. Report dated June 2012; day set to 01. A French version (duree-vie-DVDR-DVD-SYYLEX.pdf) is saved alongside.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lne-2012-06-m-disc-dvd-plus-r-lifetime-under-250-hours-no-better-than-dvd",
      "citation_text": "M-DISC DVD+R discs lasted less than **250 hours** at 90 °C and 85% relative humidity in France's national testing laboratory, no longer than ordinary recordable DVDs, while a glass DVD survived 1,000 hours unchanged (LNE, 2012). Source: Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), for GIS DON (France), \"Durability of recordable DVD±R and DVD made of glass (Syylex) at elevated temperature and humidity: Investigation on the preservation of digital archives in the framework of GISDON (J. Perdereau)\" (https://www.lne.fr/sites/default/files/inline-files/syylex-glass-dvd-accelerated-aging-report.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lne-2012-06-m-disc-dvd-plus-r-lifetime-under-250-hours-no-better-than-dvd."
    },
    {
      "id": "lne-2012-06-glass-dvd-only-1-of-7-disc-models-survived-1000-hours",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Only 1 of 7 disc models, a DVD engraved in glass, survived 1,000 hours at 90 °C and 85% relative humidity, more than four times longer than the best recordable DVD (LNE, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "disc models (of 7) surviving 1,000 hours at 90 °C and 85% RH",
      "display_value": "1 of 7",
      "display_label": "LNE (France), 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "France (laboratory test of discs sold in Europe)",
      "period": "Tests run 2010-2012",
      "population": "7 DVD models (4 organic-dye DVD±R, 2 inorganic DVD+R including M-DISC, 1 Syylex glass DVD), 3 to 6 discs each",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), for GIS DON (France)",
      "source_title": "Durability of recordable DVD±R and DVD made of glass (Syylex) at elevated temperature and humidity: Investigation on the preservation of digital archives in the framework of GISDON (J. Perdereau)",
      "source_url": "https://www.lne.fr/sites/default/files/inline-files/syylex-glass-dvd-accelerated-aging-report.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-06-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Among the 7 models of disc examined only the GlassMasterDisc resisted to the accelerated aging at 90° C and 85% relative humidity for 1000 hours.",
      "locator": "Section 5.4 'Summary of the tests on accelerated aging', page 8",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The best ordinary DVD±R lasted 250 hours. The organic DVDs chosen had lasted 500 to 1,500 hours at 80 °C in earlier LNE tests. France's national metrology and testing laboratory, working for GIS DON (the scientific interest group on digital optical discs, with the Archives de France). The study was requested to verify Syylex's glass disc, so the glass disc is the subject and the other discs are comparators. Report dated June 2012; day set to 01. A French version (duree-vie-DVDR-DVD-SYYLEX.pdf) is saved alongside.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lne-2012-06-glass-dvd-only-1-of-7-disc-models-survived-1000-hours",
      "citation_text": "Only 1 of 7 disc models, a DVD engraved in glass, survived 1,000 hours at 90 °C and 85% relative humidity, more than four times longer than the best recordable DVD (LNE, 2012). Source: Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), for GIS DON (France), \"Durability of recordable DVD±R and DVD made of glass (Syylex) at elevated temperature and humidity: Investigation on the preservation of digital archives in the framework of GISDON (J. Perdereau)\" (https://www.lne.fr/sites/default/files/inline-files/syylex-glass-dvd-accelerated-aging-report.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lne-2012-06-glass-dvd-only-1-of-7-disc-models-survived-1000-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "iraci-2018-07-blu-ray-discs-significantly-degraded-after-21-days-accelerated-ageing",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Many Blu-ray discs, recordable, erasable and read-only movie discs, were significantly degraded after only 21 days at 80 °C and 85% relative humidity, ranking Blu-ray very low for stability among optical formats (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 21,
      "unit": "days of accelerated ageing (80 °C, 85% RH) after which many discs were significantly degraded",
      "display_value": "21 days",
      "display_label": "Iraci, Restaurator, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Canada (laboratory test)",
      "period": "Study published 2018",
      "population": "Blu-ray formats: read-only movie discs and many brands of recordable (BD-R) and erasable (BD-RE) discs, exposed for up to 84 days",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute (Joe Iraci), in Restaurator 39(2), 129-155",
      "source_title": "Blu-Ray Media Stability and Suitability for Long-Term Storage (J. Iraci), Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 39(2), 129-155",
      "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2017-0016",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "paywalled",
      "published_at": "2018-07-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Overall, the stability of the Blu-ray formats was poor with many discs significantly degraded after only 21 days of accelerated ageing.",
      "locator": "Abstract (read from the publisher's Crossref deposit, api.crossref.org/works/10.1515/res-2017-0016; the De Gruyter page blocks automated fetches)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Peer-reviewed. The abstract adds: 'In a comparison with other optical disc formats examined previously, Blu-ray stability ranked very low.' The CCI Notes 19/1 ratings (BD-R 5 to 10 years) draw on this study. Full text paywalled; the figure is from the abstract.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#iraci-2018-07-blu-ray-discs-significantly-degraded-after-21-days-accelerated-ageing",
      "citation_text": "Many Blu-ray discs, recordable, erasable and read-only movie discs, were significantly degraded after only 21 days at 80 °C and 85% relative humidity, ranking Blu-ray very low for stability among optical formats (Canadian Conservation Institute, 2018). Source: Canadian Conservation Institute (Joe Iraci), in Restaurator 39(2), 129-155, \"Blu-Ray Media Stability and Suitability for Long-Term Storage (J. Iraci), Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 39(2), 129-155\" (https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2017-0016). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#iraci-2018-07-blu-ray-discs-significantly-degraded-after-21-days-accelerated-ageing."
    },
    {
      "id": "clir-loc-fujifilm-2022-08-legacy-audio-tape-about-100-years-at-room-temperature",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "About 100 years at room temperature (20 to 25 °C) would pass before playable polyester audio tapes reach the condition of unplayable ones, against the 10 to 30 year life expectancy in older guidance, in a Library of Congress and Fujifilm accelerated aging study (CLIR, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "years, estimated time for playable tapes to reach unplayable properties at 20-25 °C",
      "display_value": "about 100 years",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress and Fujifilm, CLIR 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States and Japan (Library of Congress collection tapes, tested in Fujifilm's lab)",
      "period": "Study 2014-2022",
      "population": "Polyester-based legacy open-reel audio tapes (1970s-1980s stock) in playable condition, aged for up to one year at a range of temperatures and humidities",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), research by the Library of Congress Preservation Research and Testing Division and FUJIFILM Recording Media Products Division",
      "source_title": "Accelerated Aging of Polyester-Based Legacy Audio Magnetic Tape Stock: A Library of Congress/FUJIFILM Research Collaboration (Davis, France, Shetzline, Alyea, Katayama, Kurihashi, Doshita, Gadomski)",
      "source_url": "https://www.clir.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/08/Accelerated-Aging-of-Polyester-Based-Legacy-Audio-Magnetic-Tape-Stock-1.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "under standard room temperature conditions (20-25°C), approximately 100 years would be needed for the tested playable tapes to reach the properties measured in unplayable tapes.",
      "locator": "Executive Summary, page 1 (PDF page 6), fifth bullet; page 2: earlier guidance predicted '10 to 30 years'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Analogue audio tape, not data tape; the authors say manufacturing variation mattered more than environment and that further research would confirm how far the findings extend. Fujifilm, a tape maker, co-authored the study. CLIR publication dated August 2022; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#clir-loc-fujifilm-2022-08-legacy-audio-tape-about-100-years-at-room-temperature",
      "citation_text": "About 100 years at room temperature (20 to 25 °C) would pass before playable polyester audio tapes reach the condition of unplayable ones, against the 10 to 30 year life expectancy in older guidance, in a Library of Congress and Fujifilm accelerated aging study (CLIR, 2022). Source: Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), research by the Library of Congress Preservation Research and Testing Division and FUJIFILM Recording Media Products Division, \"Accelerated Aging of Polyester-Based Legacy Audio Magnetic Tape Stock: A Library of Congress/FUJIFILM Research Collaboration (Davis, France, Shetzline, Alyea, Katayama, Kurihashi, Doshita, Gadomski)\" (https://www.clir.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/08/Accelerated-Aging-of-Polyester-Based-Legacy-Audio-Magnetic-Tape-Stock-1.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#clir-loc-fujifilm-2022-08-legacy-audio-tape-about-100-years-at-room-temperature."
    },
    {
      "id": "clir-loc-fujifilm-2022-08-audio-tape-in-hot-attic-unplayable-in-about-30-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "About 30 years is how long audio tapes in good condition may stay playable in hot uncontrolled storage such as attics or old warehouses (40 °C), against about 100 years at room temperature (CLIR, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "years, estimated time to unplayability at 40 °C",
      "display_value": "about 30 years",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress and Fujifilm, CLIR 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States and Japan (laboratory study)",
      "period": "Study 2014-2022",
      "population": "Polyester-based legacy open-reel audio tapes in playable condition, extrapolated to 40 °C storage",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), research by the Library of Congress and FUJIFILM",
      "source_title": "Accelerated Aging of Polyester-Based Legacy Audio Magnetic Tape Stock: A Library of Congress/FUJIFILM Research Collaboration",
      "source_url": "https://www.clir.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/08/Accelerated-Aging-of-Polyester-Based-Legacy-Audio-Magnetic-Tape-Stock-1.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "in such environments, our estimates found that tapes in good condition may reach unplayability in roughly 30 years, or possibly more quickly at higher humidity.",
      "locator": "Conclusions and Recommendations, pages 25-26 (PDF pages 30-31), on 40 °C storage in 'outdated warehouses or attics'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Extrapolated estimate. CLIR publication dated August 2022; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#clir-loc-fujifilm-2022-08-audio-tape-in-hot-attic-unplayable-in-about-30-years",
      "citation_text": "About 30 years is how long audio tapes in good condition may stay playable in hot uncontrolled storage such as attics or old warehouses (40 °C), against about 100 years at room temperature (CLIR, 2022). Source: Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), research by the Library of Congress and FUJIFILM, \"Accelerated Aging of Polyester-Based Legacy Audio Magnetic Tape Stock: A Library of Congress/FUJIFILM Research Collaboration\" (https://www.clir.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/08/Accelerated-Aging-of-Polyester-Based-Legacy-Audio-Magnetic-Tape-Stock-1.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#clir-loc-fujifilm-2022-08-audio-tape-in-hot-attic-unplayable-in-about-30-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "lto-program-2020-lto-tape-can-protect-data-for-up-to-30-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Up to 30 years is how long LTO data tape can protect data, the LTO Program (the format's backers HPE, IBM and Quantum) states, a maker's claim rather than a measured lifespan (LTO Program, 2025).",
      "short_statement": "LTO data tape can protect data for up to **30 years**, by the format's backers.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "years, archival life claimed for LTO tape",
      "display_value": "up to 30 years",
      "display_label": "LTO Program",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (format specification claim)",
      "period": "Page published 2020, updated 2025",
      "population": "LTO (Linear Tape-Open) data cartridges stored under recommended conditions",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "LTO Program (Hewlett Packard Enterprise, IBM and Quantum)",
      "source_title": "Benefits of LTO (lto.org)",
      "source_url": "https://www.lto.org/benefits-of-lto/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Tape is an extremely durable storage solution that can safely protect your data for up to 30 years.",
      "locator": "Section on reliability (paragraph beginning 'Tape is an extremely durable storage solution')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's claim, not a measurement; cartridge datasheets give the same '30-year archival life' under recommended storage (about 15 to 25 °C, 20 to 50% RH). Page datePublished 2020-08-11, dateModified 2025-11-12 (used as published_at). Fujifilm and JEITA later put barium-ferrite tape's magnetic life at over 50 years (fujifilm-jeita-2019-*).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lto-program-2020-lto-tape-can-protect-data-for-up-to-30-years",
      "citation_text": "Up to 30 years is how long LTO data tape can protect data, the LTO Program (the format's backers HPE, IBM and Quantum) states, a maker's claim rather than a measured lifespan (LTO Program, 2025). Source: LTO Program (Hewlett Packard Enterprise, IBM and Quantum), \"Benefits of LTO (lto.org)\" (https://www.lto.org/benefits-of-lto/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lto-program-2020-lto-tape-can-protect-data-for-up-to-30-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "lto-program-2022-08-lto-9-uber-1e-20-one-error-per-12-5-exabytes-read",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**1 uncorrectable read error per 12.5 exabytes** read (10^20 bits) is the end-of-life specification for LTO-9 tape, a design figure the LTO Program sets against 10^15 bits for a typical hard drive (LTO Program, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 12.5,
      "unit": "exabytes read per unrecoverable read error event (specified end-of-life UBER 10^-20)",
      "display_value": "1 error per 12.5 EB",
      "display_label": "LTO Program technical paper, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (format specification)",
      "period": "LTO-9 generation (2021 onward)",
      "population": "LTO-9 tape cartridges and drives, specified end-of-life uncorrectable bit error rate (theoretical model, not a field count)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "LTO Program (Hewlett Packard Enterprise, IBM and Quantum)",
      "source_title": "LTO-9 Technology and User Data Reliability Analysis (LTO UBER Technical Paper, August 2022)",
      "source_url": "https://www.lto.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/LTO-UBER-Technical-Paper-August-2022.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "An UBER of 10-20 corresponds to one unrecoverable read error event for every 12.5 Exabytes of data read.",
      "locator": "Section 1 'LTO-9 Technology', page 1; Table 2 'LTO vs HDD UBER Comparison'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A specification derived from error-correction models, not a measurement; the paper says uncorrectable tape errors are too rare to measure experimentally. LTO-8 is 10^-19. The HDD comparison figure (10^-15) is a hard-drive maker's datasheet rating; the paper notes tape and HDD define UBER differently. Paper dated August 2022; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lto-program-2022-08-lto-9-uber-1e-20-one-error-per-12-5-exabytes-read",
      "citation_text": "**1 uncorrectable read error per 12.5 exabytes** read (10^20 bits) is the end-of-life specification for LTO-9 tape, a design figure the LTO Program sets against 10^15 bits for a typical hard drive (LTO Program, 2022). Source: LTO Program (Hewlett Packard Enterprise, IBM and Quantum), \"LTO-9 Technology and User Data Reliability Analysis (LTO UBER Technical Paper, August 2022)\" (https://www.lto.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/LTO-UBER-Technical-Paper-August-2022.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lto-program-2022-08-lto-9-uber-1e-20-one-error-per-12-5-exabytes-read."
    },
    {
      "id": "fujifilm-jeita-2019-barium-ferrite-lto-7-tape-magnetic-life-over-50-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Over **50 years** is the magnetic lifetime Fujifilm and the Japanese electronics industry association JEITA estimated for barium-ferrite LTO-7 tape at 25 °C, against at least 20 years for older metal-particle LTO-5 tape, from accelerated tests by the tape's maker (Fujifilm and JEITA, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "years, estimated magnetic lifetime (more than), accelerated test",
      "display_value": "over 50 years",
      "display_label": "Fujifilm and JEITA, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Japan (maker's laboratory)",
      "period": "Test reported 2019",
      "population": "LTO-7 barium-ferrite (BaFe) data tape, compared with LTO-5 metal-particle (MP) tape tested in 2013",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "FUJIFILM Corporation and JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association)",
      "source_title": "Barium Ferrite achieved over 50 years of Magnetic Lifetime (FUJIFILM & JEITA News Letter, Volume 13)",
      "source_url": "https://asset.fujifilm.com/www/us/files/2022-09/5de2b1d1f6819fb5dfdf10ac2aaec3ba/Jeita_Fujifilm_50_Year_Tape_Life.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As a result, we have found the lifetime of BaFe in terms of magnetic properties is over 50 years.",
      "locator": "Page 1, introduction; 'Summary' section ('This test has confirmed the life of more than 50 years in terms of magnetic properties')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A tape maker's own accelerated test of the magnetic layer only; the newsletter itself recommends migrating 'to a new recording system as appropriate'. Dated from the JEITA source it cites (home.jeita.or.jp upload 20190108); copyright 2019.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#fujifilm-jeita-2019-barium-ferrite-lto-7-tape-magnetic-life-over-50-years",
      "citation_text": "Over **50 years** is the magnetic lifetime Fujifilm and the Japanese electronics industry association JEITA estimated for barium-ferrite LTO-7 tape at 25 °C, against at least 20 years for older metal-particle LTO-5 tape, from accelerated tests by the tape's maker (Fujifilm and JEITA, 2019). Source: FUJIFILM Corporation and JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association), \"Barium Ferrite achieved over 50 years of Magnetic Lifetime (FUJIFILM & JEITA News Letter, Volume 13)\" (https://asset.fujifilm.com/www/us/files/2022-09/5de2b1d1f6819fb5dfdf10ac2aaec3ba/Jeita_Fujifilm_50_Year_Tape_Life.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#fujifilm-jeita-2019-barium-ferrite-lto-7-tape-magnetic-life-over-50-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "aws-2026-s3-designed-for-11-nines-durability-design-target",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "99.999999999% (11 nines) is the data durability Amazon S3 is designed to exceed, a design target rather than a measured loss rate, with data stored across at least three Availability Zones by default (Amazon Web Services, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 99.999999999,
      "unit": "% data durability, design target (11 nines)",
      "display_value": "99.999999999%",
      "display_label": "Amazon Web Services, S3 storage classes",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (AWS regions)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "Objects stored in the provider's cloud object storage (design target for the service, not a measured loss rate); S3 regional storage classes",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Amazon Web Services",
      "source_title": "Amazon S3 Storage Classes",
      "source_url": "https://aws.amazon.com/s3/storage-classes/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Based on its unique architecture, S3 is designed to exceed 99.999999999% (11 nines) data durability.",
      "locator": "Section 'Durability' (and the S3 FAQ, 'How durable is Amazon S3?')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Undated live page; published_at is the fetch date. S3 One Zone classes are also designed for 11 nines but 'may be susceptible to data loss' if an Availability Zone is lost. The S3 FAQ adds that durability 'does not protect against accidental or malicious deletes' and that customers still need backups (aws-s3-faqs.txt).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#aws-2026-s3-designed-for-11-nines-durability-design-target",
      "citation_text": "99.999999999% (11 nines) is the data durability Amazon S3 is designed to exceed, a design target rather than a measured loss rate, with data stored across at least three Availability Zones by default (Amazon Web Services, 2026). Source: Amazon Web Services, \"Amazon S3 Storage Classes\" (https://aws.amazon.com/s3/storage-classes/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#aws-2026-s3-designed-for-11-nines-durability-design-target."
    },
    {
      "id": "aws-2018-s3-11-nines-one-object-lost-every-10000-years-per-10-million",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**1 object every 10,000 years** is the average loss AWS said to expect when storing 10,000,000 objects in Amazon S3, its own illustration of an 11-nines annual durability design target (Amazon Web Services, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10000,
      "unit": "years between single-object losses for 10 million stored objects (design target illustration)",
      "display_value": "1 object per 10,000 years",
      "display_label": "Amazon S3 FAQ (2018 capture)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (AWS regions)",
      "period": "FAQ wording captured May 2018",
      "population": "Objects stored in the provider's cloud object storage (design target for the service, not a measured loss rate); S3 Standard, Standard-IA, One Zone-IA and Glacier",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Amazon Web Services",
      "source_title": "Amazon S3 FAQs (Wayback Machine capture of 2018-05-27)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180527102409/https://aws.amazon.com/s3/faqs/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-05-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, if you store 10,000,000 objects with Amazon S3, you can on average expect to incur a loss of a single object once every 10,000 years.",
      "locator": "FAQ 'Durability & Data Protection': 'How durable is Amazon S3?'; Wayback snapshot 2018-05-27",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A design-target illustration, consistent with 11 nines (1e7 objects x 1e4 years x 1e-11 = 1). The example is no longer on the live FAQ (checked 2026-11-04). Same FAQ: 'an average annual expected loss of 0.000000001% of objects'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#aws-2018-s3-11-nines-one-object-lost-every-10000-years-per-10-million",
      "citation_text": "**1 object every 10,000 years** is the average loss AWS said to expect when storing 10,000,000 objects in Amazon S3, its own illustration of an 11-nines annual durability design target (Amazon Web Services, 2018). Source: Amazon Web Services, \"Amazon S3 FAQs (Wayback Machine capture of 2018-05-27)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180527102409/https://aws.amazon.com/s3/faqs/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#aws-2018-s3-11-nines-one-object-lost-every-10000-years-per-10-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2026-azure-lrs-11-nines-durability-per-year-design-target",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "99.999999999% (11 nines) a year is the durability Microsoft designs Azure's cheapest option, locally redundant storage (copies in a single datacentre), to provide at least, a design target (Microsoft, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 99.999999999,
      "unit": "% durability of objects over a given year, design target (11 nines)",
      "display_value": "99.999999999%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft Azure Storage redundancy",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Azure regions)",
      "period": "Documentation dated 2026-08-11",
      "population": "Objects stored in the provider's cloud object storage (design target for the service, not a measured loss rate); Azure Storage locally redundant storage (LRS)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Microsoft",
      "source_title": "Azure Storage redundancy (Microsoft Learn)",
      "source_url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-redundancy",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "LRS provides at least 99.999999999% (11 9s) durability of objects over a given year.",
      "locator": "Section 'Locally redundant storage'; table 'Durability and availability parameters', row 'Percent durability of objects over a given year'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Design target. Zone-redundant storage (ZRS) is rated at 12 nines and geo-redundant storage (GRS, GZRS) at 16 nines (microsoft-2026-azure-geo-redundant-16-nines-durability-design-target). Page ms.date 2026-08-11.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2026-azure-lrs-11-nines-durability-per-year-design-target",
      "citation_text": "99.999999999% (11 nines) a year is the durability Microsoft designs Azure's cheapest option, locally redundant storage (copies in a single datacentre), to provide at least, a design target (Microsoft, 2026). Source: Microsoft, \"Azure Storage redundancy (Microsoft Learn)\" (https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-redundancy). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2026-azure-lrs-11-nines-durability-per-year-design-target."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2026-azure-geo-redundant-16-nines-durability-design-target",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "99.99999999999999% (16 nines) a year is the durability Microsoft designs Azure geo-redundant storage, which copies data to a second region hundreds of miles away, to provide at least, a design target (Microsoft, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 99.99999999999999,
      "unit": "% durability of objects over a given year, design target (16 nines)",
      "display_value": "99.99999999999999%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft Azure Storage redundancy",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Azure regions)",
      "period": "Documentation dated 2026-08-11",
      "population": "Objects stored in the provider's cloud object storage (design target for the service, not a measured loss rate); Azure geo-redundant storage (GRS/RA-GRS, GZRS/RA-GZRS)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Microsoft",
      "source_title": "Azure Storage redundancy (Microsoft Learn)",
      "source_url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-redundancy",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "GRS offers durability for storage resources of at least 99.99999999999999% (16 9s) over a given year.",
      "locator": "Section 'Geo-redundant storage'; table 'Durability and availability parameters'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Design target. The value field holds 16 nines; JSON floats round it, so use display_value. ZRS: 'at least 99.9999999999% (12 9s)'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2026-azure-geo-redundant-16-nines-durability-design-target",
      "citation_text": "99.99999999999999% (16 nines) a year is the durability Microsoft designs Azure geo-redundant storage, which copies data to a second region hundreds of miles away, to provide at least, a design target (Microsoft, 2026). Source: Microsoft, \"Azure Storage redundancy (Microsoft Learn)\" (https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-redundancy). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2026-azure-geo-redundant-16-nines-durability-design-target."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2026-cloud-storage-designed-for-11-nines-annual-durability",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "99.999999999% (11 nines) a year is the durability Google Cloud Storage is designed for at least, regardless of storage class and location, using erasure coding across multiple devices, a design target (Google Cloud, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 99.999999999,
      "unit": "% annual durability, design target (11 nines)",
      "display_value": "99.999999999%",
      "display_label": "Google Cloud Storage documentation",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Google Cloud locations)",
      "period": "Documentation last updated 2026-11-03",
      "population": "Objects stored in the provider's cloud object storage (design target for the service, not a measured loss rate); Google Cloud Storage, all storage classes and location types",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Google Cloud",
      "source_title": "Data availability and durability (Cloud Storage documentation)",
      "source_url": "https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/availability-durability",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Cloud Storage is designed for at least 99.999999999% (11 9's) annual durability, regardless of storage class and location type.",
      "locator": "Section 'Key concepts', second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Design target. Zonal (locally redundant) buckets keep 11 nines against hardware failure but data 'may become unavailable or permanently lost in the event of an availability zone failure'. Page 'Last updated 2026-11-03 UTC'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2026-cloud-storage-designed-for-11-nines-annual-durability",
      "citation_text": "99.999999999% (11 nines) a year is the durability Google Cloud Storage is designed for at least, regardless of storage class and location, using erasure coding across multiple devices, a design target (Google Cloud, 2026). Source: Google Cloud, \"Data availability and durability (Cloud Storage documentation)\" (https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/availability-durability). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2026-cloud-storage-designed-for-11-nines-annual-durability."
    },
    {
      "id": "backblaze-2018-07-b2-cloud-storage-durability-calculated-11-nines",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "99.999999999% (11 nines) a year is the durability Backblaze calculates for its B2 cloud storage, a modelled figure for files split into 17 data and 3 parity shards, up from the 8 nines it published earlier (Backblaze, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 99.999999999,
      "unit": "% annual durability, calculated (11 nines)",
      "display_value": "99.999999999%",
      "display_label": "Backblaze, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US and Europe)",
      "period": "Calculation published July 2018",
      "population": "Files stored in Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage (Backblaze Vault architecture, Reed-Solomon 17+3 shards on 20 drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Backblaze",
      "source_title": "Backblaze Durability Calculates at 99.999999999% (And Why It Doesn't Matter)",
      "source_url": "https://www.backblaze.com/blog/cloud-storage-durability/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "At the end of the day, the technical answer is “11 nines.” That’s 99.999999999%.",
      "locator": "Section '11 Nines Data Durability for Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage'; footnote 4 ('Previously, Backblaze published its durability to be 8 nines')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A modelled figure (Poisson model; inputs: 0.81% drive AFR over the trailing 60 days and a 6.5-day average rebuild). Its illustration 'store 1 million objects in B2 for 10 million years, you would expect to lose 1 file' does not match 11 nines (1e6 x 1e7 x 1e-11 = 100 files); AWS's example does. The drive AFR input belongs to backblaze-drive-stats. Backblaze's current docs repeat 'calculates at 99.999999999% (11 x 9s) annual durability' (backblaze-b2-resiliency-durability-availability.txt). Overlap: Backblaze figures are normally the backblaze-drive-stats family; cloud durability is assigned to this family by the brief.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-07-b2-cloud-storage-durability-calculated-11-nines",
      "citation_text": "99.999999999% (11 nines) a year is the durability Backblaze calculates for its B2 cloud storage, a modelled figure for files split into 17 data and 3 parity shards, up from the 8 nines it published earlier (Backblaze, 2018). Source: Backblaze, \"Backblaze Durability Calculates at 99.999999999% (And Why It Doesn't Matter)\" (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/cloud-storage-durability/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#backblaze-2018-07-b2-cloud-storage-durability-calculated-11-nines."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2022-05-pro-endurance-256gb-microsd-rated-140160-hours-5-year-warranty",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Samsung rates its 256 GB PRO Endurance microSD card for up to **140,160 hours** (16 years) of continuous Full HD recording, but its limited warranty covers 5 years (Samsung, 2022).",
      "short_statement": "One microSD card is rated for **140,160 hours** of recording, 16 years, but warranted for 5.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 140160,
      "unit": "hours of continuous recording, maker's endurance rating (Full HD at 26 Mbps)",
      "display_value": "140,160 hours",
      "display_label": "Samsung PRO Endurance, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product launched May 2022",
      "population": "Samsung PRO Endurance microSD (2022), 256 GB; 32 GB rated 17,520 hours with a 2-year warranty",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung Unveils New PRO Endurance Memory Card Optimized for Surveillance and Dashboard Cameras (press release with specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-unveils-new-pro-endurance-memory-card-optimized-for-surveillance-and-dashboard-cameras",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-05-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "256GB model up to 140,160 hours, 128GB model up to 70,080 hours, 64GB model up to 35,040 hours, 32GB model up to 17,520 hours.",
      "locator": "Footnote 1; specification table rows 'Endurance (Hours)' and 'Warranty' (2-year, 3-year, 5-year, 5-year Limited)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a measurement: 'Based on Full HD (1920x1080) video content recorded at 26Mbps (3.25MB/s)'. The warranty (5 years for 128 and 256 GB) is far shorter than the 16-year rating.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-05-pro-endurance-256gb-microsd-rated-140160-hours-5-year-warranty",
      "citation_text": "Samsung rates its 256 GB PRO Endurance microSD card for up to **140,160 hours** (16 years) of continuous Full HD recording, but its limited warranty covers 5 years (Samsung, 2022). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung Unveils New PRO Endurance Memory Card Optimized for Surveillance and Dashboard Cameras (press release with specifications)\" (https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-unveils-new-pro-endurance-memory-card-optimized-for-surveillance-and-dashboard-cameras). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-05-pro-endurance-256gb-microsd-rated-140160-hours-5-year-warranty."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2022-05-pro-endurance-256gb-rating-implies-about-1640-tb-written",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "About 1,640 TB of video, roughly 6,400 complete overwrites of the card, is what Samsung's 140,160-hour rating for the 256 GB PRO Endurance card implies at its stated 3.25 MB/s recording rate (derived from Samsung, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1640,
      "unit": "terabytes written implied by the maker's hours rating (derived)",
      "display_value": "about 1,640 TB",
      "display_label": "Derived from Samsung PRO Endurance specification, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product launched May 2022",
      "population": "Samsung PRO Endurance microSD (2022), 256 GB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung Unveils New PRO Endurance Memory Card Optimized for Surveillance and Dashboard Cameras (press release with specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-unveils-new-pro-endurance-memory-card-optimized-for-surveillance-and-dashboard-cameras",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-05-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Based on Full HD (1920×1080) video content recorded at 26Mbps (3.25MB/s).",
      "locator": "Footnote 1 to the endurance rating",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "140,160 hours x 3,600 s/hour x 3.25 MB/s = 1,639,872,000 MB = about 1,640 TB (decimal); 1,640 TB / 0.256 TB = about 6,406 full-card writes",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Our derivation from the maker's own rating inputs; Samsung does not publish a TBW figure for the card. Ignores filesystem overhead and write amplification.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-05-pro-endurance-256gb-rating-implies-about-1640-tb-written",
      "citation_text": "About 1,640 TB of video, roughly 6,400 complete overwrites of the card, is what Samsung's 140,160-hour rating for the 256 GB PRO Endurance card implies at its stated 3.25 MB/s recording rate (derived from Samsung, 2022). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung Unveils New PRO Endurance Memory Card Optimized for Surveillance and Dashboard Cameras (press release with specifications)\" (https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-unveils-new-pro-endurance-memory-card-optimized-for-surveillance-and-dashboard-cameras). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-05-pro-endurance-256gb-rating-implies-about-1640-tb-written."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-2026-max-endurance-256gb-microsd-rated-120000-hours-15-year-warranty",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "SanDisk rates its 256 GB MAX ENDURANCE microSD card for up to **120,000 hours** (over 13 years) of Full HD recording, with a 15-year limited warranty, against 15,000 hours and 3 years for the 32 GB card (SanDisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 120000,
      "unit": "hours of Full HD video recording, maker's endurance rating",
      "display_value": "120,000 hours",
      "display_label": "SanDisk MAX ENDURANCE product page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "SanDisk MAX ENDURANCE microSD (SDSQQVR), 256 GB; also 128 GB (60,000 hours, 10-year warranty), 64 GB (30,000 hours, 5-year) and 32 GB (15,000 hours, 3-year)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk",
      "source_title": "SanDisk MAX ENDURANCE microSD Card (product page, shop.sandisk.com)",
      "source_url": "https://shop.sandisk.com/products/memory-cards/microsd-cards/sandisk-max-endurance-uhs-i-microsd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Up to 120,000 hours/over 13 years for 256GB; 60,000 hours for 128GB; 30,000 hours for 64GB; and 15,000 hours for 32GB.",
      "locator": "Disclosures footnote 1; capacity selector warranty labels (SDSQQVR-256G: 15-Year Limited Warranty; SDSQQVR-032G: 3-Year)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating: 'Actual hours of video saved less ... Full HD video only; total hours less for 4K UHD video.' Undated live product page; published_at is the fetch date. The card launched in 2020 (trade press).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-max-endurance-256gb-microsd-rated-120000-hours-15-year-warranty",
      "citation_text": "SanDisk rates its 256 GB MAX ENDURANCE microSD card for up to **120,000 hours** (over 13 years) of Full HD recording, with a 15-year limited warranty, against 15,000 hours and 3 years for the 32 GB card (SanDisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk, \"SanDisk MAX ENDURANCE microSD Card (product page, shop.sandisk.com)\" (https://shop.sandisk.com/products/memory-cards/microsd-cards/sandisk-max-endurance-uhs-i-microsd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-max-endurance-256gb-microsd-rated-120000-hours-15-year-warranty."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-2500-to-40000-hours-2-year-warranty",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "SanDisk rates its HIGH ENDURANCE microSD cards for **2,500 hours (32 GB) to 40,000 hours (512 GB)** of Full HD recording, all with a 2-year limited warranty (SanDisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 40000,
      "unit": "hours of Full HD video recording, maker's endurance rating (512 GB model)",
      "display_value": "up to 40,000 hours",
      "display_label": "SanDisk HIGH ENDURANCE product page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "SanDisk HIGH ENDURANCE microSD (SDSQQNR), 32 GB to 512 GB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk",
      "source_title": "SanDisk HIGH ENDURANCE microSD Card (product page, shop.sandisk.com)",
      "source_url": "https://shop.sandisk.com/products/memory-cards/microsd-cards/sandisk-high-endurance-uhs-i-microsd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Up to 40,000 hours for 512GB; 20,000 hours for 256GB; 10,000 hours for 128GB; 5,000 hours for 64GB; and 2,500 hours for 32GB.",
      "locator": "Disclosures footnote 1; capacity selector warranty labels (2-Year Limited Warranty on every capacity)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating. At 256 GB this line is rated for 20,000 hours against 120,000 for the MAX ENDURANCE line. Undated live page; published_at is the fetch date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-2500-to-40000-hours-2-year-warranty",
      "citation_text": "SanDisk rates its HIGH ENDURANCE microSD cards for **2,500 hours (32 GB) to 40,000 hours (512 GB)** of Full HD recording, all with a 2-year limited warranty (SanDisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk, \"SanDisk HIGH ENDURANCE microSD Card (product page, shop.sandisk.com)\" (https://shop.sandisk.com/products/memory-cards/microsd-cards/sandisk-high-endurance-uhs-i-microsd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-2500-to-40000-hours-2-year-warranty."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-3000-pe-cycles-26900-hours-3-year-warranty",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Kingston rates its High Endurance microSD card for **3,000 program/erase cycles** and 26,900 hours of 24/7 recording, which its 3-year warranty covers (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, maker's endurance rating",
      "display_value": "3,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "Kingston High Endurance microSD product page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "Kingston High-Endurance microSD (SDCE), 32 GB to 256 GB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "High Endurance microSD Card (Kingston product page)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/memory-cards/high-endurance-microsd-card",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Endurance 3K P/E cycles Health monitoring Format FAT32 for SDHC and exFAT for SDXC Operating Hours 26.9K hours (24/7 recording for 3-year warranty)",
      "locator": "Specifications: 'Endurance', 'Operating Hours' and 'Warranty' rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating. 26,900 hours is about 3.1 years of continuous recording, matching the warranty. Undated live page; published_at is the fetch date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-3000-pe-cycles-26900-hours-3-year-warranty",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates its High Endurance microSD card for **3,000 program/erase cycles** and 26,900 hours of 24/7 recording, which its 3-year warranty covers (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"High Endurance microSD Card (Kingston product page)\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/memory-cards/high-endurance-microsd-card). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-3000-pe-cycles-26900-hours-3-year-warranty."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-industrial-microsd-rated-30000-pe-cycles-3840-tbw",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Kingston rates its Industrial microSD card, which runs TLC flash in single-bit pSLC mode, for **30,000 program/erase cycles** and up to 3,840 TB written, ten times the cycles of its High Endurance card, with a 3-year warranty (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, maker's endurance rating",
      "display_value": "30,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "Kingston Industrial microSD product page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "Kingston Industrial microSD (SDCIT2), 8 GB to 128 GB, TLC NAND in pSLC mode; 3,840 TBW is the highest-capacity model",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Industrial microSD Card (Kingston product page)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/memory-cards/industrial-grade-microsd-uhs-i-u3",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Up to 3840 TBW 2 and rated to endure 30K P/E cycles to meet requirements for a wide range of industrial applications",
      "locator": "Key features 'High endurance'; Specifications 'Endurance' (Up to 3840TBW, 30K P/E cycles) and 'Warranty' (3 years); footnote 2 on TBW",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating. Footnote 2: TBW 'is derived from the endurance under the highest capacity and is based on internal metrics'. Undated live page; published_at is the fetch date. Older listings show 8-64 GB and 1,920 TBW.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-industrial-microsd-rated-30000-pe-cycles-3840-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates its Industrial microSD card, which runs TLC flash in single-bit pSLC mode, for **30,000 program/erase cycles** and up to 3,840 TB written, ten times the cycles of its High Endurance card, with a 3-year warranty (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Industrial microSD Card (Kingston product page)\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/memory-cards/industrial-grade-microsd-uhs-i-u3). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-industrial-microsd-rated-30000-pe-cycles-3840-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "lexar-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-up-to-12000-hours-2-year-warranty",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Lexar rates its High-Endurance microSD card for up to 12,000 hours of Full HD recording at 128 GB (3,000 hours at 32 GB), with a 2-year limited warranty (Lexar, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 12000,
      "unit": "record hours, maker's endurance rating (128 GB, 1080p at 25 Mbps)",
      "display_value": "12,000 hours",
      "display_label": "Lexar High-Endurance microSD product page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "Lexar High-Endurance microSDHC/microSDXC UHS-I, 32 GB to 128 GB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Lexar",
      "source_title": "Lexar High-Endurance microSDHC/microSDXC UHS-I Cards (product page)",
      "source_url": "https://www.lexar.com/product/lexar-high-endurance-microsdhc-microsdxc-uhs-i-cards/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Up to 12,000 record hours for 128GB, 6,000 record hours for 64GB, and 3,000 record hours for 32GB. Actual hours of video saved less.",
      "locator": "Specifications footnote 1; warranty in the product data ('Warranty: 2 year limited warranty', saved HTML)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, 'based on 1080p Full-HD Video (FHD), 25Mbps ... Based on internal testing'. Undated live page; published_at is the fetch date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-up-to-12000-hours-2-year-warranty",
      "citation_text": "Lexar rates its High-Endurance microSD card for up to 12,000 hours of Full HD recording at 128 GB (3,000 hours at 32 GB), with a 2-year limited warranty (Lexar, 2026). Source: Lexar, \"Lexar High-Endurance microSDHC/microSDXC UHS-I Cards (product page)\" (https://www.lexar.com/product/lexar-high-endurance-microsdhc-microsdxc-uhs-i-cards/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-2026-high-endurance-microsd-rated-up-to-12000-hours-2-year-warranty."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2026-pro-plus-microsd-10-year-warranty-excludes-dashcam-cctv",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "10 years is the limited warranty on Samsung's PRO Plus microSD card, but it does not extend to dashcams, CCTV, surveillance cameras or other write-intensive uses, which Samsung's 5-year PRO Endurance line is sold for (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty (excludes write-intensive use)",
      "display_value": "10 years",
      "display_label": "Samsung UK PRO Plus microSD page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United Kingdom (Samsung UK product page; the same terms appear on other regional pages)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "Samsung PRO Plus microSDXC (MB-MD512SA/EU, 512 GB)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung PRO Plus microSD Card 512GB (MB-MD512SA/EU), Samsung UK",
      "source_url": "https://www.samsung.com/uk/memory-storage/memory-card/memory-card-pro-plus-microsd-card-512gb-mb-md512sa-eu/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Limited 10-year warranty. * Warranty does not extend to dashcam, CCTV, surveillance camera and other write-intensive uses.",
      "locator": "Specifications, 'Warranty' row and its footnotes",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Undated live page; published_at is the fetch date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2026-pro-plus-microsd-10-year-warranty-excludes-dashcam-cctv",
      "citation_text": "10 years is the limited warranty on Samsung's PRO Plus microSD card, but it does not extend to dashcams, CCTV, surveillance cameras or other write-intensive uses, which Samsung's 5-year PRO Endurance line is sold for (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung PRO Plus microSD Card 512GB (MB-MD512SA/EU), Samsung UK\" (https://www.samsung.com/uk/memory-storage/memory-card/memory-card-pro-plus-microsd-card-512gb-mb-md512sa-eu/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2026-pro-plus-microsd-10-year-warranty-excludes-dashcam-cctv."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-2026-extreme-microsd-lifetime-limited-warranty",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "SanDisk sells its Extreme microSD cards with a **lifetime** limited warranty on every capacity, against 2 years for its HIGH ENDURANCE cards built for continuous recording (SanDisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "warranty term (lifetime limited)",
      "display_value": "lifetime",
      "display_label": "SanDisk Extreme microSD product page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "SanDisk Extreme microSD (UHS-I), all capacities",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk",
      "source_title": "SanDisk Extreme microSD Card (product page, shop.sandisk.com)",
      "source_url": "https://shop.sandisk.com/products/memory-cards/microsd-cards/sandisk-extreme-uhs-i-microsd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Lifetime Limited Warranty",
      "locator": "Capacity selector, 'Warranty' label on each capacity",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan; the page does not define 'lifetime'. Short quote because the label stands alone on the page. Undated live page; published_at is the fetch date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-extreme-microsd-lifetime-limited-warranty",
      "citation_text": "SanDisk sells its Extreme microSD cards with a **lifetime** limited warranty on every capacity, against 2 years for its HIGH ENDURANCE cards built for continuous recording (SanDisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk, \"SanDisk Extreme microSD Card (product page, shop.sandisk.com)\" (https://shop.sandisk.com/products/memory-cards/microsd-cards/sandisk-extreme-uhs-i-microsd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-extreme-microsd-lifetime-limited-warranty."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2024-sd-cards-lifetime-warranty-usb-datatraveler-5-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "**5 years** is the warranty Kingston gives its DataTraveler USB flash drives, while its SD and microSD cards are covered for the product lifetime, which it defines as the normal time expectancy for such products, 10 years in Russia (Kingston, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty on DataTraveler USB flash drives",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "Kingston Flash Memory Guide, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Russia: lifetime defined as 10 years)",
      "period": "Guide edition MKF-283.3 (2024)",
      "population": "Kingston flash cards (SD, SDHC, SDXC, excluding Industrial Temp and Endurance cards) and USB DataTraveler drives (excluding DataTraveler 2000)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Flash Memory Guide (MKF-283.3US)",
      "source_url": "https://media.kingston.com/pdfs/MKF-283.3-Flash-Memory-Guide_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Product lifetime is defined as the normal time expectancy for the use of products in the industry.",
      "locator": "Page 3, 'Flash Storage Device Warranty': 'Product Lifetime Warranty' and 'Five-Year Warranty' paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Warranty terms, not lifespans. The same guide: 'Data retention on Flash memory is dynamic since the amount of time the memory has been cycled affects data retention. Important information should always be backed up on other media', and Endurance microSD cards are rated up to 3,000 P/E cycles, Industrial up to 30,000. P/E cycles by flash type (SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC) belong to ratings-endurance-retention. Kingston's Canvas Select Plus microSD page lists 'Lifetime warranty' (kingston-canvas-select-plus-microsd.txt). Copyright 2024; day set to 01-01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2024-sd-cards-lifetime-warranty-usb-datatraveler-5-years",
      "citation_text": "**5 years** is the warranty Kingston gives its DataTraveler USB flash drives, while its SD and microSD cards are covered for the product lifetime, which it defines as the normal time expectancy for such products, 10 years in Russia (Kingston, 2024). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Flash Memory Guide (MKF-283.3US)\" (https://media.kingston.com/pdfs/MKF-283.3-Flash-Memory-Guide_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2024-sd-cards-lifetime-warranty-usb-datatraveler-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-2026-ultra-usb-3-0-flash-drive-5-year-limited-warranty",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "5 years is the limited warranty on SanDisk's Ultra USB 3.0 flash drive, the same term Kingston gives its DataTraveler drives (SanDisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "SanDisk Ultra USB 3.0 product page",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Current in November 2026",
      "population": "SanDisk Ultra USB 3.0 flash drive",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk",
      "source_title": "SanDisk Ultra USB 3.0 Flash Drive (product page, shop.sandisk.com)",
      "source_url": "https://shop.sandisk.com/products/usb-flash-drives/sandisk-ultra-usb-3-0",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "5-Year Limited Warranty",
      "locator": "Capacity selector, 'Warranty' label",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan; USB flash drive makers publish no endurance (TBW or P/E) ratings for consumer drives that we found. Undated live page.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-ultra-usb-3-0-flash-drive-5-year-limited-warranty",
      "citation_text": "5 years is the limited warranty on SanDisk's Ultra USB 3.0 flash drive, the same term Kingston gives its DataTraveler drives (SanDisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk, \"SanDisk Ultra USB 3.0 Flash Drive (product page, shop.sandisk.com)\" (https://shop.sandisk.com/products/usb-flash-drives/sandisk-ultra-usb-3-0). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-ultra-usb-3-0-flash-drive-5-year-limited-warranty."
    },
    {
      "id": "cole-2025-09-microsd-cards-median-3616-full-writes-to-complete-failure",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "The median microSD card failed completely after 3,616 full write-and-verify cycles (average 5,362) among 119 cards a hobbyist tester wrote to death, a torture test rather than everyday use (Matt Cole, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3616,
      "unit": "full-card read/write cycles to complete failure (median)",
      "display_value": "3,616 full writes",
      "display_label": "Matt Cole, The Great microSD Card Survey, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (individual's test bench; cards bought on Amazon and AliExpress)",
      "period": "Results as of September 2025",
      "population": "119 failed microSD cards, name-brand, off-brand and fake, written end to end repeatedly until failure (inoperable or 50% of sectors bad)",
      "sample_n": 119,
      "publisher": "Matt Cole (independent tester, bahjeez.com)",
      "source_title": "On the Capacity, Performance, and Reliability of microSD Cards (The Great microSD Card Survey)",
      "source_url": "https://www.bahjeez.com/the-great-microsd-card-survey/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average time to complete failure, for all cards, was 5,362 read/write cycles, with a median value of 3,616 (n=119, min=0, max=29,042).",
      "locator": "Section 'Endurance', subsection 'Time to Complete Failure'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A hobbyist test, labelled as such; a continuously updated page (section stamped 'September 2, 2025', card list 'current as of 10/18/2025'). Name-brand cards averaged 6,035 cycles (median 3,869, n=32). Trade press in 2026 reported 351 cards and 177 failures from a later Reddit update by the same tester (a forum post, not recorded).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cole-2025-09-microsd-cards-median-3616-full-writes-to-complete-failure",
      "citation_text": "The median microSD card failed completely after 3,616 full write-and-verify cycles (average 5,362) among 119 cards a hobbyist tester wrote to death, a torture test rather than everyday use (Matt Cole, 2025). Source: Matt Cole (independent tester, bahjeez.com), \"On the Capacity, Performance, and Reliability of microSD Cards (The Great microSD Card Survey)\" (https://www.bahjeez.com/the-great-microsd-card-survey/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cole-2025-09-microsd-cards-median-3616-full-writes-to-complete-failure."
    },
    {
      "id": "cole-2025-09-microsd-71pct-of-failed-cards-died-suddenly-before-half-bad",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "84 of 119 microSD cards (**71%**) that failed in a hobbyist's write-to-death test stopped working or locked themselves read-only before even half their sectors went bad, so cards tend to die suddenly rather than wear out gradually (Matt Cole, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 71,
      "unit": "% of failed cards that became inoperable or read-only before 50% of sectors failed",
      "display_value": "71%",
      "display_label": "Matt Cole, The Great microSD Card Survey, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (individual's test bench)",
      "period": "Results as of September 2025",
      "population": "119 failed microSD cards in the tester's endurance test",
      "sample_n": 119,
      "publisher": "Matt Cole (independent tester, bahjeez.com)",
      "source_title": "On the Capacity, Performance, and Reliability of microSD Cards (The Great microSD Card Survey)",
      "source_url": "https://www.bahjeez.com/the-great-microsd-card-survey/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The majority of cards become inoperable (either they stop working completely or they make themselves read-only) long before hitting the 50% failure threshold. Of the 119 cards I have that have failed so far, only 35 survived",
      "locator": "Section 'Endurance', subsection 'Time to Complete Failure', closing paragraph",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "(119 failed cards - 35 that reached the 50% threshold) / 119 = 84 / 119 = 70.6%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A hobbyist test, labelled as such. Share computed by us from the tester's counts.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cole-2025-09-microsd-71pct-of-failed-cards-died-suddenly-before-half-bad",
      "citation_text": "84 of 119 microSD cards (**71%**) that failed in a hobbyist's write-to-death test stopped working or locked themselves read-only before even half their sectors went bad, so cards tend to die suddenly rather than wear out gradually (Matt Cole, 2025). Source: Matt Cole (independent tester, bahjeez.com), \"On the Capacity, Performance, and Reliability of microSD Cards (The Great microSD Card Survey)\" (https://www.bahjeez.com/the-great-microsd-card-survey/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cole-2025-09-microsd-71pct-of-failed-cards-died-suddenly-before-half-bad."
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-2011-10-make-new-archival-media-copies-at-least-every-five-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "At least **every 5 years**, individuals should create new archival copies of their digital files on fresh media, the Library of Congress advises, because all digital storage media have a short life (Library of Congress, 2011).",
      "short_statement": "Archivists advise making new copies of digital files on fresh media at least every **five years**.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, maximum interval between new archival media copies (guidance)",
      "display_value": "every 5 years",
      "display_label": "Library of Congress personal digital archiving",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (guidance for individuals)",
      "period": "Guidance handout dated October 2011",
      "population": "Personal digital content kept on CDs, DVDs, portable hard drives, thumb drives or online storage",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Library of Congress (National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program)",
      "source_title": "How Long Will Digital Storage Media Last? (Personal Digital Archiving Series)",
      "source_url": "https://www.digitalpreservation.gov/personalarchiving/documents/media_durability.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-10-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Create new archival media copies at least every five years to avoid data loss.",
      "locator": "Page 2, 'What you need to do', last bullet; page 1 opens 'All digital storage media have a short life.'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Guidance, not a measured lifespan. The handout's media-life estimates are a graphic with no extractable text and were not recorded. PDF creation date 2011-10-06.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2011-10-make-new-archival-media-copies-at-least-every-five-years",
      "citation_text": "At least **every 5 years**, individuals should create new archival copies of their digital files on fresh media, the Library of Congress advises, because all digital storage media have a short life (Library of Congress, 2011). Source: Library of Congress (National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program), \"How Long Will Digital Storage Media Last? (Personal Digital Archiving Series)\" (https://www.digitalpreservation.gov/personalarchiving/documents/media_durability.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#loc-2011-10-make-new-archival-media-copies-at-least-every-five-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "nara-36-cfr-1236-28-copy-magnetic-media-before-10-years-old",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "10 years is the age by which US federal agencies must copy permanent records held on magnetic storage media onto tested new media, under the National Archives' records-storage regulation (NARA, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years, maximum age of magnetic storage media holding permanent records (regulation)",
      "display_value": "10 years",
      "display_label": "36 CFR 1236.28 (NARA regulation)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (federal agencies)",
      "period": "Rule in force since 2009, section amended 2016",
      "population": "Magnetic records storage media holding permanent or unscheduled US federal records",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Code of Federal Regulations",
      "source_title": "36 CFR 1236.28: What additional requirements apply to the selection and maintenance of electronic records storage media for permanent records? (eCFR)",
      "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-36/chapter-XII/subchapter-B/part-1236/subpart-C/section-1236.28",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-12-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Before the media are 10 years old, agencies must copy permanent or unscheduled data on magnetic records storage media onto tested and verified new electronic media.",
      "locator": "Paragraph (f)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A regulation, not a lifespan measurement. Paragraph (e): agencies must annually read a sample of magnetic tapes (20% or 50 tapes, or 384 in libraries over 1,800) and replace tapes with 10 or more errors; paragraph (a): store at 62-68 °F and 35-45% RH. Part 1236 published at 74 FR 51014, 2 October 2009; current section version dated 2016-12-13 (eCFR versioner). Text saved via the eCFR renderer API (same content as the cited page).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nara-36-cfr-1236-28-copy-magnetic-media-before-10-years-old",
      "citation_text": "10 years is the age by which US federal agencies must copy permanent records held on magnetic storage media onto tested new media, under the National Archives' records-storage regulation (NARA, 2016). Source: US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Code of Federal Regulations, \"36 CFR 1236.28: What additional requirements apply to the selection and maintenance of electronic records storage media for permanent records? (eCFR)\" (https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-36/chapter-XII/subchapter-B/part-1236/subpart-C/section-1236.28). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#nara-36-cfr-1236-28-copy-magnetic-media-before-10-years-old."
    },
    {
      "id": "uk-tna-2008-08-storage-media-should-have-proven-life-of-at-least-10-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "At least 10 years of proven life span is what the UK National Archives asks of a storage medium chosen for long-term preservation, adding that beyond that, obsolescence of the drives that read it matters more than decay of the medium (The National Archives, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years, minimum proven life span for a preservation storage medium (guidance)",
      "display_value": "at least 10 years",
      "display_label": "The National Archives (UK), 2008",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United Kingdom (archives guidance)",
      "period": "Guidance issued August 2008",
      "population": "Removable storage media chosen for long-term preservation of electronic records",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "The National Archives (UK)",
      "source_title": "Digital Preservation Guidance Note 2: Selecting storage media for long-term preservation",
      "source_url": "https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/selecting-storage-media.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The media storage option chosen should have a proven life span of at least 10 years.",
      "locator": "Section 2.1 'Longevity', page 5",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Guidance, issue date August 2008 (day set to 01).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uk-tna-2008-08-storage-media-should-have-proven-life-of-at-least-10-years",
      "citation_text": "At least 10 years of proven life span is what the UK National Archives asks of a storage medium chosen for long-term preservation, adding that beyond that, obsolescence of the drives that read it matters more than decay of the medium (The National Archives, 2008). Source: The National Archives (UK), \"Digital Preservation Guidance Note 2: Selecting storage media for long-term preservation\" (https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/selecting-storage-media.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uk-tna-2008-08-storage-media-should-have-proven-life-of-at-least-10-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "uk-tna-2008-08-flash-sticks-and-cards-scored-lowest-for-longevity",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "Flash memory sticks and cards scored lowest for longevity (**1 of 3**) and overall (10 of 18) in the UK National Archives' example storage-media scorecard, against 2 for hard disks and 3 for CD-R, DVD-R and LTO tape (The National Archives, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "longevity score on a 1-3 scale (flash memory sticks and cards)",
      "display_value": "1 of 3",
      "display_label": "The National Archives (UK), 2008",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United Kingdom (archives guidance)",
      "period": "Guidance issued August 2008",
      "population": "Five media types in an illustrative scorecard: CD-R, DVD-R, hard disk, flash memory stick and card, LTO tape",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "The National Archives (UK)",
      "source_title": "Digital Preservation Guidance Note 2: Selecting storage media for long-term preservation",
      "source_url": "https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/selecting-storage-media.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Media CD-R DVD-R Hard Disk Flash Memory Stick and Card Linear Tape Open (LTO) Longevity 3 3 2 1 3",
      "locator": "Section 3 'The Media Selection Scorecard', Figure 1, row 'Longevity' and row 'Total' (11, 14, 13, 10, 17)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An example scorecard (an expert judgement, not a measurement); 'no medium that scores less than 12 should be considered', which ruled out CD-R (11) and flash (10). 2008 view; flash has changed since.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uk-tna-2008-08-flash-sticks-and-cards-scored-lowest-for-longevity",
      "citation_text": "Flash memory sticks and cards scored lowest for longevity (**1 of 3**) and overall (10 of 18) in the UK National Archives' example storage-media scorecard, against 2 for hard disks and 3 for CD-R, DVD-R and LTO tape (The National Archives, 2008). Source: The National Archives (UK), \"Digital Preservation Guidance Note 2: Selecting storage media for long-term preservation\" (https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/selecting-storage-media.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uk-tna-2008-08-flash-sticks-and-cards-scored-lowest-for-longevity."
    },
    {
      "id": "sony-2025-optical-disc-archive-100-years-estimated-archive-life-maker-test",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "100 years is the average archive life Sony estimates for the discs in its Optical Disc Archive cartridges, from its own accelerated tests under the ISO/IEC 16963 method, a maker's estimate for a professional system now discontinued (Sony, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "years, estimated average archival life of the bare disc (maker's accelerated test, ISO/IEC 16963)",
      "display_value": "100 years",
      "display_label": "Sony ODS-D380F product page (2025 capture)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product page captured October 2025",
      "population": "Sony Optical Disc Archive Generation 2 and 3 cartridges (professional archive system, ODS-D380F library drive)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sony",
      "source_title": "ODS-D380F Optical Disc Archive library drive unit (pro.sony, Wayback capture 2025-10-17)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251017104249/https://pro.sony/ue_US/products/scalable-library/ods-d380f",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Referring to the ISO/IEC16963 method, this is the estimated average archival life of an archival bare disc calculated by internal acceleration testing.",
      "locator": "Feature '100 Years' Estimated Archive Life for All Data Files*' and its footnote; page header marks the ODS-D380F 'Discontinued'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's estimate. The live pro.sony page refused automated fetches (403); recorded from the Wayback capture of 2025-10-17.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sony-2025-optical-disc-archive-100-years-estimated-archive-life-maker-test",
      "citation_text": "100 years is the average archive life Sony estimates for the discs in its Optical Disc Archive cartridges, from its own accelerated tests under the ISO/IEC 16963 method, a maker's estimate for a professional system now discontinued (Sony, 2025). Source: Sony, \"ODS-D380F Optical Disc Archive library drive unit (pro.sony, Wayback capture 2025-10-17)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20251017104249/https://pro.sony/ue_US/products/scalable-library/ods-d380f). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sony-2025-optical-disc-archive-100-years-estimated-archive-life-maker-test."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-research-2026-02-project-silica-glass-data-stable-over-10000-years",
      "family": "flash-cards-and-archival-media",
      "statement": "More than 10,000 years at room temperature is how long data laser-written into glass is projected to stay stable, from accelerated ageing in Microsoft Research's Project Silica, a research system rather than a product on sale (Nature, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10000,
      "unit": "years, projected data stability at room temperature (more than), accelerated ageing",
      "display_value": "over 10,000 years",
      "display_label": "Microsoft Research, Nature 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United Kingdom and worldwide (Microsoft Research laboratory)",
      "period": "Paper published February 2026",
      "population": "Data written by femtosecond laser into fused silica and borosilicate glass (phase voxels), Project Silica research system",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Nature (Microsoft Research, Project Silica)",
      "source_title": "Laser writing in glass for dense, fast and efficient archival data storage, Nature 650, 606-612",
      "source_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-10042-w",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We project that the data are stable for more than 10,000 years at room temperature",
      "locator": "Main text, introduction paragraph on system automation; section 'Lifetime' (Arrhenius extrapolation, Fig. 4e)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Peer-reviewed, open access (DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-10042-w). The 'Lifetime' section says the extrapolation gives a modification lifetime over 10,000 years at 290 °C and 'does not account for external influences, such as mechanical stress or chemical corrosion'. The paper also states that 'Most digital archive systems rely on media that degrade within a few years', citing other sources.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-research-2026-02-project-silica-glass-data-stable-over-10000-years",
      "citation_text": "More than 10,000 years at room temperature is how long data laser-written into glass is projected to stay stable, from accelerated ageing in Microsoft Research's Project Silica, a research system rather than a product on sale (Nature, 2026). Source: Nature (Microsoft Research, Project Silica), \"Laser writing in glass for dense, fast and efficient archival data storage, Nature 650, 606-612\" (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-10042-w). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-research-2026-02-project-silica-glass-data-stable-over-10000-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-months-2-8pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 2.8% of hard drives aged three months failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres, more than at six months or one year, a sign of infant mortality (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.8,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 3 months",
      "display_value": "2.8%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "About five years of repairs records up to August 2006 (drives deployed from 2001)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "our 3-month, 6-months and 1-year data points do seem to indicate a noticeable influence of infant mortality phenomena, with 1-year AFR dropping significantly from the AFR observed in the first three months.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1 'Baseline Failure Rates', p. 20 (PDF p. 4), Figure 2, bar '3-Month'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar height measured in the embedded Figure 2 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-10% axis spans 319 px, about 32 px per percentage point, reading error about 0.05 point); rounded to one decimal. Cross-check: the same method reads 1.72% for the 1-year bar and 8.62% for the 3-year bar, which the text gives as 1.7% and over 8.6%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2007-hdd-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The paper prints no numbers on the bars; this value was measured from the bar height in the embedded Figure 2 image. Google warns that drive models of different vintages are mixed into the age groups, so only the first three points (3 months, 6 months, 1 year) reflect age with a stable model mix; the 3- and 4-year rates reflect those vintages' models more than ageing. The 3-month, 6-month and 1-year samples overlap (a drive can reach all three ages in the window). Failure = a drive replaced as part of a repairs procedure (upgrades excluded); time of failure = time of replacement.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-months-2-8pct",
      "citation_text": "About 2.8% of hard drives aged three months failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres, more than at six months or one year, a sign of infant mortality (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-months-2-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-afr-age-6-months-1-8pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 1.8% of hard drives aged six months failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.8,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 6 months",
      "display_value": "1.8%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "About five years of repairs records up to August 2006 (drives deployed from 2001)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Figure 2 presents the average Annualized Failure Rates (AFR) for all drives in our study, aged zero to 5 years, and is derived from our older repairs database.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1 'Baseline Failure Rates', p. 20 (PDF p. 4), Figure 2, bar '6-Month'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar height measured in the embedded Figure 2 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-10% axis spans 319 px, about 32 px per percentage point, reading error about 0.05 point); rounded to one decimal. Cross-check: the same method reads 1.72% for the 1-year bar and 8.62% for the 3-year bar, which the text gives as 1.7% and over 8.6%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2007-hdd-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The paper prints no numbers on the bars; this value was measured from the bar height in the embedded Figure 2 image. Google warns that drive models of different vintages are mixed into the age groups, so only the first three points (3 months, 6 months, 1 year) reflect age with a stable model mix; the 3- and 4-year rates reflect those vintages' models more than ageing. Failure = a drive replaced as part of a repairs procedure (upgrades excluded); time of failure = time of replacement.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-6-months-1-8pct",
      "citation_text": "About 1.8% of hard drives aged six months failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-6-months-1-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "1.7% of hard drives in their first year of operation failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres, the low point of its age curve (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.7,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 1 year",
      "display_value": "1.7%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "About five years of repairs records up to August 2006 (drives deployed from 2001)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The observed range of AFRs (see Figure 2) varies from 1.7%, for drives that were in their first year of operation, to over 8.6%, observed in the 3-year old population.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1 'Baseline Failure Rates', p. 20 (PDF p. 4), text beside Figure 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2007-hdd-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Stated in the text. Google warns that drive models of different vintages are mixed into the age groups, so only the first three points (3 months, 6 months, 1 year) reflect age with a stable model mix; the 3- and 4-year rates reflect those vintages' models more than ageing. Failure = a drive replaced as part of a repairs procedure (upgrades excluded); time of failure = time of replacement. Key-statistic candidate (first-year against third-year AFR). Not a single fleet average: Google published rates by age only, so a '3% average AFR' credited to Google is not in this paper (for claims-and-restatements).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct",
      "citation_text": "1.7% of hard drives in their first year of operation failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres, the low point of its age curve (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-first-year-1-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-afr-age-2-years-8-0pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 8.0% of two-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 2 years",
      "display_value": "8.0%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "About five years of repairs records up to August 2006 (drives deployed from 2001)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Figure 2 presents the average Annualized Failure Rates (AFR) for all drives in our study, aged zero to 5 years, and is derived from our older repairs database.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1 'Baseline Failure Rates', p. 20 (PDF p. 4), Figure 2, bar '2 Year'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar height measured in the embedded Figure 2 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-10% axis spans 319 px, about 32 px per percentage point, reading error about 0.05 point); rounded to one decimal. Cross-check: the same method reads 1.72% for the 1-year bar and 8.62% for the 3-year bar, which the text gives as 1.7% and over 8.6%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2007-hdd-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The paper prints no numbers on the bars; this value was measured from the bar height in the embedded Figure 2 image. Google warns that drive models of different vintages are mixed into the age groups, so only the first three points (3 months, 6 months, 1 year) reflect age with a stable model mix; the 3- and 4-year rates reflect those vintages' models more than ageing. Failure = a drive replaced as part of a repairs procedure (upgrades excluded); time of failure = time of replacement.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-2-years-8-0pct",
      "citation_text": "About 8.0% of two-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-2-years-8-0pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Over 8.6% of three-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres, the highest rate of any age group (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8.6,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 3 years",
      "display_value": "8.6%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "About five years of repairs records up to August 2006 (drives deployed from 2001)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The observed range of AFRs (see Figure 2) varies from 1.7%, for drives that were in their first year of operation, to over 8.6%, observed in the 3-year old population.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1 'Baseline Failure Rates', p. 20 (PDF p. 4), text beside Figure 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2007-hdd-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Stated in the text ('over 8.6%'). The authors attribute the higher 3- and 4-year rates more to the reliability of the models of that vintage than to ageing: 'The higher baseline AFR for 3 and 4 year old drives is more strongly influenced by the underlying reliability of the particular models in that vintage than by disk drive aging effects.' Failure = a drive replaced as part of a repairs procedure (upgrades excluded); time of failure = time of replacement.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct",
      "citation_text": "Over 8.6% of three-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres, the highest rate of any age group (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-3-years-8-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-afr-age-4-years-5-9pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 5.9% of four-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.9,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 4 years",
      "display_value": "5.9%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "About five years of repairs records up to August 2006 (drives deployed from 2001)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The higher baseline AFR for 3 and 4 year old drives is more strongly influenced by the underlying reliability of the particular models in that vintage than by disk drive aging effects.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1 'Baseline Failure Rates', p. 20 (PDF p. 4), Figure 2, bar '4 Year'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar height measured in the embedded Figure 2 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-10% axis spans 319 px, about 32 px per percentage point, reading error about 0.05 point); rounded to one decimal. Cross-check: the same method reads 1.72% for the 1-year bar and 8.62% for the 3-year bar, which the text gives as 1.7% and over 8.6%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2007-hdd-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The paper prints no numbers on the bars; this value was measured from the bar height in the embedded Figure 2 image. Google warns that drive models of different vintages are mixed into the age groups, so only the first three points (3 months, 6 months, 1 year) reflect age with a stable model mix; the 3- and 4-year rates reflect those vintages' models more than ageing. Failure = a drive replaced as part of a repairs procedure (upgrades excluded); time of failure = time of replacement.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-4-years-5-9pct",
      "citation_text": "About 5.9% of four-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-4-years-5-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-afr-age-5-years-7-3pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 7.3% of five-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres, with a wide margin of error (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7.3,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 5 years",
      "display_value": "7.3%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "About five years of repairs records up to August 2006 (drives deployed from 2001)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Figure 2 presents the average Annualized Failure Rates (AFR) for all drives in our study, aged zero to 5 years, and is derived from our older repairs database.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1 'Baseline Failure Rates', p. 20 (PDF p. 4), Figure 2, bar '5 Year'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar height measured in the embedded Figure 2 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-10% axis spans 319 px, about 32 px per percentage point, reading error about 0.05 point); rounded to one decimal. Cross-check: the same method reads 1.72% for the 1-year bar and 8.62% for the 3-year bar, which the text gives as 1.7% and over 8.6%. The error bar on this bar spans roughly 5.9% to 9.1%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2007-hdd-afr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The paper prints no numbers on the bars; this value was measured from the bar height in the embedded Figure 2 image. Google warns that drive models of different vintages are mixed into the age groups, so only the first three points (3 months, 6 months, 1 year) reflect age with a stable model mix; the 3- and 4-year rates reflect those vintages' models more than ageing. Failure = a drive replaced as part of a repairs procedure (upgrades excluded); time of failure = time of replacement.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-5-years-7-3pct",
      "citation_text": "About 7.3% of five-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis in Google's data centres, with a wide margin of error (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-afr-age-5-years-7-3pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-high-utilization-afr-first-3-months-10-4pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 10.4% of heavily used hard drives failed in their first three months on an annualized basis, against about 3.8% of lightly used drives, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": "Heavily used new drives in Google's data centres failed at about **10.4%** a year in their first three months, lightly used ones at 3.8%.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10.4,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), high-utilization drives aged 3 months",
      "display_value": "10.4%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "First, only very young and very old age groups appear to show the expected behavior. After the first year, the AFR of high utilization drives is at most moderately higher than that of low utilization drives.",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'Utilization', p. 21 (PDF p. 5), Figure 3 'Utilization AFR', group '3-Month'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights measured in the embedded Figure 3 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-12% axis spans 319 px, about 26.6 px per percentage point); rounded to one decimal. 3-month group: low 3.8%, medium 1.6%, high 10.4%. 1-year group: low 0.5%, medium 0.7%, high 1.5%. 5-year group: low 1.0%, medium 1.3%, high 4.5%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Utilization = weekly average read/write bandwidth per drive, ranked within each drive model into low (bottom 25%), medium and high (top 25%) groups. The authors conclude the data 'indicate a much weaker correlation between utilization levels and failures than previous work has suggested'. Rates in this figure come from the nine-month window and are lower than Figure 2's by-age rates for the same ages. Values read from the chart.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-high-utilization-afr-first-3-months-10-4pct",
      "citation_text": "About 10.4% of heavily used hard drives failed in their first three months on an annualized basis, against about 3.8% of lightly used drives, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-high-utilization-afr-first-3-months-10-4pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-3-year-old-low-utilization-afr-5-2pct-above-high-4-6pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 5.2% of lightly used three-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis, slightly more than the 4.6% of heavily used ones, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.2,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), low-utilization drives aged 3 years",
      "display_value": "5.2%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The three-year group in fact appears to have the opposite of the expected behavior, with low utilization drives having slightly higher failure rates than high utilization ones.",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'Utilization', p. 21 (PDF p. 5), Figure 3 'Utilization AFR', group '3 Year'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights measured in the embedded Figure 3 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-12% axis spans 319 px, about 26.6 px per percentage point); rounded to one decimal. 3-year group: low 5.2%, medium 4.3%, high 4.6%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Values read from the chart; the direction is stated in the text. The authors suggest a 'survival of the fittest' effect: drives that survive infant mortality are less sensitive to workload.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-3-year-old-low-utilization-afr-5-2pct-above-high-4-6pct",
      "citation_text": "About 5.2% of lightly used three-year-old hard drives failed on an annualized basis, slightly more than the 4.6% of heavily used ones, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-3-year-old-low-utilization-afr-5-2pct-above-high-4-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-drives-under-30c-afr-first-3-months-8-9pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 8.9% of three-month-old hard drives that averaged under 30 °C failed on an annualized basis, against about 2.7% of those at 35-40 °C, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8.9,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 3 months averaging 15-30 °C",
      "display_value": "8.9%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In fact, there is a clear trend showing that lower temperatures are associated with higher failure rates. Only at very high temperatures is there a slight reversal of this trend.",
      "locator": "Section 3.4 'Temperature', p. 21-22 (PDF pp. 5-6), Figure 5 'AFR for average drive temperature', group '3-Month'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights measured in the embedded Figure 5 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-20% axis spans 252 px, about 12.6 px per percentage point, reading error about 0.1 point); rounded to one decimal. 3-month group: 15-30 °C 8.9%, 30-35 °C 5.2%, 35-40 °C 2.7%, 40-45 °C 4.0%, 45 °C or more 3.2%. 1-year group: 2.3%, 1.2%, 0.6%, 0.6%, 0.9%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Temperature = average SMART temperature over the nine-month window. Headline finding of the paper: 'very little correlation between failure rates and either elevated temperature or activity levels'; higher temperatures matter only at the high end and for older drives. Values read from the chart.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-drives-under-30c-afr-first-3-months-8-9pct",
      "citation_text": "About 8.9% of three-month-old hard drives that averaged under 30 °C failed on an annualized basis, against about 2.7% of those at 35-40 °C, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-drives-under-30c-afr-first-3-months-8-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-3-year-old-drives-at-45c-afr-14-8pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 14.8% of three-year-old hard drives that averaged 45 °C or more failed on an annualized basis, against about 4.8% of those under 30 °C, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 14.8,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), drives aged 3 years averaging 45 °C or more",
      "display_value": "14.8%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "What stands out are the 3 and 4-year old drives, where the trend for higher failures with higher temperature is much more constant and also more pronounced.",
      "locator": "Section 3.4 'Temperature', p. 21 (PDF p. 5), Figure 5 'AFR for average drive temperature', group '3 Year'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights measured in the embedded Figure 5 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-20% axis spans 252 px, about 12.6 px per percentage point, reading error about 0.1 point); rounded to one decimal. 3-year group: 15-30 °C 4.8%, 30-35 °C 3.8%, 35-40 °C 5.7%, 40-45 °C 11.5%, 45 °C or more 14.8% (error bar roughly 11% to 19%). 4-year group: 3.4%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 3.7%, 5.2%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Values read from the chart; the 45 °C-plus group is small (wide error bar). Google: 'Overall our experiments can confirm previously reported temperature effects only for the high end of our temperature range and especially for older drives.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-3-year-old-drives-at-45c-afr-14-8pct",
      "citation_text": "About 14.8% of three-year-old hard drives that averaged 45 °C or more failed on an annualized basis, against about 4.8% of those under 30 °C, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-3-year-old-drives-at-45c-afr-14-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-56pct-of-failed-drives-had-no-strong-smart-signal",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Over 56% of the hard drives that failed had no count in any of the four SMART signals most tied to failure (scan errors, reallocations, offline reallocations, probational counts), in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 56,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with zero counts in the four strongest SMART signals",
      "display_value": "over 56%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Out of all failed drives, over 56% of them have no count in any of the four strong SMART signals, namely scan errors, reallocation count, offline reallocation, and probational count.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.6 'Predictive Power of SMART Parameters', p. 26 (PDF p. 10)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Google's conclusion: 'models based only on those signals can never predict more than half of the failed drives' and 'it is unlikely that SMART data alone can be effectively used to build models that predict failures of individual drives.' Schroeder and Gibson (FAST '07) restate it as 44% of failed drives having raised counts in at least one of the four counters (the complement).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-56pct-of-failed-drives-had-no-strong-smart-signal",
      "citation_text": "Over 56% of the hard drives that failed had no count in any of the four SMART signals most tied to failure (scan errors, reallocations, offline reallocations, probational counts), in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-56pct-of-failed-drives-had-no-strong-smart-signal."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-36pct-of-failed-drives-had-no-smart-errors-at-all",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Over 36% of the hard drives that failed had zero counts on every SMART variable apart from temperature, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": "Over **36%** of the failed drives in Google's data centres had no SMART errors at all.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 36,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with zero counts on all SMART variables except temperature",
      "display_value": "36%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Figure 14 shows that even when we add all remaining SMART parameters (except temperature) we still find that over 36% of all failed drives had zero counts on all variables.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.6 'Predictive Power of SMART Parameters', p. 26 (PDF p. 10); Figure 14",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Adding temperature (more than 50% of the time above 40 °C counted as a warning) still leaves about 36% of failed drives with no failure signal at all. The count includes seek errors, which over 72% of all drives showed.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-36pct-of-failed-drives-had-no-smart-errors-at-all",
      "citation_text": "Over 36% of the hard drives that failed had zero counts on every SMART variable apart from temperature, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-36pct-of-failed-drives-had-no-smart-errors-at-all."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-about-40pct-of-failed-drives-had-reallocated-sectors",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 40% of the hard drives that failed had a reallocated-sector count, the most common SMART warning among them, ahead of seek errors (about 30%) and offline reallocations (about 27%), in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 40,
      "unit": "% of failed drives with a non-zero reallocation count",
      "display_value": "40%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Figure 14: Percentage of failed drives with SMART errors.",
      "locator": "Figure 14, p. 27 (PDF p. 11)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights measured in the embedded Figure 14 image (600 x 450 px; the 0-60% axis spans 253 px, about 4.2 px per percentage point); rounded to the nearest whole percent. Seek errors 30%, scan errors 15%, reallocation count 40%, probational count 20%, offline reallocation 27%, CRC errors 4%, calibration retries under 1%, any error 63%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Values read from the chart. 'Any error' at about 63% is consistent with the text's 'over 36%' of failed drives with no SMART error.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-about-40pct-of-failed-drives-had-reallocated-sectors",
      "citation_text": "About 40% of the hard drives that failed had a reallocated-sector count, the most common SMART warning among them, ahead of seek errors (about 30%) and offline reallocations (about 27%), in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-about-40pct-of-failed-drives-had-reallocated-sectors."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-first-scan-error-39x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Hard drives were **39 times** more likely to fail within 60 days after their first SMART scan error than drives without scan errors, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": "After its first scan error, a hard drive in Google's data centres was **39 times** as likely to fail within 60 days.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 39,
      "unit": "times the 60-day failure probability of drives with no scan errors",
      "display_value": "39x",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "After the first scan error, drives are 39 times more likely to fail within 60 days than drives without scan errors.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.1 'Scan Errors', p. 23 (PDF p. 7)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Fewer than 2% of drives showed scan errors. Critical threshold = one error. Schroeder and Gibson (FAST '07) restate this as a 'scrub error'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-first-scan-error-39x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives were **39 times** more likely to fail within 60 days after their first SMART scan error than drives without scan errors, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-first-scan-error-39x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-drives-with-scan-errors-10x-more-likely-to-fail",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Hard drives with one or more SMART scan errors were **ten times** more likely to fail than drives without, measured as annualized failure rates in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "times the annualized failure rate of drives with no scan errors",
      "display_value": "10x",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We find that the group of drives with scan errors are ten times more likely to fail than the group with no errors.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.1 'Scan Errors', p. 22 (PDF p. 6); Figure 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "In Google's population 'fewer than 2% of the drives show scan errors and they are nearly uniformly spread across various disk models.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-drives-with-scan-errors-10x-more-likely-to-fail",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives with one or more SMART scan errors were **ten times** more likely to fail than drives without, measured as annualized failure rates in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-drives-with-scan-errors-10x-more-likely-to-fail."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-70pct-survive-8-months-after-first-scan-error",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "A little over 70% of hard drives were still working eight months after their first SMART scan error, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 70,
      "unit": "% of drives surviving 8 months after the first scan error",
      "display_value": "70%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A little over 70% of the drives survive the first 8 months after their first scan error.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.1 'Scan Errors', p. 22 (PDF p. 6); Figure 8 (left)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Put the other way, close to 30% failed within eight months of the first scan error. Drives with several scan errors failed faster still.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-70pct-survive-8-months-after-first-scan-error",
      "citation_text": "A little over 70% of hard drives were still working eight months after their first SMART scan error, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-70pct-survive-8-months-after-first-scan-error."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-9pct-of-drives-had-reallocated-sectors",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 9% of hard drives had a reallocated-sector count above zero, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 9,
      "unit": "% of all drives with a non-zero SMART reallocation count",
      "display_value": "9%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "About 9% of our population has reallocation counts greater than zero.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.2 'Reallocation Counts', p. 23 (PDF p. 7)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Drives with one or more reallocations had 3 to 6 times the AFR of drives with none ('The average impact on AFR appears to be between a factor of 3-6x'). About 4% of drives had offline reallocations and about 2% probational counts.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-9pct-of-drives-had-reallocated-sectors",
      "citation_text": "About 9% of hard drives had a reallocated-sector count above zero, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-9pct-of-drives-had-reallocated-sectors."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-first-reallocation-14x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Hard drives were over **14 times** more likely to fail within 60 days after their first reallocated sector than drives with none, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 14,
      "unit": "times the 60-day failure probability of drives with no reallocations",
      "display_value": "over 14x",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "After their first reallocation, drives are over 14 times more likely to fail within 60 days than drives without reallocation counts, making the critical threshold for this parameter also one.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.2 'Reallocation Counts', p. 23 (PDF p. 7)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "About 85% of drives survived past 8 months after the first reallocation (Figure 11, see the survival record).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-first-reallocation-14x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives were over **14 times** more likely to fail within 60 days after their first reallocated sector than drives with none, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-first-reallocation-14x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-85pct-survive-8-months-after-first-reallocation",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 85% of hard drives were still working eight months after their first reallocated sector, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 85,
      "unit": "% of drives surviving past 8 months after the first reallocation",
      "display_value": "85%",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In general, the left graph shows, about 85% of the drives survive past 8 months after the first reallocation.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.2 'Reallocation Counts', p. 23 (PDF p. 7); Figure 11 (left)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Compare a little over 70% after a first scan error.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-85pct-survive-8-months-after-first-reallocation",
      "citation_text": "About 85% of hard drives were still working eight months after their first reallocated sector, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-85pct-survive-8-months-after-first-reallocation."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-first-offline-reallocation-21x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Hard drives were over **21 times** more likely to fail within 60 days after their first offline reallocation (a bad sector found by background scanning) than drives with none, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 21,
      "unit": "times the 60-day failure probability of drives with no offline reallocations",
      "display_value": "21x",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "After the first offline reallocation, drives have over 21 times higher chances of failure within 60 days than drives without offline reallocations",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.3 'Offline Reallocations', p. 24 (PDF p. 8)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "About 4% of drives showed offline reallocations, concentrated in a subset of models; some models do not follow the definition.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-first-offline-reallocation-21x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives were over **21 times** more likely to fail within 60 days after their first offline reallocation (a bad sector found by background scanning) than drives with none, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-first-offline-reallocation-21x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-first-probational-count-16x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Hard drives were **16 times** more likely to fail within 60 days after their first probational (suspect-sector) count than drives with none, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 16,
      "unit": "times the 60-day failure probability of drives with zero probational counts",
      "display_value": "16x",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The critical threshold for probational counts is also one: after the first event, drives are 16 times more likely to fail within 60 days than drives with zero probational counts.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.4 'Probational Counts', p. 25 (PDF p. 9)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "About 2% of drives had non-zero probational counts.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-first-probational-count-16x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives were **16 times** more likely to fail within 60 days after their first probational (suspect-sector) count than drives with none, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-first-probational-count-16x-more-likely-to-fail-within-60-days."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2007-hdd-power-cycles-add-over-2-points-afr-drives-3-years-plus",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "High power-cycle counts raised the annualized failure rate of hard drives three years and older by **over 2 percentage points**, while younger drives showed no link, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "percentage points added to the annualized failure rate",
      "display_value": "+2 points",
      "display_label": "Google, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "December 2005 to August 2006 (nine-month observation window)",
      "population": "More than 100,000 consumer-grade serial and parallel ATA hard drives (5,400 to 7,200 rpm, 80 to 400 GB, at least nine models from many of the largest makers) in rack-mounted servers in Google's data centres, put into production in or after 2001 and powered on essentially all the time; burn-in fall-out excluded",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso)",
      "source_title": "Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "But for drives 3 years and older, higher power cycle counts can increase the absolute failure rate by over 2%.",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.5 'Miscellaneous Signals', 'Power Cycles', p. 26 (PDF p. 10)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Google attributes this more to its population mix than to ageing, and notes the link may be an effect rather than a cause (troubled machines get power-cycled during repairs). Server drives are powered continuously, so power-cycle counts are low.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-power-cycles-add-over-2-points-afr-drives-3-years-plus",
      "citation_text": "High power-cycle counts raised the annualized failure rate of hard drives three years and older by **over 2 percentage points**, while younger drives showed no link, in Google's data centres (Google, 2007). Source: Google (Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso), \"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/full_papers/pinheiro/pinheiro.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2007-hdd-power-cycles-add-over-2-points-afr-drives-3-years-plus."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-annual-replacement-rate-weighted-average-3-01pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "3.01% of hard drives were replaced each year on average across seven large production systems, against datasheet failure rates of 0.58% to 0.88%, among about 100,000 drives under five years old (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": "Hard drives were replaced at **3.01%** a year in seven large systems, against 0.58% to 0.88% on their datasheets (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.01,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate (drives replaced per drive-year), weighted average over all data sets",
      "display_value": "3.01%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to November 2006 (data sets of one month to five years)",
      "population": "About 100,000 hard drives (SCSI and Fibre Channel enterprise drives and SATA drives, from at least four makers) in seven data sets from high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider, logged between August 2001 and November 2006; datasheet MTTF 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours; measure = drives the customer replaced",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average ARR over all data sets (weighted by the number of drives in each data set) is 3.01%.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Disk replacements and MTTF', p. 7; Figure 1 (dotted line)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": true,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). Drives within the five-year nominal life only. Without the COM3 data (the highest rates) the average was 2.86%, 3.3 times 0.88%. Observation 1 calls it 3.4 times 0.88%. Likely origin of the '3% average AFR' that roundups credit to Google: Google 2007 published no single average (rates by age of 1.7% to over 8.6%); this 3% figure is CMU's, and it is a replacement rate (for claims-and-restatements).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-annual-replacement-rate-weighted-average-3-01pct",
      "citation_text": "3.01% of hard drives were replaced each year on average across seven large production systems, against datasheet failure rates of 0.58% to 0.88%, among about 100,000 drives under five years old (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-annual-replacement-rate-weighted-average-3-01pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-datasheet-mttf-1-to-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58-to-0-88pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**0.58% to 0.88%** a year is the failure rate implied by datasheet MTTFs of 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours, the ratings of the drives Carnegie Mellon studied (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.88,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate implied by the datasheet MTTF (upper end of the range)",
      "display_value": "0.58-0.88%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "2006 datasheets",
      "population": "About 100,000 hard drives (SCSI and Fibre Channel enterprise drives and SATA drives, from at least four makers) in seven data sets from high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider, logged between August 2001 and November 2006; datasheet MTTF 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours; measure = drives the customer replaced",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The MTTFs specified for today's highest quality disks range from 1,000,000 hours to 1,500,000 hours, corresponding to AFRs of 0.58% to 0.88%.",
      "locator": "Section 2.2 'Specifying disk reliability and failure frequency', p. 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A specification, not a measurement: 'The MTTF is estimated as the number of power on hours per year divided by the AFR', assuming servers powered on 100% of the time. The MTBF-to-AFR conversion for current drives belongs to ratings-endurance-retention.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-datasheet-mttf-1-to-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58-to-0-88pct",
      "citation_text": "**0.58% to 0.88%** a year is the failure rate implied by datasheet MTTFs of 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours, the ratings of the drives Carnegie Mellon studied (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-datasheet-mttf-1-to-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58-to-0-88pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-annual-replacement-rate-up-to-13pct-2-4pct-common",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Up to 13% of hard drives a year were replaced on some systems, while annual replacement rates of 2% to 4% were common, across about 100,000 drives at computing and internet-service sites (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 13,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate (highest observed for drives within their nominal life)",
      "display_value": "up to 13%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to November 2006 (data sets of one month to five years)",
      "population": "About 100,000 hard drives (SCSI and Fibre Channel enterprise drives and SATA drives, from at least four makers) in seven data sets from high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider, logged between August 2001 and November 2006; datasheet MTTF 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours; measure = drives the customer replaced",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We find that in the field, annual disk replacement rates typically exceed 1%, with 2-4% common and up to 13% observed on some systems.",
      "locator": "Abstract, p. 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The 13% is the third COM3 Fibre Channel population (Table 1: 13.6%; the Figure 1 caption says 13.5%, a small inconsistency within the paper).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-annual-replacement-rate-up-to-13pct-2-4pct-common",
      "citation_text": "Up to 13% of hard drives a year were replaced on some systems, while annual replacement rates of 2% to 4% were common, across about 100,000 drives at computing and internet-service sites (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-annual-replacement-rate-up-to-13pct-2-4pct-common."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-field-replacement-rates-up-to-15x-datasheet-afr",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Annual replacement rates observed in the field were up to **15 times** the datasheet failure rate, by data set and drive type, across about 100,000 hard drives (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": "Field replacement rates ran up to **15 times** the datasheet failure rate across about 100,000 drives.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 15,
      "unit": "times the datasheet AFR (maximum ratio)",
      "display_value": "15x",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to November 2006 (data sets of one month to five years)",
      "population": "About 100,000 hard drives (SCSI and Fibre Channel enterprise drives and SATA drives, from at least four makers) in seven data sets from high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider, logged between August 2001 and November 2006; datasheet MTTF 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours; measure = drives the customer replaced",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the observed ARRs range from 0.5% to as high as 13.5%. That is, the observed ARRs by data set and type, are by up to a factor of 15 higher than datasheet AFRs.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Disk replacements and MTTF', p. 7",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-field-replacement-rates-up-to-15x-datasheet-afr",
      "citation_text": "Annual replacement rates observed in the field were up to **15 times** the datasheet failure rate, by data set and drive type, across about 100,000 hard drives (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-field-replacement-rates-up-to-15x-datasheet-afr."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-2-to-10x-datasheet-under-5-years",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Field replacement rates of hard drives less than five years old were **2 to 10 times** the rate their datasheet MTTF suggested, across about 100,000 drives (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "times the datasheet-implied rate (upper end of the 2-10 range)",
      "display_value": "2-10x",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to November 2006 (data sets of one month to five years)",
      "population": "About 100,000 hard drives (SCSI and Fibre Channel enterprise drives and SATA drives, from at least four makers) in seven data sets from high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider, logged between August 2001 and November 2006; datasheet MTTF 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours; measure = drives the customer replaced",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For drives less than five years old, field replacement rates were larger than what the datasheet MTTF suggested by a factor of 2–10.",
      "locator": "Section 7 'Conclusion', first bullets, p. 14",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). Observation 3: even in the first three years the gap was as large as a factor of 6.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-2-to-10x-datasheet-under-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Field replacement rates of hard drives less than five years old were **2 to 10 times** the rate their datasheet MTTF suggested, across about 100,000 drives (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-2-to-10x-datasheet-under-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-30x-datasheet-5-to-8-years",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Field replacement rates of hard drives five to eight years old were **30 times** the rate their datasheet MTTF suggested (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "times the datasheet-implied rate",
      "display_value": "30x",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to November 2006 (data sets of one month to five years)",
      "population": "About 100,000 hard drives (SCSI and Fibre Channel enterprise drives and SATA drives, from at least four makers) in seven data sets from high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider, logged between August 2001 and November 2006; datasheet MTTF 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hours; measure = drives the customer replaced",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For five to eight year old drives, field replacement rates were a factor of 30 higher than what the datasheet MTTF suggested.",
      "locator": "Section 7 'Conclusion', p. 14",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). Driven by the COM3 Fibre Channel drives deployed in 1998 (24% replaced in 2005).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-30x-datasheet-5-to-8-years",
      "citation_text": "Field replacement rates of hard drives five to eight years old were **30 times** the rate their datasheet MTTF suggested (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-30x-datasheet-5-to-8-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-24pct-replaced-a-year-drives-over-7-years-old",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "24% of hard drives more than seven years old were replaced in a year, among 432 Fibre Channel drives deployed in 1998 at an internet service provider and logged in 2005 (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 24,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate",
      "display_value": "24%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "2005",
      "population": "432 10K rpm Fibre Channel drives deployed in 1998 in a large external storage system of an internet service provider (data set COM3, fourth population)",
      "sample_n": 432,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "These possibly “obsolete” disks experienced an ARR, during the measurement period, of 24%.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1, p. 7; Table 1, row COM3 (432 drives, ARR 24.1%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The drives had also been physically moved after installation. A single population at one site.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-24pct-replaced-a-year-drives-over-7-years-old",
      "citation_text": "24% of hard drives more than seven years old were replaced in a year, among 432 Fibre Channel drives deployed in 1998 at an internet service provider and logged in 2005 (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-24pct-replaced-a-year-drives-over-7-years-old."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-five-year-annual-replacement-rate-3-4pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "3.4% of hard drives a year were replaced over the five-year life of a 765-node supercomputer cluster, against a datasheet rate of 0.88% (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.4,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate over five years",
      "display_value": "3.4%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to May 2006",
      "population": "HPC1: a 765-node high-performance computing cluster with 3,406 10K rpm SCSI drives (18 GB and 36 GB)",
      "sample_n": 3406,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, the data for HPC1, which covers almost exactly the entire nominal lifetime of five years exhibits an ARR of 3.4% (significantly higher than the datasheet AFR of 0.88%).",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Disk replacements and MTTF', p. 7",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The datasheet MTTF of these drives is 1.2 million hours (Table 1), an AFR of about 0.73%; the authors compare with 0.88%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-five-year-annual-replacement-rate-3-4pct",
      "citation_text": "3.4% of hard drives a year were replaced over the five-year life of a 765-node supercomputer cluster, against a datasheet rate of 0.88% (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-five-year-annual-replacement-rate-3-4pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-sata-3-3pct-vs-scsi-3-7pct-same-system",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "3.3% of SATA hard drives a year were replaced, against 3.7% of 15K rpm SCSI drives in the same supercomputer, so the cheaper SATA drives did no worse (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.3,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, 250 GB 7,200 rpm SATA drives",
      "display_value": "3.3%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "December 2005 to November 2006",
      "population": "HPC3: a 1,532-node HPC cluster with 11,000 250 GB 7,200 rpm SATA drives (shared file system) and 3,064 146 GB 15K rpm SCSI drives (nodes)",
      "sample_n": 14064,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Moreover, the HPC3 data set includes both SCSI and SATA drives (as part of the same system in the same operating environment) and they have nearly identical replacement rates.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1, p. 7; Table 1, rows HPC3 (146GB 15K SCSI 3.7%, 250GB 7.2K SATA 3.3%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). Observation 4: 'In our data sets, the replacement rates of SATA disks are not worse than the replacement rates of SCSI or FC disks.' Those SATA drives were later decommissioned as a bad batch (media errors from lubricant breakdown), and those replacements are not counted as failures. Useful for 'enterprise against consumer drives'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-sata-3-3pct-vs-scsi-3-7pct-same-system",
      "citation_text": "3.3% of SATA hard drives a year were replaced, against 3.7% of 15K rpm SCSI drives in the same supercomputer, so the cheaper SATA drives did no worse (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-sata-3-3pct-vs-scsi-3-7pct-same-system."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-rates-rise-with-age-no-bathtub",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Hard drive replacement rates **nearly doubled** from year 1 to year 2, or from year 2 to year 3, in a five-year supercomputer log, rising steadily rather than levelling off as the bathtub curve assumes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "approximate factor of increase in annual replacement rate from one year to the next",
      "display_value": "about 2x",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to May 2006",
      "population": "HPC1 compute nodes: a 765-node high-performance computing cluster, three to four 18 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives per node (2,318 drives at the end of the log), a five-year replacement log from August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 2318,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Replacement rates in HPC1 nearly double from year 1 to 2, or from year 2 to 3. This observation suggests that wear-out may start much earlier than expected",
      "locator": "Section 4.2 'Age-dependent replacement rates', p. 9; Figure 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). Observation 5: 'hard drive replacement rates do not enter steady state after the first year of operation. Instead replacement rates seem to steadily increase over time.' Observation 6: early wear-out matters more than infant mortality. Key evidence against the bathtub curve.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-rates-rise-with-age-no-bathtub",
      "citation_text": "Hard drive replacement rates **nearly doubled** from year 1 to year 2, or from year 2 to year 3, in a five-year supercomputer log, rising steadily rather than levelling off as the bathtub curve assumes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-replacement-rates-rise-with-age-no-bathtub."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-1-0-7pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 0.7% of hard drives were replaced in their first year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.7,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 1 of operation",
      "display_value": "0.7%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 1 of operation (from August 2001)",
      "population": "HPC1 compute nodes: a 765-node high-performance computing cluster, three to four 18 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives per node (2,318 drives at the end of the log), a five-year replacement log from August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 2318,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "First, replacement rates in all years, except for year 1, are larger than the datasheet MTTF would suggest.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 8-9; Figure 3 (left panel, HPC1 compute nodes), year 1",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 1 bar 8.55 pt = 0.69%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-compute-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars. Infant mortality was 'limited to the first month of operation'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-1-0-7pct",
      "citation_text": "About 0.7% of hard drives were replaced in their first year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-1-0-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-2-1-7pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 1.7% of hard drives were replaced in their second year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.7,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 2 of operation",
      "display_value": "1.7%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 2 of operation",
      "population": "HPC1 compute nodes: a 765-node high-performance computing cluster, three to four 18 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives per node (2,318 drives at the end of the log), a five-year replacement log from August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 2318,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, in HPC1's second year, replacement rates are 20% larger than expected for the file system nodes, and a factor of two larger than expected for the compute nodes.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 8-9; Figure 3 (left panel), year 2",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 2 bar 20.82 pt = 1.68%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-compute-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-2-1-7pct",
      "citation_text": "About 1.7% of hard drives were replaced in their second year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-2-1-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-3-4-2pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 4.2% of hard drives were replaced in their third year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.2,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 3 of operation",
      "display_value": "4.2%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 3 of operation",
      "population": "HPC1 compute nodes: a 765-node high-performance computing cluster, three to four 18 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives per node (2,318 drives at the end of the log), a five-year replacement log from August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 2318,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Replacement rates in HPC1 nearly double from year 1 to 2, or from year 2 to 3.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (left panel), year 3",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 3 bar 52.31 pt = 4.23%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-compute-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-3-4-2pct",
      "citation_text": "About 4.2% of hard drives were replaced in their third year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-3-4-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-4-7-6pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 7.6% of hard drives were replaced in their fourth year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes, still within the drives' nominal five-year life (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7.6,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 4 of operation",
      "display_value": "7.6%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 4 of operation",
      "population": "HPC1 compute nodes: a 765-node high-performance computing cluster, three to four 18 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives per node (2,318 drives at the end of the log), a five-year replacement log from August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 2318,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In year 4 and year 5 (which are still within the nominal lifetime of these disks), the actual replacement rates are 7–10 times higher than the failure rates we expected based on datasheet MTTF.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (left panel), year 4",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 4 bar 93.40 pt = 7.55%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-compute-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-4-7-6pct",
      "citation_text": "About 7.6% of hard drives were replaced in their fourth year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes, still within the drives' nominal five-year life (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-4-7-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-5-6-7pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 6.7% of hard drives were replaced in their fifth year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6.7,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 5 of operation",
      "display_value": "6.7%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 5 of operation (to May 2006)",
      "population": "HPC1 compute nodes: a 765-node high-performance computing cluster, three to four 18 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives per node (2,318 drives at the end of the log), a five-year replacement log from August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 2318,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In year 4 and year 5 (which are still within the nominal lifetime of these disks), the actual replacement rates are 7–10 times higher than the failure rates we expected based on datasheet MTTF.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (left panel), year 5",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 5: the visible bar is 83.26 pt = 6.73%; the PDF also holds a lower rectangle (62.45 pt = 5.05%) hidden behind it.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-compute-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars. Year 5 is a partial year (the log ends in May 2006).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-5-6-7pct",
      "citation_text": "About 6.7% of hard drives were replaced in their fifth year of operation in a supercomputer cluster's compute nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-compute-arr-year-5-6-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-1-0pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "0% of hard drives were replaced in their first year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes: no infant mortality was detectable (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 1 of operation",
      "display_value": "0%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 1 of operation (from August 2001)",
      "population": "HPC1 file-system nodes: 64 nodes of the same cluster, each with 17 36 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives (1,088 drives), August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 1088,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We observe that for the HPC1 file system nodes there are no replacements during the first 12 months of operation",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figures 3 and 4 (middle panels, HPC1 file-system nodes)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-filesystem-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). Stated in the text.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-1-0pct",
      "citation_text": "0% of hard drives were replaced in their first year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes: no infant mortality was detectable (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-1-0pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-2-0-9pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 0.9% of hard drives were replaced in their second year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.9,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 2 of operation",
      "display_value": "0.9%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 2 of operation",
      "population": "HPC1 file-system nodes: 64 nodes of the same cluster, each with 17 36 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives (1,088 drives), August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 1088,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, in HPC1's second year, replacement rates are 20% larger than expected for the file system nodes",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 8-9; Figure 3 (middle panel), year 2",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 2 bar 11.38 pt = 0.92%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-filesystem-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-2-0-9pct",
      "citation_text": "About 0.9% of hard drives were replaced in their second year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-2-0-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-3-1-8pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 1.8% of hard drives were replaced in their third year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.8,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 3 of operation",
      "display_value": "1.8%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 3 of operation",
      "population": "HPC1 file-system nodes: 64 nodes of the same cluster, each with 17 36 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives (1,088 drives), August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 1088,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Replacement rates in HPC1 nearly double from year 1 to 2, or from year 2 to 3.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (middle panel), year 3",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 3 bar 22.76 pt = 1.84%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-filesystem-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-3-1-8pct",
      "citation_text": "About 1.8% of hard drives were replaced in their third year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-3-1-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-4-3-6pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 3.6% of hard drives were replaced in their fourth year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.6,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 4 of operation",
      "display_value": "3.6%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 4 of operation",
      "population": "HPC1 file-system nodes: 64 nodes of the same cluster, each with 17 36 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives (1,088 drives), August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 1088,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In year 4 and year 5 (which are still within the nominal lifetime of these disks), the actual replacement rates are 7–10 times higher than the failure rates we expected based on datasheet MTTF.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (middle panel), year 4",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 4 bar 44.35 pt = 3.59%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-filesystem-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-4-3-6pct",
      "citation_text": "About 3.6% of hard drives were replaced in their fourth year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-4-3-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-5-5-3pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 5.3% of hard drives were replaced in their fifth year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.3,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, year 5 of operation",
      "display_value": "5.3%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "Year 5 of operation (to May 2006)",
      "population": "HPC1 file-system nodes: 64 nodes of the same cluster, each with 17 36 GB 10K rpm SCSI drives (1,088 drives), August 2001 to May 2006",
      "sample_n": 1088,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In year 4 and year 5 (which are still within the nominal lifetime of these disks), the actual replacement rates are 7–10 times higher than the failure rates we expected based on datasheet MTTF.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (middle panel), year 5",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Year 5: the visible bar is 65.19 pt = 5.27%; the PDF also holds a lower rectangle (48.89 pt = 3.95%) hidden behind it.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc1-filesystem-arr-by-year",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars. Year 5 is a partial year.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-5-5-3pct",
      "citation_text": "About 5.3% of hard drives were replaced in their fifth year in a supercomputer cluster's file-system nodes (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc1-filesystem-arr-year-5-5-3pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-1-year-1-4pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 1.4% of SATA hard drives were replaced in their first year of age in high-performance computing clusters (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.4,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, drives aged up to 1 year",
      "display_value": "1.4%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "September 2003 to August 2006",
      "population": "HPC4 first drive type: 250 GB SATA drives (8,430 at the end of the log) in dozens of separately managed HPC clusters, from a warranty service log covering September 2003 to August 2006",
      "sample_n": 8430,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "ARR for the first type of drives in HPC4 as a function of drive age in years (right).",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (right panel, HPC4), age 1",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Age 1 bar 17.58 pt = 1.42%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc4-sata-arr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars. 'For HPC4, the ARR of drives is not higher in the first few months of the first year than the last few months of the first year.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-1-year-1-4pct",
      "citation_text": "About 1.4% of SATA hard drives were replaced in their first year of age in high-performance computing clusters (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-1-year-1-4pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-2-years-2-4pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 2.4% of SATA hard drives were replaced in their second year of age in high-performance computing clusters (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.4,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, drives aged 2 years",
      "display_value": "2.4%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "September 2003 to August 2006",
      "population": "HPC4 first drive type: 250 GB SATA drives (8,430 at the end of the log) in dozens of separately managed HPC clusters, from a warranty service log covering September 2003 to August 2006",
      "sample_n": 8430,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "ARR for the first type of drives in HPC4 as a function of drive age in years (right).",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (right panel, HPC4), age 2",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Age 2 bar 30.06 pt = 2.43%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc4-sata-arr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-2-years-2-4pct",
      "citation_text": "About 2.4% of SATA hard drives were replaced in their second year of age in high-performance computing clusters (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-2-years-2-4pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-3-years-2-9pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 2.9% of SATA hard drives were replaced in their third year of age in high-performance computing clusters (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.9,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, drives aged 3 years",
      "display_value": "2.9%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "September 2003 to August 2006",
      "population": "HPC4 first drive type: 250 GB SATA drives (8,430 at the end of the log) in dozens of separately managed HPC clusters, from a warranty service log covering September 2003 to August 2006",
      "sample_n": 8430,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "ARR for the first type of drives in HPC4 as a function of drive age in years (right).",
      "locator": "Section 4.2, p. 9; Figure 3 (right panel, HPC4), age 3",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from the vector drawing of Figure 3 in the PDF (each panel's 0-8% axis spans 98.95 pt, 12.37 pt per percentage point; bar heights from the PDF rectangle coordinates); rounded to one decimal. Age 3 bar 36.17 pt = 2.92%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "cmu-2007-hpc4-sata-arr-by-age",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "ARR = annual replacement rate: drives the operator replaced as faulty, which is not always the same as a maker's failure (a vendor told the authors it finds no problem in 43% of returned disks). The paper prints no numbers on the bars.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-3-years-2-9pct",
      "citation_text": "About 2.9% of SATA hard drives were replaced in their third year of age in high-performance computing clusters (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-hpc4-sata-arr-age-3-years-2-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-share-of-hardware-replacements-49pct-internet-service",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 50% (49.1%) of all hardware component replacements at an internet service provider's servers were hard drives, the most replaced part (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 49.1,
      "unit": "% of hardware component replacements that were hard drives",
      "display_value": "49%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "September 2004 to April 2006",
      "population": "COM2: warranty service log of an internet service provider's servers (420 servers in 2004 growing to 9,232 in 2006; 39,039 15K rpm SCSI drives)",
      "sample_n": 39039,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In the HPC1 and COM2 data sets, disk drives are the most commonly replaced hardware component accounting for 30% and 50% of all hardware replacements, respectively.",
      "locator": "Section 3, p. 5; Table 3 (COM2: hard drive 49.1%, motherboard 23.4%, power supply 10.1%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Across the three data sets with all hardware replacements the disk share ranged from about 20% to 50%: COM1 (another internet service) 18.1%, behind power supplies (34.8%) and memory (20.1%). A share of replacements, not a failure rate: systems hold more disks than other parts.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-share-of-hardware-replacements-49pct-internet-service",
      "citation_text": "About 50% (49.1%) of all hardware component replacements at an internet service provider's servers were hard drives, the most replaced part (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-share-of-hardware-replacements-49pct-internet-service."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-share-of-hardware-replacements-30-6pct-hpc-cluster",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "30.6% of all hardware component replacements over five years in a 765-node supercomputer cluster were hard drives, the most replaced part, ahead of memory (28.5%) (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30.6,
      "unit": "% of hardware component replacements that were hard drives",
      "display_value": "30.6%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to May 2006",
      "population": "HPC1: a 765-node high-performance computing cluster with 3,406 SCSI drives",
      "sample_n": 3406,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In the HPC1 and COM2 data sets, disk drives are the most commonly replaced hardware component accounting for 30% and 50% of all hardware replacements, respectively.",
      "locator": "Section 3, p. 5; Table 3 (HPC1: hard drive 30.6%, memory 28.5%, CPU 12.4%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Normalised by component counts in HPC1, a memory DIMM was replaced about as often as a hard drive, a CPU about 2.5 times less often and a motherboard 50% less often.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-share-of-hardware-replacements-30-6pct-hpc-cluster",
      "citation_text": "30.6% of all hardware component replacements over five years in a 765-node supercomputer cluster were hard drives, the most replaced part, ahead of memory (28.5%) (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-share-of-hardware-replacements-30-6pct-hpc-cluster."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-16pct-of-hardware-outages-were-disks-90pct-needed-replacement",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "16% of node outages caused by hardware in a supercomputer cluster were traced to hard drives, the third cause after CPUs (44%) and memory (29%), but about 90% of disk problems ended in a drive replacement (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 16,
      "unit": "% of hardware-caused node outages attributed to hard drives",
      "display_value": "16%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to May 2006",
      "population": "HPC1: troubleshooting records of a 765-node high-performance computing cluster",
      "sample_n": 3406,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We observe that 16% of all outage records pertain to disk drives (compared to 30% in Table 3), making it the third most common root cause reported in the data.",
      "locator": "Section 3, p. 6; Table 2 (p. 5)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Many CPU and memory problems were fixed by a reboot; 'the majority of the problems that were attributed to hard disks (around 90%) lead to a drive replacement'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-16pct-of-hardware-outages-were-disks-90pct-needed-replacement",
      "citation_text": "16% of node outages caused by hardware in a supercomputer cluster were traced to hard drives, the third cause after CPUs (44%) and memory (29%), but about 90% of disk problems ended in a drive replacement (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-16pct-of-hardware-outages-were-disks-90pct-needed-replacement."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-vendor-found-no-problem-in-43pct-of-returned-disks",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "43% of the hard drives customers returned showed no problem when the maker tested them, as a drive vendor reported to Carnegie Mellon (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 43,
      "unit": "% of returned drives found to have no problem by the vendor",
      "display_value": "43%",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "2006",
      "population": "Disks returned by customers to a drive vendor (Seagate staff, by personal communication)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In fact, a disk vendor has reported that for 43% of all disks returned by customers they find no problem with the disk",
      "locator": "Section 2.1 'What is a disk failure?', p. 2; reference [1] (personal communication with Seagate staff, 2006)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The figure was first published in this paper, citing a personal communication with Dan Dummer, Andrei Khurshudov, Erik Riedel and Ron Watts of Seagate (2006); no Seagate document is cited. Google 2007 cites Elerath and Shah (2004) for 15-60% 'no defect found' and Hughes et al. for 20-30%. It is why field 'replacement' and maker 'failure' rates differ.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-vendor-found-no-problem-in-43pct-of-returned-disks",
      "citation_text": "43% of the hard drives customers returned showed no problem when the maker tested them, as a drive vendor reported to Carnegie Mellon (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-vendor-found-no-problem-in-43pct-of-returned-disks."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2007-hdd-two-failures-within-an-hour-4x-more-likely-than-model",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Two hard drives failing within the same hour in a 765-node cluster was **four times** as likely as the standard model predicts, a risk for RAID rebuilds (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "times the probability under an exponential (independent-failure) model",
      "display_value": "4x",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Production systems at high-performance computing sites and a large internet service provider (sites not named; US national labs among the data providers)",
      "period": "August 2001 to May 2006",
      "population": "HPC1: replacement log of a 765-node high-performance computing cluster with 3,406 SCSI drives",
      "sample_n": 3406,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson)",
      "source_title": "Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-02-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, the probability of seeing two drives in the cluster fail within one hour is four times larger under the real data, compared to the exponential distribution.",
      "locator": "Section 5.3 'Distribution of time between failure', p. 12; Figure 8",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Failures were also correlated over time: the correlation coefficient of replacement counts in consecutive weeks was 0.72. Within the same 10 hours the probability was two times larger than the model.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-two-failures-within-an-hour-4x-more-likely-than-model",
      "citation_text": "Two hard drives failing within the same hour in a 765-node cluster was **four times** as likely as the standard model predicts, a risk for RAID rebuilds (Carnegie Mellon University, 2007). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson), \"Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? (FAST '07: 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast07/tech/schroeder/schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2007-hdd-two-failures-within-an-hour-4x-more-likely-than-model."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2007-hdd-3-45pct-developed-latent-sector-errors-in-32-months",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**3.45%** of hard drives (53,820 of 1.53 million) developed at least one unreadable sector (latent sector error) over 32 months in NetApp storage systems at customer sites (NetApp, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.45,
      "unit": "% of drives with one or more latent sector errors over 32 months",
      "display_value": "3.45%",
      "display_label": "NetApp, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "32 months from January 2004",
      "population": "About 1.53 million hard drives (nearline ATA-interface drives and enterprise-class Fibre Channel drives; 14 families, 30 models) in over 50,000 NetApp storage systems at customer sites, from NetApp's AutoSupport logs",
      "sample_n": 1530000,
      "publisher": "NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy",
      "source_url": "https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-06-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In our entire sample of 1.53 million, we find 53,820 (3.45%) disks develop one or more latent sector errors over the period of 32 months.",
      "locator": "Section 5.2 'General Observations', p. 4; Table 1, observation 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. For drives with errors the median was three errors and the mode one; 'more than 80% of disks with latent sector errors have fewer than 50 errors'. The authors call their rates lower bounds (drives tested before shipping; nearline drives remap write errors silently).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-hdd-3-45pct-developed-latent-sector-errors-in-32-months",
      "citation_text": "**3.45%** of hard drives (53,820 of 1.53 million) developed at least one unreadable sector (latent sector error) over 32 months in NetApp storage systems at customer sites (NetApp, 2007). Source: NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler), \"An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy\" (https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-hdd-3-45pct-developed-latent-sector-errors-in-32-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2007-nearline-hdd-8-5pct-vs-enterprise-1-9pct-latent-sector-errors",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "8.5% of nearline (desktop-class ATA) hard drives developed unreadable sectors over 32 months, against 1.9% of enterprise-class drives, in NetApp storage systems (NetApp, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8.5,
      "unit": "% of nearline drives affected by latent sector errors over the study period",
      "display_value": "8.5%",
      "display_label": "NetApp, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "32 months from January 2004",
      "population": "About 1.53 million hard drives (nearline ATA-interface drives and enterprise-class Fibre Channel drives; 14 families, 30 models) in over 50,000 NetApp storage systems at customer sites, from NetApp's AutoSupport logs",
      "sample_n": 1530000,
      "publisher": "NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy",
      "source_url": "https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-06-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "about 8.5% of all nearline disks are affected by latent sector errors while only 1.9% of all enterprise class disks are affected.",
      "locator": "Section 5.2, Observation 1, p. 5",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. Nearline disks in these systems serve archival and backup storage; enterprise disks serve business-critical applications. Once a drive had one error, enterprise and nearline drives were equally likely to develop more (observation 8). The FAST '08 follow-up on the same database gives 9.5% (nearline) and 1.4% (enterprise) of drives affected per year on average: a different measure, see netapp-2008-hdd-latent-sector-errors-9-5pct-nearline-1-4pct-enterprise-per-year.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-nearline-hdd-8-5pct-vs-enterprise-1-9pct-latent-sector-errors",
      "citation_text": "8.5% of nearline (desktop-class ATA) hard drives developed unreadable sectors over 32 months, against 1.9% of enterprise-class drives, in NetApp storage systems (NetApp, 2007). Source: NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler), \"An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy\" (https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-nearline-hdd-8-5pct-vs-enterprise-1-9pct-latent-sector-errors."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2007-hdd-first-year-latent-sector-errors-3-15pct-nearline-1-46pct-enterprise",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "3.2% of nearline hard drives developed at least one unreadable sector within 12 months of shipping, against 1.5% of enterprise-class drives, in NetApp storage systems (NetApp, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.15,
      "unit": "% of nearline drives with a latent sector error within 12 months of the ship date",
      "display_value": "3.2%",
      "display_label": "NetApp, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "32 months from January 2004",
      "population": "200,408 nearline drives (6 models) and 715,033 enterprise-class drives (23 models) in NetApp storage systems at customer sites",
      "sample_n": 915441,
      "publisher": "NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy",
      "source_url": "https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-06-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "we find that 3.15% of nearline disks and 1.46% of enterprise class disks develop at least one latent sector error within twelve months of their ship date.",
      "locator": "Section 5.2, p. 5",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. The share rose 'super-linearly' with age for nearline drives and almost linearly for enterprise drives (observation 3).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-hdd-first-year-latent-sector-errors-3-15pct-nearline-1-46pct-enterprise",
      "citation_text": "3.2% of nearline hard drives developed at least one unreadable sector within 12 months of shipping, against 1.5% of enterprise-class drives, in NetApp storage systems (NetApp, 2007). Source: NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler), \"An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy\" (https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-hdd-first-year-latent-sector-errors-3-15pct-nearline-1-46pct-enterprise."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2007-nearline-hdd-model-almost-20pct-latent-sector-errors-within-24-months",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Almost 20% of the drives of one nearline hard drive model developed unreadable sectors within 24 months of shipping, while nearline models ranged from 5% to 20% (NetApp, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "% of drives of the worst nearline model with a latent sector error within 24 months",
      "display_value": "20%",
      "display_label": "NetApp, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "32 months from January 2004",
      "population": "68,380 nearline drives (three models) and 264,939 enterprise-class drives (ten models) with at least 1,000 units in the field for 24 months, in NetApp storage systems",
      "sample_n": 333319,
      "publisher": "NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy",
      "source_url": "https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-06-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, almost 20% of 'E-2' disks experience latent sector errors within 24 months of their shipping. On the other hand, only 4% of 'k-3' disks, the enterprise class disk model with the highest error rate",
      "locator": "Section 5.3.1 'Disk Drive Age', p. 5; Figure 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. Models are anonymised. 'the fraction of disks with errors at the end of 24 months could vary from 5% to 20% for nearline disks' (observation 2: rates vary significantly across makers and models). Larger-capacity models of a family had a higher share of drives with errors (observation 5).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-nearline-hdd-model-almost-20pct-latent-sector-errors-within-24-months",
      "citation_text": "Almost 20% of the drives of one nearline hard drive model developed unreadable sectors within 24 months of shipping, while nearline models ranged from 5% to 20% (NetApp, 2007). Source: NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler), \"An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy\" (https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-nearline-hdd-model-almost-20pct-latent-sector-errors-within-24-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2007-hdd-67pct-with-a-bad-sector-develop-another-within-6-months",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "67.1% of hard drives that had an unreadable sector by 12 months of age developed at least one more by 18 months, while only 1.8% of all drives developed a first one in that span, in NetApp storage systems (NetApp, 2007).",
      "short_statement": "**67.1%** of NetApp drives with an unreadable sector at 12 months had developed another by 18 months.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 67.1,
      "unit": "% of drives with a latent sector error by month 12 that had a second error by month 18",
      "display_value": "67%",
      "display_label": "NetApp, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "32 months from January 2004",
      "population": "About 1.53 million hard drives (nearline ATA-interface drives and enterprise-class Fibre Channel drives; 14 families, 30 models) in over 50,000 NetApp storage systems at customer sites, from NetApp's AutoSupport logs",
      "sample_n": 1530000,
      "publisher": "NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy",
      "source_url": "https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-06-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, P(X18 ≥ 2|X12 ≥ 1) = 0.671, which is much greater than (P(X18 ≥ 1) - P(X12 ≥ 1)) = 0.018.",
      "locator": "Section 5.4.1, Observation 9, p. 6",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Probabilities stated in the paper converted to percentages: P(X18 >= 2 | X12 >= 1) = 0.671 = 67.1%; P(X18 >= 1) - P(X12 >= 1) = 0.018 = 1.8%.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. Observation 9: 'A disk with latent sector errors is more likely to develop additional latent sector errors than a disk without a latent sector error.' Errors cluster: 'between 40%-80% of errors arrive within one minute of the previous error'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-hdd-67pct-with-a-bad-sector-develop-another-within-6-months",
      "citation_text": "67.1% of hard drives that had an unreadable sector by 12 months of age developed at least one more by 18 months, while only 1.8% of all drives developed a first one in that span, in NetApp storage systems (NetApp, 2007). Source: NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler), \"An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy\" (https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-hdd-67pct-with-a-bad-sector-develop-another-within-6-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2007-hdd-over-60pct-of-latent-sector-errors-found-by-scrubbing",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Over 60% of unreadable sectors on hard drives were found by background media scrubbing rather than by users' reads, in NetApp storage systems that scan every drive at least every two weeks (NetApp, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 60,
      "unit": "% of latent sector errors discovered by the media scrub",
      "display_value": "60%",
      "display_label": "NetApp, 2007",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "32 months from January 2004",
      "population": "About 1.53 million hard drives (nearline ATA-interface drives and enterprise-class Fibre Channel drives; 14 families, 30 models) in over 50,000 NetApp storage systems at customer sites, from NetApp's AutoSupport logs",
      "sample_n": 1530000,
      "publisher": "NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy",
      "source_url": "https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-06-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Indeed, our data shows that over 60% of all latent sector errors are discovered by the media scrubbing process, which scans the entire surface of the media at least once every two weeks.",
      "locator": "Section 6.2 'Error Detection', PDF p. 11; Observation 13 (Section 5.5)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. By request type, verify (scrub) operations found 86.6% of the errors on nearline drives and 61.5% on enterprise drives. Shows that bad sectors sit undetected until something reads them.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-hdd-over-60pct-of-latent-sector-errors-found-by-scrubbing",
      "citation_text": "Over 60% of unreadable sectors on hard drives were found by background media scrubbing rather than by users' reads, in NetApp storage systems that scan every drive at least every two weeks (NetApp, 2007). Source: NetApp and University of Wisconsin-Madison (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Shankar Pasupathy and Jiri Schindler), \"An Analysis of Latent Sector Errors in Disk Drives (ACM SIGMETRICS 2007), author copy\" (https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/latent-sigmetrics07.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2007-hdd-over-60pct-of-latent-sector-errors-found-by-scrubbing."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2008-nearline-hdd-0-86pct-silent-data-corruption-vs-enterprise-0-065pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "0.86% of nearline SATA hard drives developed silent data corruption (blocks whose checksum no longer matched) over 41 months, against 0.065% of enterprise drives, in NetApp storage systems (University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.86,
      "unit": "% of nearline drives with at least one checksum mismatch over 41 months",
      "display_value": "0.86%",
      "display_label": "University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "41 months (to 2007)",
      "population": "About 1.53 million hard drives (358,000 nearline SATA drives behind SATA-to-Fibre Channel adapters and 1.17 million enterprise Fibre Channel drives) in tens of thousands of NetApp production and development storage systems at hundreds of customer sites",
      "sample_n": 1530000,
      "publisher": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, NetApp and University of Toronto (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Bianca Schroeder, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack (FAST '08: 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/bairavasundaram/bairavasundaram.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-02-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Of the total sample of 1.53 million disks, 3855 disks developed checksum mismatches – 3088 of the 358,000 nearline disks (0.86%) and 767 of the 1.17 million enterprise class disks (0.065%).",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Summary Statistics', p. 227 (PDF p. 5)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Silent data corruption: the drive returns wrong data without reporting an error, caught only by the storage system's own checksums. More than 400,000 checksum mismatches in all. The rate includes the SATA-to-Fibre Channel adapter ('nearline disks (and their adapters)'). For some models 'as many as 4% of drives develop checksum mismatches during the 17 months examined'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2008-nearline-hdd-0-86pct-silent-data-corruption-vs-enterprise-0-065pct",
      "citation_text": "0.86% of nearline SATA hard drives developed silent data corruption (blocks whose checksum no longer matched) over 41 months, against 0.065% of enterprise drives, in NetApp storage systems (University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008). Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison, NetApp and University of Toronto (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Bianca Schroeder, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau), \"An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack (FAST '08: 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/bairavasundaram/bairavasundaram.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2008-nearline-hdd-0-86pct-silent-data-corruption-vs-enterprise-0-065pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2008-hdd-8pct-of-silent-corruptions-found-during-raid-rebuild",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "8% of the silent data corruptions on hard drives were discovered during RAID reconstruction, when data can be lost, among more than 400,000 cases in NetApp storage systems (University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "% of checksum mismatches discovered during RAID reconstruction",
      "display_value": "8%",
      "display_label": "University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "41 months (to 2007)",
      "population": "About 1.53 million hard drives (358,000 nearline SATA drives behind SATA-to-Fibre Channel adapters and 1.17 million enterprise Fibre Channel drives) in tens of thousands of NetApp production and development storage systems at hundreds of customer sites",
      "sample_n": 1530000,
      "publisher": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, NetApp and University of Toronto (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Bianca Schroeder, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack (FAST '08: 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/bairavasundaram/bairavasundaram.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-02-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During the 41-month time period, we observe more than 400,000 instances of checksum mismatches, 8% of which were discovered during RAID reconstruction, creating the possibility of real data loss.",
      "locator": "Section 1 'Introduction', observation (i), p. 224 (PDF p. 2); Observation 17",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Data scrubbing found about 49% of the mismatches on nearline drives and 73% on enterprise drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2008-hdd-8pct-of-silent-corruptions-found-during-raid-rebuild",
      "citation_text": "8% of the silent data corruptions on hard drives were discovered during RAID reconstruction, when data can be lost, among more than 400,000 cases in NetApp storage systems (University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008). Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison, NetApp and University of Toronto (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Bianca Schroeder, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau), \"An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack (FAST '08: 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/bairavasundaram/bairavasundaram.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2008-hdd-8pct-of-silent-corruptions-found-during-raid-rebuild."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2008-hdd-latent-sector-errors-9-5pct-nearline-1-4pct-enterprise-per-year",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "9.5% of nearline hard drives a year developed unreadable sectors on average, against 1.4% of enterprise drives, in NetApp storage systems (University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 9.5,
      "unit": "% of nearline drives affected by latent sector errors per year (average)",
      "display_value": "9.5%",
      "display_label": "University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "41 months (to 2007)",
      "population": "About 1.53 million hard drives (358,000 nearline SATA drives behind SATA-to-Fibre Channel adapters and 1.17 million enterprise Fibre Channel drives) in tens of thousands of NetApp production and development storage systems at hundreds of customer sites",
      "sample_n": 1530000,
      "publisher": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, NetApp and University of Toronto (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Bianca Schroeder, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau)",
      "source_title": "An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack (FAST '08: 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/bairavasundaram/bairavasundaram.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-02-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "% disks affected per year (avg) 9.5% 1.4% 0.466% 0.042%",
      "locator": "Section 4.6 'Comparison with Latent Sector Errors', Table 2, row '% disks affected per year (avg)', p. 234 (PDF p. 12)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. Table 2 columns: latent sector errors nearline 9.5%, enterprise 1.4%; checksum mismatches nearline 0.466%, enterprise 0.042% a year. The latent-sector figures restate the SIGMETRICS '07 study of the same database on a per-year basis; that paper gives 8.5% and 1.9% of drives affected over 32 months, so the two measures differ (contradiction to note).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2008-hdd-latent-sector-errors-9-5pct-nearline-1-4pct-enterprise-per-year",
      "citation_text": "9.5% of nearline hard drives a year developed unreadable sectors on average, against 1.4% of enterprise drives, in NetApp storage systems (University of Wisconsin and NetApp, 2008). Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison, NetApp and University of Toronto (Lakshmi N. Bairavasundaram, Garth R. Goodson, Bianca Schroeder, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau), \"An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack (FAST '08: 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/bairavasundaram/bairavasundaram.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2008-hdd-latent-sector-errors-9-5pct-nearline-1-4pct-enterprise-per-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "uiuc-netapp-2008-disk-failures-20-55pct-of-storage-subsystem-failures",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**20% to 55%** of storage-subsystem failures were disk failures, and 27% to 68% were failures of the connections (cables, shelf enclosures, adapters), across about 39,000 NetApp storage systems with 1.8 million drives (University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of storage-subsystem failures caused by disk failures (range across system classes)",
      "display_value": "20-55%",
      "display_label": "University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "44 months, January 2004 to August 2007",
      "population": "About 1,800,000 hard drives in about 155,000 shelf enclosures of about 39,000 NetApp storage systems at customer sites (near-line backup systems mostly with SATA drives; low-end, mid-range and high-end primary systems mostly with Fibre Channel drives)",
      "sample_n": 1800000,
      "publisher": "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NetApp (Weihang Jiang, Chongfeng Hu, Yuanyuan Zhou and Arkady Kanevsky)",
      "source_title": "Are Disks the Dominant Contributor for Storage Failures? A Comprehensive Study of Storage Subsystem Failure Characteristics (FAST '08)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/jiang/jiang.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-02-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Finding (1): In addition to disk failures (20-55%), physical interconnect failures make up a significant part (27-68%) of storage subsystem failures.",
      "locator": "Section 3, Finding (1), p. 116 (PDF p. 6); Figure 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Protocol failures made up 5-10% and performance failures 4-8%. Subsystems with drives from one problematic disk family had about twice the AFR (3.9% to 8.3% against about 2% to 4%). Point for writers: a drive can be blamed (and replaced) for a fault elsewhere in the system.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uiuc-netapp-2008-disk-failures-20-55pct-of-storage-subsystem-failures",
      "citation_text": "**20% to 55%** of storage-subsystem failures were disk failures, and 27% to 68% were failures of the connections (cables, shelf enclosures, adapters), across about 39,000 NetApp storage systems with 1.8 million drives (University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008). Source: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NetApp (Weihang Jiang, Chongfeng Hu, Yuanyuan Zhou and Arkady Kanevsky), \"Are Disks the Dominant Contributor for Storage Failures? A Comprehensive Study of Storage Subsystem Failure Characteristics (FAST '08)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/jiang/jiang.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uiuc-netapp-2008-disk-failures-20-55pct-of-storage-subsystem-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "uiuc-netapp-2008-sata-hdd-afr-1-9pct-vs-fibre-channel-0-9pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "1.9% of SATA hard drives in near-line backup systems failed a year, against 0.9% of Fibre Channel drives in low-end primary systems, from the logs of about 39,000 NetApp storage systems (University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.9,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), SATA drives in near-line systems",
      "display_value": "1.9%",
      "display_label": "University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "44 months, January 2004 to August 2007",
      "population": "About 1,800,000 hard drives in about 155,000 shelf enclosures of about 39,000 NetApp storage systems at customer sites (near-line backup systems mostly with SATA drives; low-end, mid-range and high-end primary systems mostly with Fibre Channel drives)",
      "sample_n": 1800000,
      "publisher": "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NetApp (Weihang Jiang, Chongfeng Hu, Yuanyuan Zhou and Arkady Kanevsky)",
      "source_title": "Are Disks the Dominant Contributor for Storage Failures? A Comprehensive Study of Storage Subsystem Failure Characteristics (FAST '08)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/jiang/jiang.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-02-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Finding (2): For disks, near-line storage systems show higher (1.9%) AFR than low-end storage systems (0.9%).",
      "locator": "Section 3, Finding (2), p. 116 (PDF p. 6); Figure 4(b) (problematic Disk H family excluded)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Failures taken from system logs (a system's view, like a maker's), not from replacement logs; the authors say replacement-based rates (CMU, Google 2007) are 'actually close to the storage subsystem failure rate' instead. For mid-range and high-end systems the disk AFR was also under 0.9%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uiuc-netapp-2008-sata-hdd-afr-1-9pct-vs-fibre-channel-0-9pct",
      "citation_text": "1.9% of SATA hard drives in near-line backup systems failed a year, against 0.9% of Fibre Channel drives in low-end primary systems, from the logs of about 39,000 NetApp storage systems (University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008). Source: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NetApp (Weihang Jiang, Chongfeng Hu, Yuanyuan Zhou and Arkady Kanevsky), \"Are Disks the Dominant Contributor for Storage Failures? A Comprehensive Study of Storage Subsystem Failure Characteristics (FAST '08)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/jiang/jiang.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uiuc-netapp-2008-sata-hdd-afr-1-9pct-vs-fibre-channel-0-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "uiuc-netapp-2008-storage-subsystem-afr-4-6pct-vs-disk-afr-0-9pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "4.6% a year was the failure rate of whole storage subsystems in low-end NetApp systems, while their disks failed at only 0.9% a year, about 20% of the total (University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4.6,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate of the storage subsystem (disks, shelves, cables, adapters, software)",
      "display_value": "4.6%",
      "display_label": "University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "44 months, January 2004 to August 2007",
      "population": "About 1,800,000 hard drives in about 155,000 shelf enclosures of about 39,000 NetApp storage systems at customer sites (near-line backup systems mostly with SATA drives; low-end, mid-range and high-end primary systems mostly with Fibre Channel drives)",
      "sample_n": 1800000,
      "publisher": "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NetApp (Weihang Jiang, Chongfeng Hu, Yuanyuan Zhou and Arkady Kanevsky)",
      "source_title": "Are Disks the Dominant Contributor for Storage Failures? A Comprehensive Study of Storage Subsystem Failure Characteristics (FAST '08)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/jiang/jiang.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2008-02-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, in low-end storage systems, the AFR for storage subsystems is about 4.6%, while the AFR for disks is only 0.9%, about 20% of overall AFR.",
      "locator": "Section 3, p. 116 (PDF p. 6)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Near-line systems: subsystem AFR about 3.4% with a disk AFR of 1.9%. 'Disk failure rate is not indicative of the storage subsystem failure rate.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uiuc-netapp-2008-storage-subsystem-afr-4-6pct-vs-disk-afr-0-9pct",
      "citation_text": "4.6% a year was the failure rate of whole storage subsystems in low-end NetApp systems, while their disks failed at only 0.9% a year, about 20% of the total (University of Illinois and NetApp, 2008). Source: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NetApp (Weihang Jiang, Chongfeng Hu, Yuanyuan Zhou and Arkady Kanevsky), \"Are Disks the Dominant Contributor for Storage Failures? A Comprehensive Study of Storage Subsystem Failure Characteristics (FAST '08)\" (https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/fast08/tech/full_papers/jiang/jiang.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uiuc-netapp-2008-storage-subsystem-afr-4-6pct-vs-disk-afr-0-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "utoronto-2012-hdd-failures-rise-a-thousandth-of-a-percent-per-degree",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About **one thousandth of a percent** more hard drives a month were expected to fail for each 1 °C rise in temperature below 50 °C, against typical monthly failure rates of 0.1% to 0.2%, in Google data centres (University of Toronto, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.001,
      "unit": "percentage points of drives failing per month, per 1 °C increase (order of magnitude)",
      "display_value": "0.001 points per °C",
      "display_label": "University of Toronto, 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (19 for disk failures, 7 for sector errors; locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2007 to May 2009",
      "population": "Hard drives of five models in 19 Google data centres (disk replacements) and 72,878 drives of three models in 7 Google data centres (latent sector errors), with monthly SMART temperature readings",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "University of Toronto (Nosayba El-Sayed, Ioan Stefanovici, George Amvrosiadis, Andy A. Hwang and Bianca Schroeder), with Google data",
      "source_title": "Temperature Management in Data Centers: Why Some (Might) Like It Hot (ACM SIGMETRICS 2012), author copy",
      "source_url": "http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bianca/papers/temperature_cam.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-06-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "While average monthly failure rates are typically on the order of 0.1-0.2%, the additional fraction of drives one would expect to fail for each degree increase in temperature is on the order of one thousandth of a percent.",
      "locator": "Section 2.2.2, p. 5; Observation 6; Table 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The increase was linear, not exponential as the usual (Arrhenius) models assume. The authors did not find Google 2007's higher failure rates at low temperatures and attribute that result to mixing models and data centres in one curve: 'unlike the Google study [26], we do not see a general trend for higher failure rates at lower temperatures' (contradiction with google-2007-hdd-drives-under-30c-afr-first-3-months-8-9pct). Monthly 0.1-0.2% is about 1.2-2.4% a year. Neither utilization nor age (up to 36 months) changed the temperature effect (observation 7).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#utoronto-2012-hdd-failures-rise-a-thousandth-of-a-percent-per-degree",
      "citation_text": "About **one thousandth of a percent** more hard drives a month were expected to fail for each 1 °C rise in temperature below 50 °C, against typical monthly failure rates of 0.1% to 0.2%, in Google data centres (University of Toronto, 2012). Source: University of Toronto (Nosayba El-Sayed, Ioan Stefanovici, George Amvrosiadis, Andy A. Hwang and Bianca Schroeder), with Google data, \"Temperature Management in Data Centers: Why Some (Might) Like It Hot (ACM SIGMETRICS 2012), author copy\" (http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bianca/papers/temperature_cam.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#utoronto-2012-hdd-failures-rise-a-thousandth-of-a-percent-per-degree."
    },
    {
      "id": "utoronto-2012-hdd-monthly-latent-sector-error-probability-0-6-to-1-8pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**0.6% to 1.8%** of hard drives a month developed unreadable sectors, depending on the model, among 72,878 drives of three models in seven Google data centres (University of Toronto, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.77,
      "unit": "% of drives with a latent sector error in a month (highest of three models)",
      "display_value": "0.6-1.8% a month",
      "display_label": "University of Toronto, 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (19 for disk failures, 7 for sector errors; locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2007 to May 2009",
      "population": "72,878 hard drives of three models (18,692, 17,515 and 36,671 drives) in seven Google data centres, 300,000 drive-months per model",
      "sample_n": 72878,
      "publisher": "University of Toronto (Nosayba El-Sayed, Ioan Stefanovici, George Amvrosiadis, Andy A. Hwang and Bianca Schroeder), with Google data",
      "source_title": "Temperature Management in Data Centers: Why Some (Might) Like It Hot (ACM SIGMETRICS 2012), author copy",
      "source_url": "http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bianca/papers/temperature_cam.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-06-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "3 3 18,692 300,000 0.0063 4 3 17,515 300,000 0.0177 6 4 36,671 300,000 0.0067",
      "locator": "Section 2.1.1, data table (Model ID, #DCs, #Disks, #Disk Months, Avg. monthly LSE probability), p. 2",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Average monthly LSE probabilities in the table (0.0063, 0.0177, 0.0067) converted to percentages.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. Variability of temperature mattered more than average temperature (observation 2), and the same model's error rate differed by more than two times between data centres. The paper cites 3-4% of drives getting LSEs at some point in their life (from the NetApp and Google studies).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#utoronto-2012-hdd-monthly-latent-sector-error-probability-0-6-to-1-8pct",
      "citation_text": "**0.6% to 1.8%** of hard drives a month developed unreadable sectors, depending on the model, among 72,878 drives of three models in seven Google data centres (University of Toronto, 2012). Source: University of Toronto (Nosayba El-Sayed, Ioan Stefanovici, George Amvrosiadis, Andy A. Hwang and Bianca Schroeder), with Google data, \"Temperature Management in Data Centers: Why Some (Might) Like It Hot (ACM SIGMETRICS 2012), author copy\" (http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bianca/papers/temperature_cam.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#utoronto-2012-hdd-monthly-latent-sector-error-probability-0-6-to-1-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "utoronto-2012-hdd-temperature-variability-matters-more-than-average-temperature",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Swings in temperature had a stronger and more consistent link to hard drives developing unreadable sectors than average temperature, in all three drive models studied in Google data centres (University of Toronto, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "qualitative finding (positive slope of LSE probability against temperature variability for all model and data-centre pairs)",
      "display_value": "all 3 models",
      "display_label": "University of Toronto, 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (19 for disk failures, 7 for sector errors; locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2007 to May 2009",
      "population": "72,878 hard drives of three models in seven Google data centres",
      "sample_n": 72878,
      "publisher": "University of Toronto (Nosayba El-Sayed, Ioan Stefanovici, George Amvrosiadis, Andy A. Hwang and Bianca Schroeder), with Google data",
      "source_title": "Temperature Management in Data Centers: Why Some (Might) Like It Hot (ACM SIGMETRICS 2012), author copy",
      "source_url": "http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bianca/papers/temperature_cam.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-06-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Observation 2: The variability in temperature tends to have a more pronounced and consistent effect on LSE rates than mere average temperature.",
      "locator": "Section 2.1.2, Observation 2, p. 3; Figure 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A latent sector error is a sector the drive can no longer read (the data in it is lost unless RAID or a backup restores it), found only when the sector is next read or scrubbed. Variability measured as the coefficient of variation of a drive's monthly temperature. A finding for 'what makes drives fail sooner'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#utoronto-2012-hdd-temperature-variability-matters-more-than-average-temperature",
      "citation_text": "Swings in temperature had a stronger and more consistent link to hard drives developing unreadable sectors than average temperature, in all three drive models studied in Google data centres (University of Toronto, 2012). Source: University of Toronto (Nosayba El-Sayed, Ioan Stefanovici, George Amvrosiadis, Andy A. Hwang and Bianca Schroeder), with Google data, \"Temperature Management in Data Centers: Why Some (Might) Like It Hot (ACM SIGMETRICS 2012), author copy\" (http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bianca/papers/temperature_cam.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#utoronto-2012-hdd-temperature-variability-matters-more-than-average-temperature."
    },
    {
      "id": "emc-2015-hdd-63-66pct-of-failed-drives-failed-in-their-fourth-year",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**63% to 66%** of the failed hard drives of three SATA models failed in their fourth year of service, so drives installed together tended to fail together, in EMC backup appliances (EMC, 2015).",
      "short_statement": "**63% to 66%** of the failed drives of three models in EMC's systems failed in their fourth year: drives installed together failed together.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of a model's failed drives that failed in their fourth year (range across three models)",
      "display_value": "63-66%",
      "display_label": "EMC, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "EMC Data Domain customer and internal sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "June 2008 to about mid-2013 (up to 60 months)",
      "population": "About 1 million SATA hard drives of six models (each at least 30,000 drives) in EMC Data Domain backup appliances (write-heavy backup workloads, RAID-6), logged for 21 to 60 months from June 2008",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "EMC Corporation and Datrium (Ao Ma, Fred Douglis, Guanlin Lu, Darren Sawyer, Surendar Chandra and Windsor Hsu)",
      "source_title": "RAIDShield: Characterizing, Monitoring, and Proactively Protecting Against Disk Failures (FAST '15: 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast15/fast15-paper-ma.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-02-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, 63% of A-1 failed drives, 66% of A-2 failed drives and 64% of B-1 failed drives are found in their fourth year.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2 'New Disk Failure Modes', p. 245 (PDF p. 6); Figure 3 'Distribution of lifetimes of failed drives'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Model C-2 showed the peak in its second year (68% of its failed drives). The models are anonymised and EMC withheld failure rates ('We are unable to release specific error rates for DGs or disk models'). Evidence of a wear-out peak, not a flat bathtub bottom, for these models.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#emc-2015-hdd-63-66pct-of-failed-drives-failed-in-their-fourth-year",
      "citation_text": "**63% to 66%** of the failed hard drives of three SATA models failed in their fourth year of service, so drives installed together tended to fail together, in EMC backup appliances (EMC, 2015). Source: EMC Corporation and Datrium (Ao Ma, Fred Douglis, Guanlin Lu, Darren Sawyer, Surendar Chandra and Windsor Hsu), \"RAIDShield: Characterizing, Monitoring, and Proactively Protecting Against Disk Failures (FAST '15: 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast15/fast15-paper-ma.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#emc-2015-hdd-63-66pct-of-failed-drives-failed-in-their-fourth-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "emc-2015-hdd-over-50pct-fail-after-40-reallocated-sectors-vs-1-7pct-with-none",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "More than 50% of hard drives failed once their reallocated-sector count passed 40, against 1.7% of drives with no reallocated sectors, for one SATA model in EMC backup appliances (EMC, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% of drives failing after more than 40 reallocated sectors",
      "display_value": "over 50%",
      "display_label": "EMC, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "EMC Data Domain customer and internal sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "June 2008 to about mid-2013 (up to 60 months)",
      "population": "Drive model A-2 (SATA, deployed November 2008, more than five years of logs) in EMC Data Domain backup appliances",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "EMC Corporation and Datrium (Ao Ma, Fred Douglis, Guanlin Lu, Darren Sawyer, Surendar Chandra and Windsor Hsu)",
      "source_title": "RAIDShield: Characterizing, Monitoring, and Proactively Protecting Against Disk Failures (FAST '15: 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast15/fast15-paper-ma.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-02-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the failure rate of disks without any RS is merely 1.7%, while more than 50% of disks fail after this count exceeds 40.",
      "locator": "Section 3.4 'Characterization of RS', p. 248 (PDF p. 9); Figure 9 (p. 249)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "RS = reallocated sectors (SMART 5). 'If the count grows to the range of 500 and 600, the failure rate increases to nearly 95%.' The paper defines an impending failure as one within a 60-day window; the base on which the 1.7% is computed is not spelled out. Consistent with Google 2007's reallocation finding.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#emc-2015-hdd-over-50pct-fail-after-40-reallocated-sectors-vs-1-7pct-with-none",
      "citation_text": "More than 50% of hard drives failed once their reallocated-sector count passed 40, against 1.7% of drives with no reallocated sectors, for one SATA model in EMC backup appliances (EMC, 2015). Source: EMC Corporation and Datrium (Ao Ma, Fred Douglis, Guanlin Lu, Darren Sawyer, Surendar Chandra and Windsor Hsu), \"RAIDShield: Characterizing, Monitoring, and Proactively Protecting Against Disk Failures (FAST '15: 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast15/fast15-paper-ma.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#emc-2015-hdd-over-50pct-fail-after-40-reallocated-sectors-vs-1-7pct-with-none."
    },
    {
      "id": "emc-2015-hdd-half-of-failing-drives-die-within-2-days-after-200-reallocated-sectors",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Half of the hard drives that went on to fail did so **within two days** once their reallocated-sector count passed 200, for one SATA model in EMC backup appliances (EMC, 2015).",
      "short_statement": "Half of the drives that went on to fail did so within **two days** of passing 200 reallocated sectors, for one model in EMC's systems.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "days (median time to failure after the count passes 200)",
      "display_value": "2 days",
      "display_label": "EMC, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "EMC Data Domain customer and internal sites (countries not stated)",
      "period": "June 2008 to about mid-2013 (up to 60 months)",
      "population": "Failed drives of model A-2 (SATA) in EMC Data Domain backup appliances",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "EMC Corporation and Datrium (Ao Ma, Fred Douglis, Guanlin Lu, Darren Sawyer, Surendar Chandra and Windsor Hsu)",
      "source_title": "RAIDShield: Characterizing, Monitoring, and Proactively Protecting Against Disk Failures (FAST '15: 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast15/fast15-paper-ma.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-02-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "But when the count of RS grows beyond 200, 50% of those disks that will soon fail are found to fail within just two days.",
      "locator": "Section 3.4, p. 248 (PDF p. 9); Figure 10 (p. 249)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "At 40 reallocated sectors the median failing drive still had more than seven days; 'the 90th percentile of failures is measured in weeks rather than days.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#emc-2015-hdd-half-of-failing-drives-die-within-2-days-after-200-reallocated-sectors",
      "citation_text": "Half of the hard drives that went on to fail did so **within two days** once their reallocated-sector count passed 200, for one SATA model in EMC backup appliances (EMC, 2015). Source: EMC Corporation and Datrium (Ao Ma, Fred Douglis, Guanlin Lu, Darren Sawyer, Surendar Chandra and Windsor Hsu), \"RAIDShield: Characterizing, Monitoring, and Proactively Protecting Against Disk Failures (FAST '15: 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast15/fast15-paper-ma.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#emc-2015-hdd-half-of-failing-drives-die-within-2-days-after-200-reallocated-sectors."
    },
    {
      "id": "ibm-2016-smart-model-flagged-73-75pct-of-drive-replacements-a-month-ahead",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**73% to 75%** of hard drive replacements were predicted a month in advance from SMART data by IBM's model, for two drive models in Backblaze's data centres (IBM Research, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of replaced drives correctly predicted 30 days before replacement (range over two models)",
      "display_value": "73-75%",
      "display_label": "IBM Research, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US), analysed by IBM Research Zurich",
      "period": "17 months between January 2014 and June 2015",
      "population": "Two drive models (one Seagate, one Hitachi; more than 30,000 drives) from Backblaze's public Drive Stats data (50,984 drives in all), running around the clock in Backblaze's storage servers",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "IBM Research Zurich (Mirela Botezatu, Ioana Giurgiu, Jasmina Bogojeska and Dorothea Wiesmann)",
      "source_title": "Predicting Disk Replacement towards Reliable Data Centers (KDD '16)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kdd.org/kdd2016/papers/files/adf0849-botezatuA.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-08-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For both Seagate and Hitachi, an administrator can identify 73 to 75% of the disks to replace a month in advance",
      "locator": "Section 3.7, p. 8; Figure 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Three days ahead the model caught 97% (Seagate model) and 84% (Hitachi model). Only 2.5 to 3% of the drives of the two models were replaced in the 17 months. A machine-learning result on two models, not a fleet-wide warning rate; Backblaze itself retires drives partly on SMART thresholds, which may make replacements easier to predict from SMART. Contrast with Google 2007 (over 56% of failed drives had no strong SMART signal). Backblaze's own figures belong to backblaze-drive-stats.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ibm-2016-smart-model-flagged-73-75pct-of-drive-replacements-a-month-ahead",
      "citation_text": "**73% to 75%** of hard drive replacements were predicted a month in advance from SMART data by IBM's model, for two drive models in Backblaze's data centres (IBM Research, 2016). Source: IBM Research Zurich (Mirela Botezatu, Ioana Giurgiu, Jasmina Bogojeska and Dorothea Wiesmann), \"Predicting Disk Replacement towards Reliable Data Centers (KDD '16)\" (https://www.kdd.org/kdd2016/papers/files/adf0849-botezatuA.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ibm-2016-smart-model-flagged-73-75pct-of-drive-replacements-a-month-ahead."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2010-hard-disks-78pct-of-server-hardware-replacements",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "78% of hardware replacements in Microsoft's cloud servers were hard disks, followed by RAID controllers (5%) and memory (3%), across over 100,000 servers over 14 months (Microsoft, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 78,
      "unit": "% of hardware component replacements that were hard disks",
      "display_value": "78%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft, 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres in several countries and continents",
      "period": "A 14-month window (dates not stated; before 2010)",
      "population": "Over 100,000 servers (exact number withheld) in Microsoft cloud data centres, an average of four hard disks per server (60% of servers with one disk); about 90% of servers under four years old; 14-month repair-ticket log",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Microsoft Research (Kashi Venkatesh Vishwanath and Nachiappan Nagappan)",
      "source_title": "Characterizing Cloud Computing Hardware Reliability (ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC '10)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/socc088-vishwanath.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-06-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Of these replacements/faults, a majority (78%) were for hard disks, followed by a few (5%) due to raid controller and even fewer (3%) due to memory.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2 'Classifying Failures', p. 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "13% of replacements were other components, none dominant. Servers saw an annual failure rate of about 8% (servers needing any hardware repair). Compare CMU 2007: drives were 30.6% and 49.1% of replacements in two systems.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2010-hard-disks-78pct-of-server-hardware-replacements",
      "citation_text": "78% of hardware replacements in Microsoft's cloud servers were hard disks, followed by RAID controllers (5%) and memory (3%), across over 100,000 servers over 14 months (Microsoft, 2010). Source: Microsoft Research (Kashi Venkatesh Vishwanath and Nachiappan Nagappan), \"Characterizing Cloud Computing Hardware Reliability (ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC '10)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/socc088-vishwanath.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2010-hard-disks-78pct-of-server-hardware-replacements."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2010-hard-disks-cause-70pct-of-first-server-failures",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "70% of first hardware failures of Microsoft's cloud servers were hard disks, ahead of RAID controllers (6%) and memory (5%), across over 100,000 servers (Microsoft, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 70,
      "unit": "% of servers' first hardware failures caused by hard disks",
      "display_value": "70%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft, 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres in several countries and continents",
      "period": "A 14-month window (dates not stated; before 2010)",
      "population": "Over 100,000 servers (exact number withheld) in Microsoft cloud data centres, an average of four hard disks per server (60% of servers with one disk); about 90% of servers under four years old; 14-month repair-ticket log",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Microsoft Research (Kashi Venkatesh Vishwanath and Nachiappan Nagappan)",
      "source_title": "Characterizing Cloud Computing Hardware Reliability (ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC '10)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/socc088-vishwanath.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-06-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "70% of all server failures is due to hard disks, 6% due to RAID controller and 5% due to memory and the rest (18%) due to other factors.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2 'Classifying Failures', p. 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Counts only the first hardware fault on each server ('serviceless datacenter' view).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2010-hard-disks-cause-70pct-of-first-server-failures",
      "citation_text": "70% of first hardware failures of Microsoft's cloud servers were hard disks, ahead of RAID controllers (6%) and memory (5%), across over 100,000 servers (Microsoft, 2010). Source: Microsoft Research (Kashi Venkatesh Vishwanath and Nachiappan Nagappan), \"Characterizing Cloud Computing Hardware Reliability (ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC '10)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/socc088-vishwanath.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2010-hard-disks-cause-70pct-of-first-server-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2010-hdd-2-7pct-replaced-each-year",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "2.7% of hard disks were replaced each year (an upper bound) in Microsoft's cloud servers, against 0.7% of RAID controllers and 0.1% of memory modules, across over 100,000 servers (Microsoft, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.7,
      "unit": "% of disks replaced per year (upper bound)",
      "display_value": "2.7%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft, 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres in several countries and continents",
      "period": "A 14-month window (dates not stated; before 2010)",
      "population": "Over 100,000 servers (exact number withheld) in Microsoft cloud data centres, an average of four hard disks per server (60% of servers with one disk); about 90% of servers under four years old; 14-month repair-ticket log",
      "sample_n": 100000,
      "publisher": "Microsoft Research (Kashi Venkatesh Vishwanath and Nachiappan Nagappan)",
      "source_title": "Characterizing Cloud Computing Hardware Reliability (ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC '10)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/socc088-vishwanath.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-06-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "2.7% of all disks are replaced each year. This number is just 0.7% for raid controllers and only 0.1% for memory",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, p. 4; restated in the conclusion of Section 3.3, p. 5 ('hard disks are the number one failing component with an AFR for 2.7%')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An upper bound: total replacements divided by total disks, which may double-count disks in RAID arrays. For servers brought online during the window the disk failure ratio was 2.5%, which the authors say 'remains constant even for relatively younger disks', unlike CMU 2007's rising rates. In the five largest clusters 11% to 25% of servers saw at least one disk repair in the 14 months.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2010-hdd-2-7pct-replaced-each-year",
      "citation_text": "2.7% of hard disks were replaced each year (an upper bound) in Microsoft's cloud servers, against 0.7% of RAID controllers and 0.1% of memory modules, across over 100,000 servers (Microsoft, 2010). Source: Microsoft Research (Kashi Venkatesh Vishwanath and Nachiappan Nagappan), \"Characterizing Cloud Computing Hardware Reliability (ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC '10)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/socc088-vishwanath.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2010-hdd-2-7pct-replaced-each-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-hdd-afr-1-5-to-5-4pct-average-3-16pct-nine-datacentres",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "3.16% of hard drives failed a year on average (annualized failure rate), ranging from 1.5% to 5.4% by data centre, across more than 1 million drives in nine Microsoft data centres (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016).",
      "short_statement": "**3.16%** of hard drives failed a year across nine Microsoft data centres, from 1.5% to 5.4% by site.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.16,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failures per drive-year), average over nine data centres",
      "display_value": "3.16%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Nine Microsoft hyperscale data centres around the world (locations not named)",
      "period": "1.5 to 4 years per data centre, to about 2014",
      "population": "More than 1 million hard drives in servers in nine Microsoft data centres (chiller-cooled, water-side economised and free-cooled with outside air), observed for 1.5 to 4 years; a disk counts as failed at its first failure report needing a technician",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini)",
      "source_title": "Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Disks also dominate in terms of failure rates, with AFRs ranging from 1.5% to 5.4% (average 3.16%) in our dataset.",
      "locator": "Section 5.2 'Hardware component failures', p. 58 (PDF p. 7); Table 3 'Disk AFRs'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A deliberately strict failure definition: a disk counts as failed at the first failure report that needs a technician (for example its first reported sector error, after the drive has already remapped many sectors). By data centre (Table 3): CD1 chiller 1.5%, CD2 water-side 2.1%, CD3 free-cooled 1.8%, HD1 chiller 2.0%, HD2 water-side 2.3%, HH1 free-cooled 3.1%, HH2 5.1%, HH3 5.1%, HH4 5.4%. AFRs of DIMMs, CPUs and power supplies were 0.17%, 0.23% and 0.59%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hdd-afr-1-5-to-5-4pct-average-3-16pct-nine-datacentres",
      "citation_text": "3.16% of hard drives failed a year on average (annualized failure rate), ranging from 1.5% to 5.4% by data centre, across more than 1 million drives in nine Microsoft data centres (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016). Source: Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini), \"Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hdd-afr-1-5-to-5-4pct-average-3-16pct-nine-datacentres."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-hard-drives-89pct-of-server-component-failures",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "89% of server hardware component failures were hard drive failures on average (76% to 95% by data centre), whatever the cooling or climate, across nine Microsoft data centres (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 89,
      "unit": "% of hardware component failures (disks, DIMMs, CPUs, power supplies) that were disk failures",
      "display_value": "89%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Nine Microsoft hyperscale data centres around the world (locations not named)",
      "period": "1.5 to 4 years per data centre, to about 2014",
      "population": "More than 1 million hard drives in servers in nine Microsoft data centres (chiller-cooled, water-side economised and free-cooled with outside air), observed for 1.5 to 4 years; a disk counts as failed at its first failure report needing a technician",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini)",
      "source_title": "Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "disk drive failures dominate with 76%–95% (89% on average) of all hardware component failures, regardless of the component models, environmental conditions, and cooling technologies.",
      "locator": "Section 5.2 'Hardware component failures', p. 58 (PDF p. 7)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "In data centre HH1: disks 83%, DIMMs 10%, CPUs 5%, power supplies 2% of failures. Only four component types were counted. Compare Microsoft 2010: 78% of replacements.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hard-drives-89pct-of-server-component-failures",
      "citation_text": "89% of server hardware component failures were hard drive failures on average (76% to 95% by data centre), whatever the cooling or climate, across nine Microsoft data centres (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016). Source: Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini), \"Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hard-drives-89pct-of-server-component-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-hdd-afr-up-to-260pct-higher-in-humid-datacentres",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Hard drives in humid free-cooled Microsoft data centres had an annualized failure rate up to **260%** higher (5.4% against 1.5%) than in a dry chiller-cooled one, while hot but dry sites stayed near 2% (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016).",
      "short_statement": "Hard drives failed up to **260%** more often in humid, outside-air-cooled data centres than in a dry one.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 260,
      "unit": "% increase in disk annualized failure rate against the dry chiller-cooled data centre (CD1)",
      "display_value": "+260%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Nine Microsoft hyperscale data centres around the world (locations not named)",
      "period": "1.5 to 4 years per data centre, to about 2014",
      "population": "More than 1 million hard drives in servers in nine Microsoft data centres (chiller-cooled, water-side economised and free-cooled with outside air), observed for 1.5 to 4 years; a disk counts as failed at its first failure report needing a technician",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini)",
      "source_title": "Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "High internal relative humidity increases AFRs by 107% (HH1) to 260% (HH4), compared to CD1.",
      "locator": "Section 5.3 'Impact of environmentals', observation 2, p. 58 (PDF p. 7); Table 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'Humid' = at least 10% of internal relative-humidity readings above 60% over a year. 'relative humidity seems to have a much stronger impact on disk failures than absolute temperature' even within ASHRAE's allowable range (20-80% relative humidity). The authors caution that the data centres differ in other ways too, so Table 3 alone is not proof; detailed analyses of one site support it. A finding for 'what makes drives fail sooner'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hdd-afr-up-to-260pct-higher-in-humid-datacentres",
      "citation_text": "Hard drives in humid free-cooled Microsoft data centres had an annualized failure rate up to **260%** higher (5.4% against 1.5%) than in a dry chiller-cooled one, while hot but dry sites stayed near 2% (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016). Source: Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini), \"Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hdd-afr-up-to-260pct-higher-in-humid-datacentres."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-hdd-controller-connectivity-66pct-of-failures-humid-vs-33pct-dry",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "66% of hard drive failures in a humid free-cooled Microsoft data centre were controller-board or connection failures, against 33% in a hot but dry one, which the authors link to condensation and corrosion (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 66,
      "unit": "% of disk failures classed as controller or connectivity failures (humid data centre HH1)",
      "display_value": "66%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Nine Microsoft hyperscale data centres around the world (locations not named)",
      "period": "1.5 to 4 years per data centre, to about 2014",
      "population": "The most popular disk model in each of three Microsoft data centres (HD1 hot and dry chiller-cooled, CD3 cool and dry free-cooled, HH1 hot and humid free-cooled)",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini)",
      "source_title": "Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In contrast, HH1 experiences a much higher fraction of controller and connectivity errors (66%).",
      "locator": "Section 5.3, p. 58 (PDF p. 7); Figure 2 'Failure classification'; observation 5, p. 59",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The drives' mechanics are sealed but 'the disk controller and the disk adaptor are directly exposed to the ambient, allowing possible condensation and corrosion agents to damage them'. Technicians found corrosion on failed disks after a humid summer, when the daily failure rate ran about 4x-5x higher for three months. Moving disks to the back (exhaust side) of the server would cut the modelled AFR in HH1 from 3.1% to 2.7%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hdd-controller-connectivity-66pct-of-failures-humid-vs-33pct-dry",
      "citation_text": "66% of hard drive failures in a humid free-cooled Microsoft data centre were controller-board or connection failures, against 33% in a hot but dry one, which the authors link to condensation and corrosion (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016). Source: Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini), \"Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hdd-controller-connectivity-66pct-of-failures-humid-vs-33pct-dry."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-hdd-failure-modes-65pct-pre-fail-smart-2pct-old-age-33pct-controller",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "65% of hard drive failures in a hot but dry Microsoft data centre showed SMART 'pre-fail' errors (such as reallocated sectors), 2% 'old-age' errors and 33% controller or connection faults (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 65,
      "unit": "% of disk failures with SMART pre-fail errors (data centre HD1)",
      "display_value": "65%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Nine Microsoft hyperscale data centres around the world (locations not named)",
      "period": "1.5 to 4 years per data centre, to about 2014",
      "population": "The most popular disk model in Microsoft data centre HD1 (hot and dry, chiller-cooled, stable 27 °C and 50% relative humidity)",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini)",
      "source_title": "Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We observe that 67% of disk failures are associated with SMART errors in HD1. The vast majority (65%) of these errors are pre-fail, while just 2% are old-age errors. The remaining 33% correspond to controller and connectivity issues.",
      "locator": "Section 5.3, p. 58 (PDF p. 7); Figure 2 (top); Table 4 (error types)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Failure-mode shares for one model in one data centre. SMART 'pre-fail' attributes include raw read error rate, spin-up time and reallocated sectors; 'old age' includes start-stop count, temperature and G-sense error rate (Table 4). In the cool, dry free-cooled CD3: 58% SMART errors and 42% controller or connectivity.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hdd-failure-modes-65pct-pre-fail-smart-2pct-old-age-33pct-controller",
      "citation_text": "65% of hard drive failures in a hot but dry Microsoft data centre showed SMART 'pre-fail' errors (such as reallocated sectors), 2% 'old-age' errors and 33% controller or connection faults (Microsoft and Rutgers University, 2016). Source: Rutgers University, GoDaddy and Microsoft (Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Gregg McKnight, Thu D. Nguyen and Ricardo Bianchini), \"Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-manousakis.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-hdd-failure-modes-65pct-pre-fail-smart-2pct-old-age-33pct-controller."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2020-hdd-no-sudden-wear-out-in-over-60-models-5-3-million-drives",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**None of over 60** hard drive makes and models showed a sudden onset of wear-out: failure rates rose gradually with age instead, across 5.3 million drives at Google, NetApp and Backblaze (Carnegie Mellon University, 2020).",
      "short_statement": "None of over **60** drive models showed a sudden onset of wear-out, across 5.3 million data-centre drives.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "number of makes and models with a sudden onset of wear-out (none of 60+)",
      "display_value": "0 of 60+ models",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google, NetApp and Backblaze fleets (US and worldwide)",
      "period": "Multi-year logs to about 2019 (Backblaze since 2013)",
      "population": "5.3 million hard drives of over 60 makes and models: over 4.3 million NetApp filer drives (50+ models), three Google storage clusters (about 350,000, 450,000 and 160,000 drives) and a Backblaze cluster (about 110,000 drives since 2013)",
      "sample_n": 5300000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Saurabh Kadekodi, Francisco Maturana, Suhas Jayaram Subramanya, Juncheng Yang, K. V. Rashmi and Gregory R. Ganger)",
      "source_title": "PACEMAKER: Avoiding HeART attacks in storage clusters with disk-adaptive redundancy (OSDI '20: 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi20-kadekodi_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Importantly, none of the over 60 makes/models from Google, Backblaze and NetApp displayed sudden onset of wearout.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2 'Informing a solution', p. 373 (PDF p. 6); Figure 2(b)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'AFR curves generally exhibit neither a flat useful life phase nor a sudden transition to so-called wearout. Rather, in general, it was observed that AFR curves rise gradually as a function of disk age.' Agrees with CMU 2007 (rising replacement rates) against the textbook bathtub curve.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2020-hdd-no-sudden-wear-out-in-over-60-models-5-3-million-drives",
      "citation_text": "**None of over 60** hard drive makes and models showed a sudden onset of wear-out: failure rates rose gradually with age instead, across 5.3 million drives at Google, NetApp and Backblaze (Carnegie Mellon University, 2020). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Saurabh Kadekodi, Francisco Maturana, Suhas Jayaram Subramanya, Juncheng Yang, K. V. Rashmi and Gregory R. Ganger), \"PACEMAKER: Avoiding HeART attacks in storage clusters with disk-adaptive redundancy (OSDI '20: 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi20-kadekodi_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2020-hdd-no-sudden-wear-out-in-over-60-models-5-3-million-drives."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2020-hdd-useful-life-afr-differs-over-10x-between-models",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "The highest and lowest useful-life failure rates of hard drive models differed by well over **10 times**, across over 50 makes and models and 4.3 million NetApp drives (Carnegie Mellon University, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "ratio of highest to lowest useful-life AFR among models (lower bound: 'well over an order of magnitude')",
      "display_value": "10x+",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google, NetApp and Backblaze fleets (US and worldwide)",
      "period": "Multi-year logs to about 2019 (Backblaze since 2013)",
      "population": "Over 4.3 million NetApp filer hard drives of over 50 makes and models (at least 10,000 drives per model)",
      "sample_n": 4300000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Saurabh Kadekodi, Francisco Maturana, Suhas Jayaram Subramanya, Juncheng Yang, K. V. Rashmi and Gregory R. Ganger)",
      "source_title": "PACEMAKER: Avoiding HeART attacks in storage clusters with disk-adaptive redundancy (OSDI '20: 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi20-kadekodi_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As observed in previous studies [27, 41, 50], we observe well over an order of magnitude difference between the highest and lowest useful-life AFRs (see Fig. 2a).",
      "locator": "Section 3 'Longitudinal production trace analyses', p. 372 (PDF p. 5); Figure 2(a)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Why model choice matters more than any average: same use, very different failure rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2020-hdd-useful-life-afr-differs-over-10x-between-models",
      "citation_text": "The highest and lowest useful-life failure rates of hard drive models differed by well over **10 times**, across over 50 makes and models and 4.3 million NetApp drives (Carnegie Mellon University, 2020). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Saurabh Kadekodi, Francisco Maturana, Suhas Jayaram Subramanya, Juncheng Yang, K. V. Rashmi and Gregory R. Ganger), \"PACEMAKER: Avoiding HeART attacks in storage clusters with disk-adaptive redundancy (OSDI '20: 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi20-kadekodi_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2020-hdd-useful-life-afr-differs-over-10x-between-models."
    },
    {
      "id": "cmu-2020-hdd-infant-mortality-over-within-20-days-google-netapp",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Within 20 days of deployment the failure rate of most hard drive models dropped sharply and levelled off, at Google and NetApp, while Backblaze's drives showed a longer, higher infancy (Carnegie Mellon University, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "days until the infant-mortality failure rate plateaus (most models)",
      "display_value": "20 days",
      "display_label": "Carnegie Mellon University, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google, NetApp and Backblaze fleets (US and worldwide)",
      "period": "Multi-year logs to about 2019 (Backblaze since 2013)",
      "population": "5.3 million hard drives of over 60 makes and models: over 4.3 million NetApp filer drives (50+ models), three Google storage clusters (about 350,000, 450,000 and 160,000 drives) and a Backblaze cluster (about 110,000 drives since 2013)",
      "sample_n": 5300000,
      "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University (Saurabh Kadekodi, Francisco Maturana, Suhas Jayaram Subramanya, Juncheng Yang, K. V. Rashmi and Gregory R. Ganger)",
      "source_title": "PACEMAKER: Avoiding HeART attacks in storage clusters with disk-adaptive redundancy (OSDI '20: 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi20-kadekodi_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the NetApp and Google disks, we see the AFR drop sharply and plateau by 20 days for most of the makes/models.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, 'Infancy often short-lived', p. 373 (PDF p. 6)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The authors attribute Backblaze's 'slightly longer and higher AFR during infancy' to 'their less aggressive on-site burn-in'. Burn-in testing at the maker and at the site removes most infant mortality before production use.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2020-hdd-infant-mortality-over-within-20-days-google-netapp",
      "citation_text": "Within 20 days of deployment the failure rate of most hard drive models dropped sharply and levelled off, at Google and NetApp, while Backblaze's drives showed a longer, higher infancy (Carnegie Mellon University, 2020). Source: Carnegie Mellon University (Saurabh Kadekodi, Francisco Maturana, Suhas Jayaram Subramanya, Juncheng Yang, K. V. Rashmi and Gregory R. Ganger), \"PACEMAKER: Avoiding HeART attacks in storage clusters with disk-adaptive redundancy (OSDI '20: 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi20-kadekodi_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#cmu-2020-hdd-infant-mortality-over-within-20-days-google-netapp."
    },
    {
      "id": "wayne-state-2020-hdd-annual-failure-rate-1-36pct-380000-drives",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "1.36% of hard drives failed a year (annual failure rate, measured over about 70 days), across 380,000 drives at 64 sites of a large data-centre operator (Wayne State and Northeastern Universities, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.36,
      "unit": "% annual disk failure rate",
      "display_value": "1.36%",
      "display_label": "Wayne State and Northeastern Universities, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "64 data-centre sites of a large unnamed data-centre operator",
      "period": "About 70 days (dates not stated; before 2020)",
      "population": "380,000 hard drives from five makers in 10,000 server racks at 64 sites of a large enterprise data-centre operator (out of more than two million drives it housed), about 70 days",
      "sample_n": 380000,
      "publisher": "Wayne State University and Northeastern University (Sidi Lu, Bing Luo, Tirthak Patel, Yongtao Yao, Devesh Tiwari and Weisong Shi)",
      "source_title": "Making Disk Failure Predictions SMARTer! (FAST '20: 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Our annual disk failure rate of ≈1.36% is consistent with failure rates observed at other data centers",
      "locator": "Section 2.5 'Other Methodological Considerations', p. 155 (PDF p. 6)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Measured over about 70 days and annualized; the operator is not named. The paper also says the study 'corresponds to roughly 2.6 million device hours', which does not match 380,000 drives for 70 days (about 640 million drive hours), an inconsistency within the paper. The 1.36% happens to equal the Backblaze 2025 figure in the research brief's example record; the fleets are unrelated.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wayne-state-2020-hdd-annual-failure-rate-1-36pct-380000-drives",
      "citation_text": "1.36% of hard drives failed a year (annual failure rate, measured over about 70 days), across 380,000 drives at 64 sites of a large data-centre operator (Wayne State and Northeastern Universities, 2020). Source: Wayne State University and Northeastern University (Sidi Lu, Bing Luo, Tirthak Patel, Yongtao Yao, Devesh Tiwari and Weisong Shi), \"Making Disk Failure Predictions SMARTer! (FAST '20: 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wayne-state-2020-hdd-annual-failure-rate-1-36pct-380000-drives."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-hdd-afr-under-1pct-for-10-of-15-models-max-3-8pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**10 of the 15** largest hard drive models had an annualized failure rate under 1%, and none above 3.8%, across over three million drives in Alibaba Cloud data centres (Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.8,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate of the worst of 15 models",
      "display_value": "under 1% (10 of 15 models)",
      "display_label": "Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres across the globe (dozens)",
      "period": "July 2017 to June 2018",
      "population": "Over three million hard drives of tens of models from five makers in dozens of Alibaba Cloud data centres; a failure = a drive in a trouble ticket",
      "sample_n": 3000000,
      "publisher": "The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba (Shujie Han, Jun Wu, Erci Xu, Cheng He, Patrick P. C. Lee and others)",
      "source_title": "Robust Data Preprocessing for Machine-Learning-Based Disk Failure Prediction in Cloud Production Environments (arXiv:1912.09722)",
      "source_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09722",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-12-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The AFR of each disk model is at most 3.8%, and most disk models (10 out of 15) have an AFR of less than 1%.",
      "locator": "Section III-A 'Alibaba Dataset', p. 3; Table II",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "AFR = failed drives in trouble tickets over the year divided by all drives. Models anonymised (vendors A to E); per-model drive counts withheld. Table II AFRs: A1 0.56%, A2 0.67%, A3 0.59%, B1 0.68%, B2 0.64%, B3 0.38%, C1 3.8%, C2 2.8%, C3 1.1%, D1 0.30%, D2 1.0%, D3 2.0%, E1 0.53%, E2 0.78%, E3 0.65%. One of the few fleet studies from China.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-hdd-afr-under-1pct-for-10-of-15-models-max-3-8pct",
      "citation_text": "**10 of the 15** largest hard drive models had an annualized failure rate under 1%, and none above 3.8%, across over three million drives in Alibaba Cloud data centres (Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019). Source: The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba (Shujie Han, Jun Wu, Erci Xu, Cheng He, Patrick P. C. Lee and others), \"Robust Data Preprocessing for Machine-Learning-Based Disk Failure Prediction in Cloud Production Environments (arXiv:1912.09722)\" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09722). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-hdd-afr-under-1pct-for-10-of-15-models-max-3-8pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-hdd-weighted-afr-about-0-78pct-15-largest-models",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 0.78% of hard drives failed a year on average across the 15 largest drive models, which make up 72% of over three million drives in Alibaba Cloud data centres (Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019).",
      "short_statement": "About **0.78%** of hard drives failed a year across the 15 largest models in Alibaba Cloud's data centres.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.78,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate, weighted by each model's share of all drives",
      "display_value": "0.78%",
      "display_label": "Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres across the globe (dozens)",
      "period": "July 2017 to June 2018",
      "population": "Over three million hard drives of tens of models from five makers in dozens of Alibaba Cloud data centres; a failure = a drive in a trouble ticket",
      "sample_n": 3000000,
      "publisher": "The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba (Shujie Han, Jun Wu, Erci Xu, Cheng He, Patrick P. C. Lee and others)",
      "source_title": "Robust Data Preprocessing for Machine-Learning-Based Disk Failure Prediction in Cloud Production Environments (arXiv:1912.09722)",
      "source_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09722",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-12-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Table II: Failure patterns for different disk models in the Alibaba dataset, including the percentage of disks in the same vendor (“Vendor%”), the percentage of disks in the whole disk population (“Total%”), and the annualized failure rate (“AFR”).",
      "locator": "Section III-A, Table II, p. 3",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Sum over the 15 models of (Total% x AFR) divided by the sum of Total%: 55.98 / 71.82 = 0.779%. Inputs from Table II (Total%, AFR): A1 12.5, 0.56; A2 9.5, 0.67; A3 8.2, 0.59; B1 10.8, 0.68; B2 10.3, 0.64; B3 7.7, 0.38; C1 2.5, 3.8; C2 1.5, 2.8; C3 0.88, 1.1; D1 2.7, 0.30; D2 1.6, 1.0; D3 1.2, 2.0; E1 1.7, 0.53; E2 0.39, 0.78; E3 0.35, 0.65.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Our computation; the paper gives no fleet-wide AFR. Covers 71.8% of the drives; the other 28% (smaller models) are not in the table.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-hdd-weighted-afr-about-0-78pct-15-largest-models",
      "citation_text": "About 0.78% of hard drives failed a year on average across the 15 largest drive models, which make up 72% of over three million drives in Alibaba Cloud data centres (Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019). Source: The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba (Shujie Han, Jun Wu, Erci Xu, Cheng He, Patrick P. C. Lee and others), \"Robust Data Preprocessing for Machine-Learning-Based Disk Failure Prediction in Cloud Production Environments (arXiv:1912.09722)\" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09722). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-hdd-weighted-afr-about-0-78pct-15-largest-models."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-hdd-failure-types-data-corruption-44pct-io-errors-19pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "44.1% of failures of the most common hard drive model were data corruptions and 19.1% failed I/O requests, while for the second model I/O request errors led at 45.5%, in Alibaba Cloud data centres (Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 44.1,
      "unit": "% of failures of model A1 classed as data corruption",
      "display_value": "44.1%",
      "display_label": "Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres across the globe (dozens)",
      "period": "July 2017 to June 2018",
      "population": "The two largest hard drive models (A1 and B1, about 12.5% and 10.8% of all drives) among over three million drives in Alibaba Cloud data centres",
      "sample_n": 3000000,
      "publisher": "The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba (Shujie Han, Jun Wu, Erci Xu, Cheng He, Patrick P. C. Lee and others)",
      "source_title": "Robust Data Preprocessing for Machine-Learning-Based Disk Failure Prediction in Cloud Production Environments (arXiv:1912.09722)",
      "source_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09722",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-12-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Data corruptions and I/O request errors are the most dominant failure types (44.1% and 19.1% for A1, and 39.2% and 45.5% for B1, respectively).",
      "locator": "Section III-A, 'Failure types', p. 3; Table III",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Six failure types from syslogs and trouble tickets: data corruption (unrecoverable data loss such as integrity-check errors), I/O request errors (bad sectors, transient disconnection), unhandled errors (18.4% for A1, 9.8% for B1), disk-not-found errors, unhealthy disks and file-system corruption. Failure modes as a large cloud operator sees them, not a teardown of physical causes.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-hdd-failure-types-data-corruption-44pct-io-errors-19pct",
      "citation_text": "44.1% of failures of the most common hard drive model were data corruptions and 19.1% failed I/O requests, while for the second model I/O request errors led at 45.5%, in Alibaba Cloud data centres (Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba, 2019). Source: The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba (Shujie Han, Jun Wu, Erci Xu, Cheng He, Patrick P. C. Lee and others), \"Robust Data Preprocessing for Machine-Learning-Based Disk Failure Prediction in Cloud Production Environments (arXiv:1912.09722)\" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09722). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-hdd-failure-types-data-corruption-44pct-io-errors-19pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "utoronto-2017-hdd-25pct-of-seagate-st3000dm001-had-reallocated-sectors",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "25.2% of Seagate ST3000DM001 3 TB hard drives had reallocated sectors, against 0.24% to 11.8% for six other common models, among Backblaze's drives as analysed by the University of Toronto (University of Toronto, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 25.15,
      "unit": "% of drives with a non-zero SMART 5 (reallocated sectors) count, Seagate ST3000DM001",
      "display_value": "25.2%",
      "display_label": "University of Toronto, 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US), analysed by the University of Toronto",
      "period": "Backblaze data from 2013 to about 2016",
      "population": "Seven of the most common hard drive models in Backblaze's public Drive Stats data (from 2,719 to 36,368 drives per model), running around the clock in Backblaze's storage servers",
      "sample_n": 69826,
      "publisher": "University of Toronto and Microsoft Research (Farzaneh Mahdisoltani, Ioan Stefanovici and Bianca Schroeder)",
      "source_title": "Proactive error prediction to improve storage system reliability (USENIX ATC '17)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc17/atc17-mahdisoltani.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-07-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate ST3000DM001 3 4707 25.15% (1.77%) 30.59% (0.31%) N/A 35.33% (0.29%)",
      "locator": "Table 1 'Overview of HDD models', p. 392 (PDF p. 3); intro text: 'two drive models among the seven most common hard disk models in a large production installation with 11% and 25% of drives affected by sector errors'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Analysis of Backblaze's public data (backblaze-drive-stats holds Backblaze's own figures; the ST3000DM001 story and its class action belong to failure-events-and-firmware). Other models' SMART 5 shares: ST4000DM000 1.19%, HDS5C3030ALA630 3.58%, HMS5C4040ALE640 0.91%, HDS722020ALA330 11.84%, HMS5C4040BLE640 0.24%, HDS5C4040ALE630 2.54%. The paper's columns also give SMART 187 and 197 shares (30.59% and 35.33% for the ST3000DM001).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#utoronto-2017-hdd-25pct-of-seagate-st3000dm001-had-reallocated-sectors",
      "citation_text": "25.2% of Seagate ST3000DM001 3 TB hard drives had reallocated sectors, against 0.24% to 11.8% for six other common models, among Backblaze's drives as analysed by the University of Toronto (University of Toronto, 2017). Source: University of Toronto and Microsoft Research (Farzaneh Mahdisoltani, Ioan Stefanovici and Bianca Schroeder), \"Proactive error prediction to improve storage system reliability (USENIX ATC '17)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc17/atc17-mahdisoltani.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#utoronto-2017-hdd-25pct-of-seagate-st3000dm001-had-reallocated-sectors."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2018-azure-at-most-3-in-10000-drives-faulty-a-day",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "At most 3 in 10,000 hard drives became faulty on any day in Microsoft Azure, a cloud the paper says runs hundreds of millions of drives (Microsoft, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.03,
      "unit": "% of drives becoming faulty per day (upper bound)",
      "display_value": "3 in 10,000 a day",
      "display_label": "Microsoft, 2018",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft Azure data centres (worldwide)",
      "period": "Before 2018",
      "population": "Hard drives in Microsoft Azure's production cloud (the paper says a cloud like Azure uses hundreds of millions of drives); 'faulty' = disk errors such as sector or latency errors",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Microsoft Research and Microsoft Azure, with the University of Newcastle and Nankai University (Yong Xu, Kaixin Sui, Randolph Yao and others)",
      "source_title": "Improving Service Availability of Cloud Systems by Predicting Disk Error (USENIX ATC '18)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc18/atc18-xu-yong.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For a large-scale cloud service system such as Microsoft Azure, each day, at most only 3 disk in ten thousand disks could become faulty.",
      "locator": "Section 2, 'Extremely imbalanced data', p. 483 (PDF p. 4); fleet-size sentence in Section 1, p. 481 (PDF p. 2)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'Faulty' covers disk errors (sector errors, latency errors) that can precede failure, not only dead drives. The fleet-size claim: 'A typical cloud system like Azure uses hundreds of millions of hard disk drives.' Microsoft reports disk problems as 'the most severe one among hardware issues' in Azure.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2018-azure-at-most-3-in-10000-drives-faulty-a-day",
      "citation_text": "At most 3 in 10,000 hard drives became faulty on any day in Microsoft Azure, a cloud the paper says runs hundreds of millions of drives (Microsoft, 2018). Source: Microsoft Research and Microsoft Azure, with the University of Newcastle and Nankai University (Yong Xu, Kaixin Sui, Randolph Yao and others), \"Improving Service Availability of Cloud Systems by Predicting Disk Error (USENIX ATC '18)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc18/atc18-xu-yong.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2018-azure-at-most-3-in-10000-drives-faulty-a-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "ornl-2023-hdd-one-third-of-failures-came-in-bursts-summit-alpine",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About one third of hard drive failures came in bursts, 90% of them spread across several racks, among 32,000+ drives in the Summit supercomputer's storage system over 2.75 years (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 33,
      "unit": "% of drive failures that occurred in bursts",
      "display_value": "1 in 3",
      "display_label": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, Tennessee, US",
      "period": "2.75 years (2019 to 2022)",
      "population": "32,000+ hard drives in Alpine, the IBM Spectrum Scale parallel file system of the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 4,000+ failure events over 2.75 years",
      "sample_n": 32000,
      "publisher": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Anjus George, Jesse Hanley and Sarp Oral)",
      "source_title": "Disk Failure Trends in Alpine Storage System (FTXS 2023 workshop, SC23), abstract page",
      "source_url": "https://sc23.supercomputing.org/proceedings/workshops/workshop_pages/ws_ftxs107.html",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-11-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We infer that, proximity to enclosure fan modules heightens disk failure rates. Also, burst failure analysis highlights 1/3rd of failures occurring in bursts, with 90% non-spatially correlated, impacting multiple racks.",
      "locator": "Abstract, SC23 workshop proceedings page (FTXS 2023)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "From the abstract only; the full paper (SC '23 Workshops proceedings, pp. 502-506) was not retrieved. Drives nearer the enclosure fan modules failed more often. ORNL's public datasets: 4,114 failure events from July 2019 to April 2022 (OSTI 1868941, 2022) and 3,766 events from January 2019 to December 2023 (OSTI 2441482, 2024); the later, longer dataset has fewer events, so the two counts are not directly comparable (contradiction to note). An HPC (supercomputer) fleet, not a cloud or home setting.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ornl-2023-hdd-one-third-of-failures-came-in-bursts-summit-alpine",
      "citation_text": "About one third of hard drive failures came in bursts, 90% of them spread across several racks, among 32,000+ drives in the Summit supercomputer's storage system over 2.75 years (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2023). Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Anjus George, Jesse Hanley and Sarp Oral), \"Disk Failure Trends in Alpine Storage System (FTXS 2023 workshop, SC23), abstract page\" (https://sc23.supercomputing.org/proceedings/workshops/workshop_pages/ws_ftxs107.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#ornl-2023-hdd-one-third-of-failures-came-in-bursts-summit-alpine."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-research-2005-scsi-hdd-6pct-pata-3-3pct-replaced-a-year-web-properties",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "6.0% of 10K rpm SCSI hard drives a year needed replacement at one large web property, and 3.3% of PATA desktop-class drives at another, about ten times the vendors' specification sheets (Microsoft Research, 2005).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6,
      "unit": "% of drives with 'hard' failures requiring replacement per year (SCSI drives at web property 1)",
      "display_value": "6.0%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft Research, 2005",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft's TerraServer and two large anonymous web properties (US)",
      "period": "Before December 2005",
      "population": "Drives in Microsoft's TerraServer (SAN and SATA 'brick' storage) and two large anonymous web properties: 15,805 drive-years of 10K rpm SCSI drives and 22,400 drive-years of 7,200 rpm PATA drives",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Microsoft Research (Jim Gray and Catharine van Ingen)",
      "source_title": "Empirical Measurements of Disk Failure Rates and Error Rates (Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2005-166), arXiv copy cs/0701166",
      "source_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0701166",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2005-12-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SCSI 10krpm 15,805 972 6.0% Web Property 1 anon controllers 900 139 15.4% PATA 7krpm 22,400 740 3.3%",
      "locator": "Table 1 'Observed failure rates', p. 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Table 1 columns: system, source, type, part-years, fails, fails/year. Web Property 1: 972 failures in 15,805 SCSI drive-years; Web Property 2: 740 failures in 22,400 PATA drive-years. TerraServer: SCSI 2.8% (858 drive-years), SATA brick 7.2% (138 drive-years). The report sums up: 'TerraServer and other Internet properties report between 3% and 7% per year hard disk failures requiring drive replacement' and 'a failure rate of 8% was observed over 1000 parts years at the Internet Archive using PATA drives'. 'The numbers in Table 1 are ten times the rate expected from reading the disk vendor specification sheets.' Google 2007 cites these as 3.3-6% in two web properties with 22,400 and 15,805 disks (it reads drive-years as disks).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-research-2005-scsi-hdd-6pct-pata-3-3pct-replaced-a-year-web-properties",
      "citation_text": "6.0% of 10K rpm SCSI hard drives a year needed replacement at one large web property, and 3.3% of PATA desktop-class drives at another, about ten times the vendors' specification sheets (Microsoft Research, 2005). Source: Microsoft Research (Jim Gray and Catharine van Ingen), \"Empirical Measurements of Disk Failure Rates and Error Rates (Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2005-166), arXiv copy cs/0701166\" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0701166). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-research-2005-scsi-hdd-6pct-pata-3-3pct-replaced-a-year-web-properties."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-research-2005-5-read-errors-in-2-petabytes-vs-112-predicted",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**Five read-error events** (four clear, one suspected) occurred while 2 petabytes moved through SATA drives, where the drives' bit-error specification predicted 112, in Microsoft Research's test (Microsoft Research, 2005).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "read-error events observed (against 112 predicted by an uncorrectable error rate of 1 in 10^14 bits)",
      "display_value": "5 vs 112",
      "display_label": "Microsoft Research, 2005",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft's TerraServer and two large anonymous web properties (US)",
      "period": "Before December 2005",
      "population": "SATA drives (Western Digital WD250JD, Maxtor 7Y250MO, Seagate ST3400832AS and others) on four test systems at Microsoft Research, one in an office and three in a data centre, May 2005 to about early 2006",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Microsoft Research (Jim Gray and Catharine van Ingen)",
      "source_title": "Empirical Measurements of Disk Failure Rates and Error Rates (Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2005-166), arXiv copy cs/0701166",
      "source_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0701166",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2005-12-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The drive specifications of UER=10-14 suggest we should have seen 112 read errors. To date, we observed four clear read error events and one suspected event.",
      "locator": "p. 2, text after Table 1; executive summary, p. 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A test of uncorrectable read errors, not of drive failures: 'SATA uncorrectable read errors are not yet a dominant system-fault source - they happen, but are rare compared to other problems.' The tests moved 2 PB and read more than 1.4 PB. Useful against the claim that a large drive or array is bound to hit an unreadable bit on every full read (the spec is a worst case).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-research-2005-5-read-errors-in-2-petabytes-vs-112-predicted",
      "citation_text": "**Five read-error events** (four clear, one suspected) occurred while 2 petabytes moved through SATA drives, where the drives' bit-error specification predicted 112, in Microsoft Research's test (Microsoft Research, 2005). Source: Microsoft Research (Jim Gray and Catharine van Ingen), \"Empirical Measurements of Disk Failure Rates and Error Rates (Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2005-166), arXiv copy cs/0701166\" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0701166). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-research-2005-5-read-errors-in-2-petabytes-vs-112-predicted."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2015-desktop-laptop-hdd-workload-rating-55tb-a-year",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its desktop and laptop hard drives for a workload of **55 TB** a year (reads plus writes), its NAS, surveillance and archive drives for 180 TB and its enterprise drives for 300 to 550 TB, and says reliability drops above the limit (Seagate, 2015).",
      "short_statement": "Desktop and laptop drives are rated for **55 TB** of reads and writes a year, enterprise drives for up to 550.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 55,
      "unit": "TB per year workload rate limit (Seagate's rating for client desktop and laptop drives)",
      "display_value": "55 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global (Seagate product ratings)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives by segment: client desktop and laptop drives, NAS, surveillance and archive drives, enterprise drives (ratings, not field measurements)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Understanding Reliability Metrics: Guidelines for Determining the Most Suitable HDD for Your Application (Seagate Technology Paper TP683.1-1508US, August 2015), third-party mirror of the Seagate PDF",
      "source_url": "https://www.hwlegend.tech/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/reliability-tp-683-1-1508us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Enterprise-class drives feature a WRL of 300TB to 550TB/year. Specialty-tuned drives, including NAS, archive, video and surveillance families, are rated for 180TB/year; Seagate's client portfolio (desktop and laptop HDDs) has a workload rate limit of 55TB/year",
      "locator": "Section 'Workload Rate Limit (WRL): Keeping HDDs Healthy', pp. 2-3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's own copy is no longer at seagate.com (the known paths return 404 and the Wayback Machine was offline on 2026-11-04); this is an unaltered copy of the Seagate PDF on a third-party site (footer: 'TP683.1-1508US, August 2015'). published_at is the month only. A rating, not a measurement: 'When the actual annualized workload rate exceeds a drive's WRL, reliability decreases.' Annualized workload = (lifetime reads + writes) x 8,760 / power-on hours (also on Seagate's support page 'Annualized Workload Rate', saved in raw/hdd-field-studies/seagate-kb-annualized-workload-rate.txt, which lists Enterprise Capacity under 550 TB/yr and Terascale under 180 TB/yr). Per-model workload ratings belong to ratings-endurance-retention.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2015-desktop-laptop-hdd-workload-rating-55tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its desktop and laptop hard drives for a workload of **55 TB** a year (reads plus writes), its NAS, surveillance and archive drives for 180 TB and its enterprise drives for 300 to 550 TB, and says reliability drops above the limit (Seagate, 2015). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Understanding Reliability Metrics: Guidelines for Determining the Most Suitable HDD for Your Application (Seagate Technology Paper TP683.1-1508US, August 2015), third-party mirror of the Seagate PDF\" (https://www.hwlegend.tech/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/reliability-tp-683-1-1508us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2015-desktop-laptop-hdd-workload-rating-55tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2015-1m-hour-mtbf-does-not-mean-a-century-of-life",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "A 1 million-hour MTBF does not mean a hard drive will run for a century: Seagate says the figure leaves out early and wear-out failures and is 'based more on extrapolation than observation' (Seagate, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000000,
      "unit": "hours MTBF (Seagate's example)",
      "display_value": "1M hours is not a century",
      "display_label": "Seagate, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Global (Seagate product ratings)",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives by segment: client desktop and laptop drives, NAS, surveillance and archive drives, enterprise drives (ratings, not field measurements)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Understanding Reliability Metrics: Guidelines for Determining the Most Suitable HDD for Your Application (Seagate Technology Paper TP683.1-1508US, August 2015), third-party mirror of the Seagate PDF",
      "source_url": "https://www.hwlegend.tech/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/reliability-tp-683-1-1508us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For example, an HDD might carry a 1M-hour MTBF, causing some customers to erroneously assume that the drive should be able to run 24 hours a day for a century or more. Obviously, this is theoretical.",
      "locator": "Section 'Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF): Clarifying a Legacy Metric', p. 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's own copy is no longer at seagate.com (the known paths return 404 and the Wayback Machine was offline on 2026-11-04); this is an unaltered copy of the Seagate PDF on a third-party site (footer: 'TP683.1-1508US, August 2015'). published_at is the month only. The maker's own correction of the 'MTBF = lifespan' misreading behind claims such as '1.5 million hours = 171 years' (for claims-and-restatements). Seagate's worked example: 1,000 drives x 1,000 hours with five failures = a 200,000-hour MTBF. 'early and wear-out failures aren't part of the MTBF rating.' On AFR: 'AFR relies on HDD return numbers' and excludes drives 'returned without issues, those subjected to excessive shock or HDDs that were mishandled.' The MTBF-to-AFR conversion belongs to ratings-endurance-retention.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2015-1m-hour-mtbf-does-not-mean-a-century-of-life",
      "citation_text": "A 1 million-hour MTBF does not mean a hard drive will run for a century: Seagate says the figure leaves out early and wear-out failures and is 'based more on extrapolation than observation' (Seagate, 2015). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Understanding Reliability Metrics: Guidelines for Determining the Most Suitable HDD for Your Application (Seagate Technology Paper TP683.1-1508US, August 2015), third-party mirror of the Seagate PDF\" (https://www.hwlegend.tech/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/reliability-tp-683-1-1508us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2015-1m-hour-mtbf-does-not-mean-a-century-of-life."
    },
    {
      "id": "essex-2026-hgst-hdd-failure-rate-41pct-of-seagate-wd-52pct-toshiba-107pct",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "HGST hard drives failed at about 41% of Seagate's rate and Western Digital's at about 52%, while Toshiba's ran about 7% above Seagate's, holding age, capacity and temperature constant, across 443,156 drives in Backblaze's data centres (University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Holding age and capacity equal, HGST drives failed at about **41%** of Seagate's rate in a 2026 analysis.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 41,
      "unit": "% of Seagate's failure rate (hazard ratio x 100), HGST drives",
      "display_value": "41%",
      "display_label": "University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US and Europe), analysed by the University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University",
      "period": "2013 to the second quarter of 2025",
      "population": "443,156 hard drives from HGST, Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital in Backblaze's public Drive Stats data, 2013 to the second quarter of 2025, more than 1.66 million drive-years; drives running around the clock in Backblaze's storage servers; Backblaze's own failure determination",
      "sample_n": 443156,
      "publisher": "University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University (Christoph Siemroth and Yeomyung Park)",
      "source_title": "Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability? (arXiv:2606.29078v1; IEEE copyright notice, venue not named)",
      "source_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29078",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-06-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST HDD failure rates are the lowest, about 41% of Seagate's. WD HDD failure rates are significantly above HGST's, but still only about 52% of Seagate's.",
      "locator": "Abstract, p. 1; Section V-A 'Manufacturer differences in failure rates' and Table I (hazard ratios), p. 5; Figure 2 (hazard rate by maker and age), p. 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Cox duration (hazard) regression holding drive age (installation year), capacity, form factor and average drive temperature constant; results 'capture short- to medium-term failure rates' (only 0.52% of drives were observed for more than 10 years). 'The Toshiba HDD failure rate is about 107% of Seagate HDDs and hence the highest' (difference from Seagate significant only at the 5% level); 'The HGST to Toshiba differences imply more than a doubling of the failure rate.' Drives of one operator used the same way, so a like-for-like comparison, but data-centre drives, not home drives. Source of XDA's September 2026 '443,000 drive study' claim that one brand fails twice as often (for claims-and-restatements). Backblaze's own model AFRs belong to backblaze-drive-stats.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#essex-2026-hgst-hdd-failure-rate-41pct-of-seagate-wd-52pct-toshiba-107pct",
      "citation_text": "HGST hard drives failed at about 41% of Seagate's rate and Western Digital's at about 52%, while Toshiba's ran about 7% above Seagate's, holding age, capacity and temperature constant, across 443,156 drives in Backblaze's data centres (University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026). Source: University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University (Christoph Siemroth and Yeomyung Park), \"Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability? (arXiv:2606.29078v1; IEEE copyright notice, venue not named)\" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29078). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#essex-2026-hgst-hdd-failure-rate-41pct-of-seagate-wd-52pct-toshiba-107pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "essex-2026-hdd-failure-rate-up-2-1pct-per-degree-celsius",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Each extra 1 °C of average drive temperature raised the failure rate by **2.1%**, or about 23% for 10 °C, across 443,156 hard drives in Backblaze's data centres (University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Each extra 1 °C of drive temperature raised the failure rate by **2.1%**, across 443,156 data-centre drives (University of Essex, 2026).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.1,
      "unit": "% increase in failure rate per 1 °C of average drive temperature (relative, not percentage points)",
      "display_value": "+2.1% per °C",
      "display_label": "University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US and Europe), analysed by the University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University",
      "period": "2013 to the second quarter of 2025",
      "population": "443,156 hard drives from HGST, Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital in Backblaze's public Drive Stats data, 2013 to the second quarter of 2025, more than 1.66 million drive-years; drives running around the clock in Backblaze's storage servers; Backblaze's own failure determination",
      "sample_n": 443156,
      "publisher": "University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University (Christoph Siemroth and Yeomyung Park)",
      "source_title": "Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability? (arXiv:2606.29078v1; IEEE copyright notice, venue not named)",
      "source_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29078",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-06-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The estimated hazard ratio of 1.021 indicates that an additional degree in the average daily temperature increases failure rates by 2.1% (not percentage points).",
      "locator": "Section V-B 'The effect of drive temperatures on failure rates', p. 6; Table I",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Cox duration (hazard) regression holding drive age (installation year), capacity, form factor and average drive temperature constant; results 'capture short- to medium-term failure rates' (only 0.52% of drives were observed for more than 10 years). Worked example in the paper: a drive at 40 °C with a 2% failure rate cooled by 10 °C is predicted to fail at about 1.625%. The inner 90% of average drive temperatures ranged from 22.5 °C to just above 40 °C. Contrast with Google 2007 (cooler drives failed more often in the young age groups) and University of Toronto 2012 (a much weaker, linear effect below 50 °C): temperature findings differ by fleet and method.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#essex-2026-hdd-failure-rate-up-2-1pct-per-degree-celsius",
      "citation_text": "Each extra 1 °C of average drive temperature raised the failure rate by **2.1%**, or about 23% for 10 °C, across 443,156 hard drives in Backblaze's data centres (University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026). Source: University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University (Christoph Siemroth and Yeomyung Park), \"Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability? (arXiv:2606.29078v1; IEEE copyright notice, venue not named)\" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29078). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#essex-2026-hdd-failure-rate-up-2-1pct-per-degree-celsius."
    },
    {
      "id": "essex-2026-hdd-failure-rate-3-4pct-lower-per-extra-terabyte",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Each extra terabyte of capacity lowered the failure rate by **3.4%**, holding age, maker and form factor constant, across 443,156 hard drives in Backblaze's data centres (University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3.4,
      "unit": "% lower failure rate per additional TB of capacity (relative)",
      "display_value": "-3.4% per TB",
      "display_label": "University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Backblaze data centres (US and Europe), analysed by the University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University",
      "period": "2013 to the second quarter of 2025",
      "population": "443,156 hard drives from HGST, Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital in Backblaze's public Drive Stats data, 2013 to the second quarter of 2025, more than 1.66 million drive-years; drives running around the clock in Backblaze's storage servers; Backblaze's own failure determination",
      "sample_n": 443156,
      "publisher": "University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University (Christoph Siemroth and Yeomyung Park)",
      "source_title": "Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability? (arXiv:2606.29078v1; IEEE copyright notice, venue not named)",
      "source_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29078",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-06-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Hence, in this linear approximation, a drive with 1TB higher capacity is predicted to have a 3.4% (not percentage points) lower failure rate.",
      "locator": "Section V-D 'Drive failure rates by age, capacity, and position', p. 7; Table III (hazard ratio of capacity 0.966)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Cox duration (hazard) regression holding drive age (installation year), capacity, form factor and average drive temperature constant; results 'capture short- to medium-term failure rates' (only 0.52% of drives were observed for more than 10 years). The authors: 'modern drives are not only becoming larger in terms of storage volumes, but also more reliable.' Compare NetApp 2007, where larger-capacity models had a higher share of drives with sector errors.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#essex-2026-hdd-failure-rate-3-4pct-lower-per-extra-terabyte",
      "citation_text": "Each extra terabyte of capacity lowered the failure rate by **3.4%**, holding age, maker and form factor constant, across 443,156 hard drives in Backblaze's data centres (University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University, 2026). Source: University of Essex and Sungkyunkwan University (Christoph Siemroth and Yeomyung Park), \"Are There Manufacturer Differences in Hard-Drive Reliability? (arXiv:2606.29078v1; IEEE copyright notice, venue not named)\" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29078). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#essex-2026-hdd-failure-rate-3-4pct-lower-per-extra-terabyte."
    },
    {
      "id": "uchicago-netapp-2016-hdd-slow-0-22pct-of-drive-hours",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "0.22% of the time a hard drive ran at least twice as slow as its peers in the same RAID group, across 458,482 drives in NetApp customer systems (University of Chicago and NetApp, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.22,
      "unit": "% of disk hours with a slowdown ratio of 2 or more",
      "display_value": "0.22%",
      "display_label": "University of Chicago and NetApp, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer deployments (countries not stated)",
      "period": "About 87 days per deployment (before 2016)",
      "population": "458,482 hard drives (and 4,069 SSDs) in RAID groups of NetApp storage systems at customer sites, hourly performance logs over about 87 days on average: 857 million disk hours",
      "sample_n": 458482,
      "publisher": "University of Chicago and NetApp (Mingzhe Hao, Gokul Soundararajan, Deepak Kenchammana-Hosekote, Andrew A. Chien and Haryadi S. Gunawi)",
      "source_title": "The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-hao.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Disks and SSDs are slow (Si ≥ 2) for 0.22% and 0.58% of drive hours in our study.",
      "locator": "Section 1, finding (i), p. 264 (PDF p. 3); Section 4.1.1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'Slow' = a drive's hourly average latency at least twice the median of its RAID group (slowdown ratio 2 or more). A fail-slow (performance) measure, not a failure count; the SSD half of the study belongs to ssd-field-studies. With a 1.5x threshold disks were slow 0.69% of hours. RAID groups of disks had at least one slow drive in 1.5% of hours ('tail hours'). 'more than 95% of slowdown periods cannot be attributed to I/O size or rate imbalance'; 'older disks exhibit more slowdowns'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uchicago-netapp-2016-hdd-slow-0-22pct-of-drive-hours",
      "citation_text": "0.22% of the time a hard drive ran at least twice as slow as its peers in the same RAID group, across 458,482 drives in NetApp customer systems (University of Chicago and NetApp, 2016). Source: University of Chicago and NetApp (Mingzhe Hao, Gokul Soundararajan, Deepak Kenchammana-Hosekote, Andrew A. Chien and Haryadi S. Gunawi), \"The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-hao.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uchicago-netapp-2016-hdd-slow-0-22pct-of-drive-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "uchicago-netapp-2016-26pct-of-hdds-had-at-least-one-slowdown",
      "family": "hdd-field-studies",
      "statement": "26% of hard drives had at least one spell of running twice as slow as their RAID peers in about 87 days, across 458,482 drives in NetApp customer systems (University of Chicago and NetApp, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 26,
      "unit": "% of disks with at least one slowdown occurrence",
      "display_value": "26%",
      "display_label": "University of Chicago and NetApp, 2016",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp customer deployments (countries not stated)",
      "period": "About 87 days per deployment (before 2016)",
      "population": "458,482 hard drives (and 4,069 SSDs) in RAID groups of NetApp storage systems at customer sites, hourly performance logs over about 87 days on average: 857 million disk hours",
      "sample_n": 458482,
      "publisher": "University of Chicago and NetApp (Mingzhe Hao, Gokul Soundararajan, Deepak Kenchammana-Hosekote, Andrew A. Chien and Haryadi S. Gunawi)",
      "source_title": "The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-hao.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Finally, slowdown is widespread in the drive population; our study shows 26% of disks and 29% of SSDs have experienced at least one slowdown occurrence.",
      "locator": "Section 1, finding (iii), p. 264 (PDF p. 3); Section 4.1.4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'Slow' = a drive's hourly average latency at least twice the median of its RAID group (slowdown ratio 2 or more). A fail-slow (performance) measure, not a failure count; the SSD half of the study belongs to ssd-field-studies. 40% of slow disks stayed slow for more than an hour, and 90% of disk slowdowns recurred on the same day as the previous one. Slowdowns were 'silent' (no accompanying drive event) and rarely led to replacement.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uchicago-netapp-2016-26pct-of-hdds-had-at-least-one-slowdown",
      "citation_text": "26% of hard drives had at least one spell of running twice as slow as their RAID peers in about 87 days, across 458,482 drives in NetApp customer systems (University of Chicago and NetApp, 2016). Source: University of Chicago and NetApp (Mingzhe Hao, Gokul Soundararajan, Deepak Kenchammana-Hosekote, Andrew A. Chien and Haryadi S. Gunawi), \"The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments (FAST '16: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-hao.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#uchicago-netapp-2016-26pct-of-hdds-had-at-least-one-slowdown."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2022-990-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung rates the 990 PRO 1 TB SSD for **600 TBW** (terabytes written, the warranty's endurance limit), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Samsung, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung 990 PRO datasheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 (product specification, current in 2026)",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 990 PRO 1 TB (MZ-V9P1T0), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD, TLC V-NAND",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0",
      "source_url": "https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Capacity1) 1TB 2TB ... TBW 600TB 1,200TB Period 5 years limited",
      "locator": "Page 3, Technical Specifications table, Warranty rows (TBW, Period), 1TB column; footnote 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-990-pro-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Footnote 6: 'Warranty provides coverage for the stated time period or the TBW, whichever comes first', and endurance testing complies with JEDEC JESD218. Revision history (Rev 2.0 heatsink sheet) dates Rev 1.0 to October 2022; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-990-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung rates the 990 PRO 1 TB SSD for **600 TBW** (terabytes written, the warranty's endurance limit), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Samsung, 2022). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0\" (https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-990-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2022-990-pro-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung rates the 990 PRO 2 TB SSD for **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written, the warranty's endurance limit), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Samsung, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung 990 PRO datasheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 (product specification, current in 2026)",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 990 PRO 2 TB (MZ-V9P2T0), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD, TLC V-NAND",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0",
      "source_url": "https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Capacity1) 1TB 2TB ... TBW 600TB 1,200TB Period 5 years limited",
      "locator": "Page 3, Technical Specifications table, Warranty rows (TBW, Period), 2TB column; footnote 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-990-pro-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Same terms (5 years or 1,200 TBW) in the Rev 2.0 990 PRO with Heatsink datasheet (June 2023) and on Samsung's warranty page.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-990-pro-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung rates the 990 PRO 2 TB SSD for **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written, the warranty's endurance limit), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Samsung, 2022). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0\" (https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-990-pro-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-990-pro-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 PRO 4 TB SSD for five years or **2,400 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2400,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "2,400 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 990 PRO Series 4 TB, PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "990 PRO Series 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 990 PRO Series, 4TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-990-pro-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 2022 datasheet lists 1 TB and 2 TB only; the 4 TB came later (2023). The warranty page is undated: published_at is the access date. The same row is in the downloadable US warranty statement PDF (Samsung_SSD_Limited_Warranty_English_US_10140202072913.pdf).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-pro-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 PRO 4 TB SSD for five years or **2,400 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-pro-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2022-990-pro-mtbf-1-5-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung rates the 990 PRO SSD at 1.5 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan) (Samsung, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1.5 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "Samsung 990 PRO datasheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 (product specification)",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 990 PRO 1 TB and 2 TB, consumer NVMe SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0",
      "source_url": "https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Vibration Non-Operating 20~2,000Hz, 20G MTBF 1.5 million hours",
      "locator": "Page 3, Technical Specifications table, Reliability block, MTBF row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "An MTBF of 1.5 million hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.58% (8,760 / 1,500,000), see the derived MTBF-to-AFR records; it does not mean a drive lasts 171 years.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-990-pro-mtbf-1-5-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Samsung rates the 990 PRO SSD at 1.5 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan) (Samsung, 2022). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0\" (https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2022-990-pro-mtbf-1-5-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 EVO Plus 1 TB SSD for five years or **600 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 990 EVO Plus 1 TB, PCIe 4.0/5.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "990 EVO Plus 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 990 EVO Plus, 1TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-990-evo-plus-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The warranty page is undated: published_at is the access date. Same rows in the US warranty statement PDF.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 EVO Plus 1 TB SSD for five years or **600 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 EVO Plus 2 TB SSD for five years or **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 990 EVO Plus 2 TB, PCIe 4.0/5.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "990 EVO Plus 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 990 EVO Plus, 2TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-990-evo-plus-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The warranty page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 EVO Plus 2 TB SSD for five years or **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 EVO Plus 4 TB SSD for five years or **2,400 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2400,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "2,400 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 990 EVO Plus 4 TB, PCIe 4.0/5.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "990 EVO Plus 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 990 EVO Plus, 4TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-990-evo-plus-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The warranty page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 EVO Plus 4 TB SSD for five years or **2,400 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-evo-plus-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-9100-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 9100 PRO 1 TB SSD for five years or **600 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 9100 PRO Series 1 TB, PCIe 5.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "9100 PRO Series 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW 8TB 5 years or 4,800 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 9100 PRO Series, 1TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-9100-pro-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The 9100 PRO rows are on the live warranty page but not in the downloadable US PDF (10140202072913), which predates the 9100 PRO. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-9100-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 9100 PRO 1 TB SSD for five years or **600 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-9100-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-9100-pro-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 9100 PRO 2 TB SSD for five years or **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 9100 PRO Series 2 TB, PCIe 5.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "9100 PRO Series 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW 8TB 5 years or 4,800 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 9100 PRO Series, 2TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-9100-pro-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-9100-pro-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 9100 PRO 2 TB SSD for five years or **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-9100-pro-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-9100-pro-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 9100 PRO 4 TB SSD for five years or **2,400 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2400,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "2,400 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 9100 PRO Series 4 TB, PCIe 5.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "9100 PRO Series 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW 8TB 5 years or 4,800 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 9100 PRO Series, 4TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-9100-pro-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-9100-pro-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 9100 PRO 4 TB SSD for five years or **2,400 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-9100-pro-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-9100-pro-8tb-rated-endurance-4800-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 9100 PRO 8 TB SSD for five years or **4,800 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4800,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "4,800 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 9100 PRO Series 8 TB, PCIe 5.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "9100 PRO Series 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW 8TB 5 years or 4,800 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 9100 PRO Series, 8TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-9100-pro-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-9100-pro-8tb-rated-endurance-4800-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 9100 PRO 8 TB SSD for five years or **4,800 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-9100-pro-8tb-rated-endurance-4800-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-870-evo-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 870 EVO 1 TB SATA SSD for five years or **600 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 870 EVO 1 TB, 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "870 EVO 250GB 5 years or 150 TB TBW 500GB 5 years or 300 TB TBW 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 870 EVO, 1TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-870-evo-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The same TBW figures (150TB to 2,400TB, 5 year limited) are in the 870 EVO Data Sheet Rev 1.1 (January 2021). The SATA 870 EVO carries the same TBW per terabyte as the NVMe 990 PRO. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-870-evo-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 870 EVO 1 TB SATA SSD for five years or **600 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-870-evo-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-870-evo-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 870 EVO 2 TB SATA SSD for five years or **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 870 EVO 2 TB, 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "870 EVO 250GB 5 years or 150 TB TBW 500GB 5 years or 300 TB TBW 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 870 EVO, 2TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-870-evo-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The same TBW figures (150TB to 2,400TB, 5 year limited) are in the 870 EVO Data Sheet Rev 1.1 (January 2021). The SATA 870 EVO carries the same TBW per terabyte as the NVMe 990 PRO. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-870-evo-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 870 EVO 2 TB SATA SSD for five years or **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-870-evo-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-870-evo-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 870 EVO 4 TB SATA SSD for five years or **2,400 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2400,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "2,400 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 870 EVO 4 TB, 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "870 EVO 250GB 5 years or 150 TB TBW 500GB 5 years or 300 TB TBW 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 870 EVO, 4TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-870-evo-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The same TBW figures (150TB to 2,400TB, 5 year limited) are in the 870 EVO Data Sheet Rev 1.1 (January 2021). The SATA 870 EVO carries the same TBW per terabyte as the NVMe 990 PRO. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-870-evo-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 870 EVO 4 TB SATA SSD for five years or **2,400 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-870-evo-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2021-870-evo-mtbf-1-5-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung rates the 870 EVO SATA SSD at 1.5 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan) (Samsung, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1.5 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification)",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 870 EVO, 250 GB to 4 TB, 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD (3-bit MLC, i.e. TLC, V-NAND)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung SSD 870 EVO Data Sheet, Revision 1.1",
      "source_url": "https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_SSD_870_EVO_Data_Sheet_Rev1.1_230509_10129500053000.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Vibration Non- Operating 20~2,000Hz, 20G MTBF 1.5 million hours Warranty TBW 5) 150TB 300TB 600TB 1,200TB 2,400TB Period 5 year limited",
      "locator": "Page 3, Technical Specifications table, Reliability block (MTBF) and Warranty rows; revision history page 5",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Revision history: 1.0 Initial Release November 2020; 1.1 January 2021 (month only; day set to 01). Same 1.5 million hours as the NVMe 990 PRO, so Samsung's MTBF rating does not separate SATA from NVMe.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2021-870-evo-mtbf-1-5-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Samsung rates the 870 EVO SATA SSD at 1.5 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan) (Samsung, 2021). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung SSD 870 EVO Data Sheet, Revision 1.1\" (https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_SSD_870_EVO_Data_Sheet_Rev1.1_230509_10129500053000.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2021-870-evo-mtbf-1-5-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-850-pro-10-year-warranty-300-tbw-1tb",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covered its older 850 PRO SATA SSD for **ten years**, with a limit of 300 TBW for the 512 GB and 1 TB models, whichever came first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty (the maker's term)",
      "display_value": "10 years",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 850 PRO Series, 128 GB to 4 TB, older SATA consumer SSD (no longer current)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "850 PRO Series 128GB/256GB 10 years or 150 TB TBW 512GB/1TB 10 years or 300 TB TBW 2TB 10 years or 450 TB TBW 4TB 10 years or 600 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 850 PRO Series",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "samsung-warranty-years-by-generation",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Historical product still listed in Samsung's warranty table. The ten-year term is the longest in the table; every current Samsung consumer SSD has five years (990 PRO, 990 EVO Plus, 9100 PRO, 870 EVO) or three (870 QVO).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-850-pro-10-year-warranty-300-tbw-1tb",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covered its older 850 PRO SATA SSD for **ten years**, with a limit of 300 TBW for the 512 GB and 1 TB models, whichever came first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-850-pro-10-year-warranty-300-tbw-1tb."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-860-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covered its older 860 PRO 1 TB SATA SSD for five years or **1,200 TBW**, twice the 600 TBW of today's 1 TB 990 PRO (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 860 PRO 1 TB, older SATA consumer SSD (no longer current)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "860 PRO 256GB 5 years or 300 TB TBW 512GB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 1TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 2,400 TB TBW 4TB 5 years or 4,800 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 860 PRO, 1TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Comparison with the 990 PRO 1 TB (600 TBW) uses the same Samsung table. Per terabyte, the 860 PRO was rated for 1,200 TBW, Samsung's current EVO and PRO drives (870 EVO, 990 PRO, 9100 PRO) for 600 TBW and the QLC 870 QVO for 360 TBW. The 860 PRO used 2-bit MLC flash (general knowledge, not stated on this page; the 870 EVO datasheet calls its flash '3bit MLC').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-860-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covered its older 860 PRO 1 TB SATA SSD for five years or **1,200 TBW**, twice the 600 TBW of today's 1 TB 990 PRO (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-860-pro-1tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-870-qvo-1tb-rated-endurance-360-tbw-3-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 870 QVO 1 TB SATA SSD (QLC flash) for three years or **360 TBW**, against five years or 600 TBW for the 1 TB 870 EVO (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 360,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "360 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 870 QVO 1 TB, 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD (QLC flash, Samsung's QVO line)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "870 QVO 1TB 3 years or 360 TB TBW 2TB 3 years or 720 TB TBW 4TB 3 years or 1440 TB TBW 8TB 3 years or 2880 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 870 QVO, 1TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "QLC = four bits per cell (Samsung's QVO line). The 870 QVO 8 TB is rated 2,880 TBW over three years. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-870-qvo-1tb-rated-endurance-360-tbw-3-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 870 QVO 1 TB SATA SSD (QLC flash) for three years or **360 TBW**, against five years or 600 TBW for the 1 TB 870 EVO (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-870-qvo-1tb-rated-endurance-360-tbw-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD_BLACK SN850X 1 TB for **600 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Sandisk WD_BLACK SN850X specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD_BLACK SN850X 1 TB (WDS100T2X0E, without heatsink), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk (WD_BLACK SSDs, formerly Western Digital)",
      "source_title": "WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-black-sn850x-nvme-ssd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Warranty 5-Year Limited Warranty Endurance (TBW) 600units Dimensions (L x W x H) 3.15\" x 0.87\" x 0.09\" Weight 7.5gms Model Number WDS100T2X0E",
      "locator": "Specifications section for model WDS100T2X0E (capacity 1TB): Warranty and Endurance (TBW) rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wd-black-sn850x-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "westerndigital.com product pages now redirect to sandisk.com (Western Digital spun off its flash business as Sandisk in 2025). The page renders the TBW value with a 'units' suffix. The heatsink models carry the same TBW. Sandisk's SN850X datasheet (July 2025, documents.sandisk.com, raw mtbf-wd-black-sn850x-datasheet) gives the same TBW column (600 to 4,800) and says in footnote 5 that 'TBW [terabytes written] values calculated using JEDEC client workload [JESD219]' and in footnote 6 '5 years or Max Endurance [TBW] limit, whichever occurs first'. Neither the page nor the datasheet gives an MTBF. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD_BLACK SN850X 1 TB for **600 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk (WD_BLACK SSDs, formerly Western Digital), \"WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-black-sn850x-nvme-ssd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD_BLACK SN850X 2 TB for **1,200 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Sandisk WD_BLACK SN850X specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD_BLACK SN850X 2 TB (WDS200T2X0E, without heatsink), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk (WD_BLACK SSDs, formerly Western Digital)",
      "source_title": "WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-black-sn850x-nvme-ssd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Warranty 5-Year Limited Warranty Endurance (TBW) 1200units Dimensions (L x W x H) 3.15\" x 0.87\" x 0.09\" Weight 7.5gms Model Number WDS200T2X0E",
      "locator": "Specifications section for model WDS200T2X0E (capacity 2TB): Warranty and Endurance (TBW) rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wd-black-sn850x-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "westerndigital.com product pages now redirect to sandisk.com (Western Digital spun off its flash business as Sandisk in 2025). The page renders the TBW value with a 'units' suffix. The heatsink models carry the same TBW. Sandisk's SN850X datasheet (July 2025, documents.sandisk.com, raw mtbf-wd-black-sn850x-datasheet) gives the same TBW column (600 to 4,800) and says in footnote 5 that 'TBW [terabytes written] values calculated using JEDEC client workload [JESD219]' and in footnote 6 '5 years or Max Endurance [TBW] limit, whichever occurs first'. Neither the page nor the datasheet gives an MTBF. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD_BLACK SN850X 2 TB for **1,200 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk (WD_BLACK SSDs, formerly Western Digital), \"WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-black-sn850x-nvme-ssd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD_BLACK SN850X 4 TB for **2,400 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2400,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "2,400 TBW",
      "display_label": "Sandisk WD_BLACK SN850X specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD_BLACK SN850X 4 TB (WDS400T2X0E, without heatsink), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk (WD_BLACK SSDs, formerly Western Digital)",
      "source_title": "WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-black-sn850x-nvme-ssd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Warranty 5-Year Limited Warranty Endurance (TBW) 2400units Dimensions (L x W x H) 3.15\" x 0.87\" x 0.09\" Weight 7.5gms Model Number WDS400T2X0E",
      "locator": "Specifications section for model WDS400T2X0E (capacity 4TB): Warranty and Endurance (TBW) rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wd-black-sn850x-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "westerndigital.com product pages now redirect to sandisk.com (Western Digital spun off its flash business as Sandisk in 2025). The page renders the TBW value with a 'units' suffix. The heatsink models carry the same TBW. Sandisk's SN850X datasheet (July 2025, documents.sandisk.com, raw mtbf-wd-black-sn850x-datasheet) gives the same TBW column (600 to 4,800) and says in footnote 5 that 'TBW [terabytes written] values calculated using JEDEC client workload [JESD219]' and in footnote 6 '5 years or Max Endurance [TBW] limit, whichever occurs first'. Neither the page nor the datasheet gives an MTBF. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD_BLACK SN850X 4 TB for **2,400 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk (WD_BLACK SSDs, formerly Western Digital), \"WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-black-sn850x-nvme-ssd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-4tb-rated-endurance-2400-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-8tb-rated-endurance-4800-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD_BLACK SN850X 8 TB for **4,800 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4800,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "4,800 TBW",
      "display_label": "Sandisk WD_BLACK SN850X specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD_BLACK SN850X 8 TB (WDS800T2X0E, without heatsink), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk (WD_BLACK SSDs, formerly Western Digital)",
      "source_title": "WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-black-sn850x-nvme-ssd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Warranty 5-Year Limited Warranty Endurance (TBW) 4800units Dimensions (L x W x H) 3.15\" x 0.87\" x 0.15\" Weight 8.6gms Model Number WDS800T2X0E",
      "locator": "Specifications section for model WDS800T2X0E (capacity 8TB): Warranty and Endurance (TBW) rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wd-black-sn850x-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "westerndigital.com product pages now redirect to sandisk.com (Western Digital spun off its flash business as Sandisk in 2025). The page renders the TBW value with a 'units' suffix. The heatsink models carry the same TBW. Sandisk's SN850X datasheet (July 2025, documents.sandisk.com, raw mtbf-wd-black-sn850x-datasheet) gives the same TBW column (600 to 4,800) and says in footnote 5 that 'TBW [terabytes written] values calculated using JEDEC client workload [JESD219]' and in footnote 6 '5 years or Max Endurance [TBW] limit, whichever occurs first'. Neither the page nor the datasheet gives an MTBF. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-8tb-rated-endurance-4800-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD_BLACK SN850X 8 TB for **4,800 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk (WD_BLACK SSDs, formerly Western Digital), \"WD_BLACK SN850X NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-black-sn850x-nvme-ssd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-black-sn850x-8tb-rated-endurance-4800-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD Blue SN5000 1 TB for **600 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Sandisk WD Blue SN5000 specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD Blue SN5000 1 TB (WDS100T4B0E), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk (WD Blue SSDs, formerly Western Digital)",
      "source_title": "WD Blue SN5000 NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-blue-sn5000-nvme-ssd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Warranty 5-Year Limited Warranty Endurance (TBW) 600units",
      "locator": "Specifications section for model WDS100T4B0E (capacity 1TB): Warranty and Endurance (TBW) rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wd-blue-sn5000-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The SN5000's rating does not scale with capacity above 1 TB: 2 TB is rated 900 TBW and 4 TB 1,200 TBW (500 GB: 300 TBW), so per terabyte the 4 TB has half the rated endurance of the 1 TB. A rating, not a lifespan. The page does not name the flash type.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD Blue SN5000 1 TB for **600 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk (WD Blue SSDs, formerly Western Digital), \"WD Blue SN5000 NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-blue-sn5000-nvme-ssd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-2tb-rated-endurance-900-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD Blue SN5000 2 TB for **900 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 900,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "900 TBW",
      "display_label": "Sandisk WD Blue SN5000 specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD Blue SN5000 2 TB (WDS200T4B0E), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk (WD Blue SSDs, formerly Western Digital)",
      "source_title": "WD Blue SN5000 NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-blue-sn5000-nvme-ssd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Warranty 5-Year Limited Warranty Endurance (TBW) 900units",
      "locator": "Specifications section for model WDS200T4B0E (capacity 2TB): Warranty and Endurance (TBW) rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wd-blue-sn5000-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The SN5000's rating does not scale with capacity above 1 TB: 2 TB is rated 900 TBW and 4 TB 1,200 TBW (500 GB: 300 TBW), so per terabyte the 4 TB has half the rated endurance of the 1 TB. A rating, not a lifespan. The page does not name the flash type.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-2tb-rated-endurance-900-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD Blue SN5000 2 TB for **900 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk (WD Blue SSDs, formerly Western Digital), \"WD Blue SN5000 NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-blue-sn5000-nvme-ssd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-2tb-rated-endurance-900-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-4tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD Blue SN5000 4 TB for **1,200 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Sandisk WD Blue SN5000 specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD Blue SN5000 4 TB (WDS400T4B0E), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk (WD Blue SSDs, formerly Western Digital)",
      "source_title": "WD Blue SN5000 NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-blue-sn5000-nvme-ssd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Warranty 5-Year Limited Warranty Endurance (TBW) 1200units",
      "locator": "Specifications section for model WDS400T4B0E (capacity 4TB): Warranty and Endurance (TBW) rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wd-blue-sn5000-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The SN5000's rating does not scale with capacity above 1 TB: 2 TB is rated 900 TBW and 4 TB 1,200 TBW (500 GB: 300 TBW), so per terabyte the 4 TB has half the rated endurance of the 1 TB. A rating, not a lifespan. The page does not name the flash type.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-4tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk (formerly Western Digital) rates the WD Blue SN5000 4 TB for **1,200 TBW** of endurance (terabytes written) under a five-year limited warranty (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk (WD Blue SSDs, formerly Western Digital), \"WD Blue SN5000 NVMe SSD | Sandisk (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.sandisk.com/products/ssd/internal-ssd/wd-blue-sn5000-nvme-ssd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-wd-blue-sn5000-4tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-t500-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial (Micron) rates the T500 1 TB SSD for **600 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Crucial T500 specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "Crucial T500 1 TB (CT1000T500SSD8), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial T500 1TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT1000T500SSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/ssd/t500/CT1000T500SSD8",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "\"name\":\"SSD Endurance (TBW)\",\"id\":\"ssd_endurance\",\"value\":\"600TB\"",
      "locator": "Specifications tab, 'SSD Endurance (TBW)' and 'Warranty' (Limited 5-year) rows, as embedded in the page's product-spec JSON; footnote on warranty: 'five years ... or before writing the maximum total bytes written (TBW) ... whichever comes first'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "crucial-t500-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The T500 4 TB page (CT4000T500SSD8) returns 404 on crucial.com in November 2026. Spec values are in the page's embedded JSON (the Specifications tab), saved verbatim in raw. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-t500-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial (Micron) rates the T500 1 TB SSD for **600 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial T500 1TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT1000T500SSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)\" (https://www.crucial.com/ssd/t500/CT1000T500SSD8). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-t500-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-t500-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial (Micron) rates the T500 2 TB SSD for **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Crucial T500 specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "Crucial T500 2 TB (CT2000T500SSD8), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial T500 2TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT2000T500SSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/ssd/t500/CT2000T500SSD8",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "\"name\":\"SSD Endurance (TBW)\",\"id\":\"ssd_endurance\",\"value\":\"1200TB\"",
      "locator": "Specifications tab, 'SSD Endurance (TBW)' and 'Warranty' (Limited 5-year) rows, as embedded in the page's product-spec JSON; footnote on warranty: 'five years ... or before writing the maximum total bytes written (TBW) ... whichever comes first'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "crucial-t500-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The T500 4 TB page (CT4000T500SSD8) returns 404 on crucial.com in November 2026. Spec values are in the page's embedded JSON (the Specifications tab), saved verbatim in raw. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-t500-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial (Micron) rates the T500 2 TB SSD for **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial T500 2TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT2000T500SSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)\" (https://www.crucial.com/ssd/t500/CT2000T500SSD8). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-t500-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-p3-plus-1tb-rated-endurance-220-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial (Micron) rates the P3 Plus 1 TB SSD for **220 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 220,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "220 TBW",
      "display_label": "Crucial P3 Plus specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "Crucial P3 Plus 1 TB (CT1000P3PSSD8), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial P3 Plus 1TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT1000P3PSSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/ssd/p3plus/CT1000P3PSSD8",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "\"name\":\"SSD Endurance (TBW)\",\"id\":\"ssd_endurance\",\"value\":\"220TB\"",
      "locator": "Specifications tab, 'SSD Endurance (TBW)' and 'Warranty' (Limited 5-year) rows, as embedded in the page's product-spec JSON; footnote on warranty: 'five years ... or before writing the maximum total bytes written (TBW) ... whichever comes first'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "crucial-p3-plus-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The P3 Plus is rated at about a third of the T500's endurance per terabyte (220 against 600 TBW at 1 TB), both with five years. Spec values are in the page's embedded JSON (the Specifications tab), saved verbatim in raw. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-p3-plus-1tb-rated-endurance-220-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial (Micron) rates the P3 Plus 1 TB SSD for **220 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial P3 Plus 1TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT1000P3PSSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)\" (https://www.crucial.com/ssd/p3plus/CT1000P3PSSD8). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-p3-plus-1tb-rated-endurance-220-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-p3-plus-2tb-rated-endurance-440-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial (Micron) rates the P3 Plus 2 TB SSD for **440 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 440,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "440 TBW",
      "display_label": "Crucial P3 Plus specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "Crucial P3 Plus 2 TB (CT2000P3PSSD8), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial P3 Plus 2TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT2000P3PSSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/ssd/p3plus/CT2000P3PSSD8",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "\"name\":\"SSD Endurance (TBW)\",\"id\":\"ssd_endurance\",\"value\":\"440TB\"",
      "locator": "Specifications tab, 'SSD Endurance (TBW)' and 'Warranty' (Limited 5-year) rows, as embedded in the page's product-spec JSON; footnote on warranty: 'five years ... or before writing the maximum total bytes written (TBW) ... whichever comes first'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "crucial-p3-plus-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The P3 Plus is rated at about a third of the T500's endurance per terabyte (220 against 600 TBW at 1 TB), both with five years. Spec values are in the page's embedded JSON (the Specifications tab), saved verbatim in raw. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-p3-plus-2tb-rated-endurance-440-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial (Micron) rates the P3 Plus 2 TB SSD for **440 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial P3 Plus 2TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT2000P3PSSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)\" (https://www.crucial.com/ssd/p3plus/CT2000P3PSSD8). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-p3-plus-2tb-rated-endurance-440-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-p3-plus-4tb-rated-endurance-800-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial (Micron) rates the P3 Plus 4 TB SSD for **800 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 800,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "800 TBW",
      "display_label": "Crucial P3 Plus specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "Crucial P3 Plus 4 TB (CT4000P3PSSD8), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial P3 Plus 4TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT4000P3PSSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/ssd/p3plus/CT4000P3PSSD8",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "\"name\":\"SSD Endurance (TBW)\",\"id\":\"ssd_endurance\",\"value\":\"800TB\"",
      "locator": "Specifications tab, 'SSD Endurance (TBW)' and 'Warranty' (Limited 5-year) rows, as embedded in the page's product-spec JSON; footnote on warranty: 'five years ... or before writing the maximum total bytes written (TBW) ... whichever comes first'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "crucial-p3-plus-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The P3 Plus is rated at about a third of the T500's endurance per terabyte (220 against 600 TBW at 1 TB), both with five years. Spec values are in the page's embedded JSON (the Specifications tab), saved verbatim in raw. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-p3-plus-4tb-rated-endurance-800-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial (Micron) rates the P3 Plus 4 TB SSD for **800 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year limited warranty that ends at whichever limit comes first (Crucial, 2026). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial P3 Plus 4TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT4000P3PSSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab)\" (https://www.crucial.com/ssd/p3plus/CT4000P3PSSD8). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-p3-plus-4tb-rated-endurance-800-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2025-nv3-1tb-rated-endurance-320-tbw",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston rates the NV3 1 TB SSD for **320 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 320,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "320 TBW",
      "display_label": "Kingston NV3 datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Kingston NV3 1 TB (SNV3S), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 2280 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Endurance (Total Bytes Written)4 500GB – 160TB 1TB – 320TB 2TB – 640TB 4TB – 1280TB",
      "locator": "Page 1, Specifications M.2 2280 table, 'Endurance (Total Bytes Written)' row; footnote 4 ('derived from the JEDEC Client Workload (JESD219A)'); 'Warranty/Support' row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "kingston-nv3-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Datasheet code MKD-06162025 (16 June 2025), PDF created 2025-06-20. Footnote 5: the warranty is '5 years or Percentage Used' (the NVMe wear indicator reaching 100). The NV3 is rated at about half the TBW per terabyte of Samsung's or WD's TLC drives. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-1tb-rated-endurance-320-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates the NV3 1 TB SSD for **320 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2025). Source: Kingston Technology, \"NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)\" (https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-1tb-rated-endurance-320-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2025-nv3-2tb-rated-endurance-640-tbw",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston rates the NV3 2 TB SSD for **640 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 640,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "640 TBW",
      "display_label": "Kingston NV3 datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Kingston NV3 2 TB (SNV3S), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 2280 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Endurance (Total Bytes Written)4 500GB – 160TB 1TB – 320TB 2TB – 640TB 4TB – 1280TB",
      "locator": "Page 1, Specifications M.2 2280 table, 'Endurance (Total Bytes Written)' row; footnote 4 ('derived from the JEDEC Client Workload (JESD219A)'); 'Warranty/Support' row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "kingston-nv3-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Datasheet code MKD-06162025 (16 June 2025), PDF created 2025-06-20. Footnote 5: the warranty is '5 years or Percentage Used' (the NVMe wear indicator reaching 100). The NV3 is rated at about half the TBW per terabyte of Samsung's or WD's TLC drives. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-2tb-rated-endurance-640-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates the NV3 2 TB SSD for **640 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2025). Source: Kingston Technology, \"NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)\" (https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-2tb-rated-endurance-640-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2025-nv3-4tb-rated-endurance-1280-tbw",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston rates the NV3 4 TB SSD for **1,280 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1280,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,280 TBW",
      "display_label": "Kingston NV3 datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Kingston NV3 4 TB (SNV3S), PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 2280 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Endurance (Total Bytes Written)4 500GB – 160TB 1TB – 320TB 2TB – 640TB 4TB – 1280TB",
      "locator": "Page 1, Specifications M.2 2280 table, 'Endurance (Total Bytes Written)' row; footnote 4 ('derived from the JEDEC Client Workload (JESD219A)'); 'Warranty/Support' row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "kingston-nv3-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Datasheet code MKD-06162025 (16 June 2025), PDF created 2025-06-20. Footnote 5: the warranty is '5 years or Percentage Used' (the NVMe wear indicator reaching 100). The NV3 is rated at about half the TBW per terabyte of Samsung's or WD's TLC drives. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-4tb-rated-endurance-1280-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates the NV3 4 TB SSD for **1,280 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2025). Source: Kingston Technology, \"NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)\" (https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-4tb-rated-endurance-1280-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2025-nv3-mtbf-2-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston rates the NV3 SSD at 2,000,000 hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan) (Kingston, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2000000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2,000,000 hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "Kingston NV3 datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Kingston NV3 500 GB to 4 TB, PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Vibration non-operating 20G (10-1000Hz) MTBF 2,000,000 hours Warranty/Support5 Limited 5-year warranty with free technical support",
      "locator": "Page 1, Specifications M.2 2280 table, MTBF and Warranty/Support rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The NV3's MTBF (2.0 million hours) is higher than the 990 PRO's (1.5 million) although its TBW rating is about half: MTBF and TBW measure different things and neither is a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-mtbf-2-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates the NV3 SSD at 2,000,000 hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan) (Kingston, 2025). Source: Kingston Technology, \"NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)\" (https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-mtbf-2-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2025-nv3-tbw-derived-from-jedec-client-workload-jesd219a",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston states that the NV3's TBW rating is derived from the **JEDEC Client Workload (JESD219A)**, and that its five-year warranty also ends when the drive's Percentage Used indicator reaches 100 (Kingston, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "definition (how the maker derives the TBW rating)",
      "display_value": "JESD219A",
      "display_label": "Kingston NV3 datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Kingston NV3 consumer NVMe SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total Bytes Written (TBW) is derived from the JEDEC Client Workload (JESD219A). 5. Limited warranty based on 5 years or “Percentage Used”",
      "locator": "Page 2, footnotes 4 and 5",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Samsung's datasheets likewise say endurance results comply with JESD218 (990 PRO footnote 6). See the JEDEC records (group D) for what JESD218/219 define.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-tbw-derived-from-jedec-client-workload-jesd219a",
      "citation_text": "Kingston states that the NV3's TBW rating is derived from the **JEDEC Client Workload (JESD219A)**, and that its five-year warranty also ends when the drive's Percentage Used indicator reaches 100 (Kingston, 2025). Source: Kingston Technology, \"NV3 PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD 500GB - 4TB, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06162025)\" (https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/snv3s_us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2025-nv3-tbw-derived-from-jedec-client-workload-jesd219a."
    },
    {
      "id": "skhynix-platinum-p41-1tb-rated-endurance-750-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "SK hynix rates the Platinum P41 1 TB SSD for up to **750 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year warranty (SK hynix, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 750,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "750 TBW",
      "display_label": "SK hynix Platinum P41 specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "SK hynix Platinum P41 1 TB, PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD (176-layer NAND)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "SK hynix",
      "source_title": "Platinum P41 SSD - SK hynix SSD (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://ssd.skhynix.com/platinum_p41/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "TBW (up to) 2TB 1,200 TBW 1TB 750 TBW 500GB 500 TBW Reliability MTBF : 1.5M hours",
      "locator": "Specifications table, 'TBW (up to)' row; 'Platinum Tier Durability' paragraph (5-year warranty)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "skhynix-platinum-p41-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The P41's 500 GB model is rated 500 TBW, the highest TBW per terabyte among the current consumer drives recorded here (1,000 TBW per TB). The page's warranty sentence: 'each one is given our SK hynix guaranteed 5-year warranty'. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#skhynix-platinum-p41-1tb-rated-endurance-750-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "SK hynix rates the Platinum P41 1 TB SSD for up to **750 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year warranty (SK hynix, 2026). Source: SK hynix, \"Platinum P41 SSD - SK hynix SSD (product page, Specifications)\" (https://ssd.skhynix.com/platinum_p41/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#skhynix-platinum-p41-1tb-rated-endurance-750-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "skhynix-platinum-p41-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "SK hynix rates the Platinum P41 2 TB SSD for up to **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year warranty (SK hynix, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "SK hynix Platinum P41 specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "SK hynix Platinum P41 2 TB, PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD (176-layer NAND)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "SK hynix",
      "source_title": "Platinum P41 SSD - SK hynix SSD (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://ssd.skhynix.com/platinum_p41/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "TBW (up to) 2TB 1,200 TBW 1TB 750 TBW 500GB 500 TBW Reliability MTBF : 1.5M hours",
      "locator": "Specifications table, 'TBW (up to)' row; 'Platinum Tier Durability' paragraph (5-year warranty)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "skhynix-platinum-p41-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The P41's 500 GB model is rated 500 TBW, the highest TBW per terabyte among the current consumer drives recorded here (1,000 TBW per TB). The page's warranty sentence: 'each one is given our SK hynix guaranteed 5-year warranty'. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#skhynix-platinum-p41-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "SK hynix rates the Platinum P41 2 TB SSD for up to **1,200 TBW** (terabytes written), with a five-year warranty (SK hynix, 2026). Source: SK hynix, \"Platinum P41 SSD - SK hynix SSD (product page, Specifications)\" (https://ssd.skhynix.com/platinum_p41/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#skhynix-platinum-p41-2tb-rated-endurance-1200-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "skhynix-platinum-p41-mtbf-1-5-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "SK hynix rates the Platinum P41 SSD at 1.5 million hours MTBF and a bit error rate of 1 error in 10^15 bits transferred (SK hynix, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1.5 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "SK hynix Platinum P41 specifications, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification as published in 2026",
      "population": "SK hynix Platinum P41 500 GB to 2 TB, PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "SK hynix",
      "source_title": "Platinum P41 SSD - SK hynix SSD (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://ssd.skhynix.com/platinum_p41/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Reliability MTBF : 1.5M hours BER : 1 error in 10 15 bits transferred",
      "locator": "Specifications table, Reliability row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'10 15' in the page text is 10 to the 15th power (superscript lost in extraction).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#skhynix-platinum-p41-mtbf-1-5-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "SK hynix rates the Platinum P41 SSD at 1.5 million hours MTBF and a bit error rate of 1 error in 10^15 bits transferred (SK hynix, 2026). Source: SK hynix, \"Platinum P41 SSD - SK hynix SSD (product page, Specifications)\" (https://ssd.skhynix.com/platinum_p41/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#skhynix-platinum-p41-mtbf-1-5-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "micron-2026-7450-pro-enterprise-ssd-1-drive-write-per-day",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Micron rates its 7450 PRO data-centre SSD (read-intensive) for **1 drive write per day**, and its datasheet rates the 3.84 TB E1.S model for 7,300 TBW, against 600 to 1,200 TBW for 1 to 2 TB consumer drives (Micron, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "drive writes per day (DWPD), rated endurance over the warranty (the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1 DWPD",
      "display_label": "Micron 7450 product brief, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification (brief dated 2026)",
      "population": "Micron 7450 PRO E1.S and M.2 enterprise NVMe SSDs (960 GB to 7.68 TB), 176-layer TLC NAND",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Micron Technology",
      "source_title": "Micron 7450 SSD with NVMe Product Brief",
      "source_url": "https://assets.micron.com/adobe/assets/urn:aaid:aem:e71d9e5e-58c1-43cb-94fd-5b0c023e9150/renditions/original/as/7450-nvme-ssd-product-brief.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "7450 PRO: E1.S Read-Intensive, 1 Drive Write per Day 7450 MAX: E1.S Mixed-Use, 3 Drive Writes per Day ... Endurance (total bytes written in TB)9 1,700 3,650 7,300 14,000 4,300 8,700 17,500 35,000",
      "locator": "Page 3, 'Micron 7450 SSD key specifications', E1.S table: header and Endurance row (columns 960GB, 1.92TB, 3.84TB, 7.68TB for PRO; 800GB to 6.4TB for MAX)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "enterprise-ssd-dwpd",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Footnote 9: 'Actual lifetime will vary by workload. Total bytes written calculated assuming drive is 100% full (user capacity) with workload of 100% random aligned 4KB.' PDF creation date 2026-02-03 used as published_at. The comparison with consumer drives is ours, from the records of this file.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#micron-2026-7450-pro-enterprise-ssd-1-drive-write-per-day",
      "citation_text": "Micron rates its 7450 PRO data-centre SSD (read-intensive) for **1 drive write per day**, and its datasheet rates the 3.84 TB E1.S model for 7,300 TBW, against 600 to 1,200 TBW for 1 to 2 TB consumer drives (Micron, 2026). Source: Micron Technology, \"Micron 7450 SSD with NVMe Product Brief\" (https://assets.micron.com/adobe/assets/urn:aaid:aem:e71d9e5e-58c1-43cb-94fd-5b0c023e9150/renditions/original/as/7450-nvme-ssd-product-brief.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#micron-2026-7450-pro-enterprise-ssd-1-drive-write-per-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "micron-2026-7450-max-enterprise-ssd-3-drive-writes-per-day",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Micron rates its 7450 MAX data-centre SSD (mixed-use) for **3 drive writes per day**, 35,000 TBW for the 6.4 TB E1.S model, with a five-year warranty (Micron, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "drive writes per day (DWPD), rated endurance over the warranty (the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "3 DWPD",
      "display_label": "Micron 7450 product brief, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Product specification (brief dated 2026)",
      "population": "Micron 7450 MAX E1.S and M.2 enterprise NVMe SSDs (400 GB to 6.4 TB), 176-layer TLC NAND",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Micron Technology",
      "source_title": "Micron 7450 SSD with NVMe Product Brief",
      "source_url": "https://assets.micron.com/adobe/assets/urn:aaid:aem:e71d9e5e-58c1-43cb-94fd-5b0c023e9150/renditions/original/as/7450-nvme-ssd-product-brief.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "7450 MAX: E1.S Mixed-Use, 3 Drive Writes per Day ... Reliability MTBF 2 million device hours UBER <1 sector per 1017 bits read Warranty 5 years",
      "locator": "Page 3, E1.S table header; 'Micron 7450 SSD: Common Features' (Reliability, Warranty)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "enterprise-ssd-dwpd",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Common features: MTBF 2 million device hours; UBER below 1 sector per 10^17 bits read ('1017' in the extracted text is 10 to the 17th); warranty 5 years.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#micron-2026-7450-max-enterprise-ssd-3-drive-writes-per-day",
      "citation_text": "Micron rates its 7450 MAX data-centre SSD (mixed-use) for **3 drive writes per day**, 35,000 TBW for the 6.4 TB E1.S model, with a five-year warranty (Micron, 2026). Source: Micron Technology, \"Micron 7450 SSD with NVMe Product Brief\" (https://assets.micron.com/adobe/assets/urn:aaid:aem:e71d9e5e-58c1-43cb-94fd-5b0c023e9150/renditions/original/as/7450-nvme-ssd-product-brief.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#micron-2026-7450-max-enterprise-ssd-3-drive-writes-per-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "intel-2011-ssd-320-five-years-useful-life-at-20-gb-host-writes-a-day",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Intel specified its SSD 320 (2011) for a minimum of five years of useful life under typical client workloads with up to 20 GB of host writes per day (Intel, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "GB of host writes per day (the maker's assumed client workload)",
      "display_value": "up to 20 GB a day",
      "display_label": "Intel SSD 320 product specification, 2011",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2011 (product specification)",
      "population": "Intel SSD 320 Series (40 GB to 600 GB), SATA consumer SSD, 25 nm MLC NAND",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Intel Corporation",
      "source_title": "Intel Solid-State Drive 320 Series Product Specification (Order Number 325152-002US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-specifications/ssd-320-specification.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-09-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Minimum Useful Life/Endurance Rating 5 years The SSD will have a minimum of five years of useful life under typical client workloads with up to 20 GB of host writes per day.",
      "locator": "Section 2.6 Reliability, Table 8 (page 9), row 'Minimum Useful Life/Endurance Rating'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "client-daily-write-assumption",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Dated September 2011 on the cover (day set to 01). The same table rates MTBF at 1,200,000 hours and says the drive meets JESD218 endurance and retention requirements. 20 GB a day for five years is 36.5 TB written in total, a small fraction of a 2026 1 TB drive's 600 TBW rating (derived record). The PDF was retrieved through WebFetch (curl blocked) and its text is saved in raw.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2011-ssd-320-five-years-useful-life-at-20-gb-host-writes-a-day",
      "citation_text": "Intel specified its SSD 320 (2011) for a minimum of five years of useful life under typical client workloads with up to 20 GB of host writes per day (Intel, 2011). Source: Intel Corporation, \"Intel Solid-State Drive 320 Series Product Specification (Order Number 325152-002US)\" (https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-specifications/ssd-320-specification.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2011-ssd-320-five-years-useful-life-at-20-gb-host-writes-a-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-2026-600-tbw-over-5-years-equals-329-gb-a-day",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "A 600 TBW rating over a five-year warranty, the rating of a 1 TB Samsung 990 PRO, WD_BLACK SN850X or Crucial T500, allows about **329 GB** of writes every day for five years (derived from Samsung's datasheet, 2022).",
      "short_statement": "A 600 TBW rating over five years allows about **329 GB** of writes a day.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 329,
      "unit": "GB written per day that a 600 TBW, five-year rating allows (derived)",
      "display_value": "329 GB a day",
      "display_label": "Derived from maker ratings, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 rating; calculation 2026",
      "population": "Consumer 1 TB NVMe SSDs rated 600 TBW over five years (Samsung 990 PRO, 990 EVO Plus, 9100 PRO; WD_BLACK SN850X; Crucial T500)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics (input rating); calculation by the collector",
      "source_title": "Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0",
      "source_url": "https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Capacity1) 1TB 2TB ... TBW 600TB 1,200TB Period 5 years limited",
      "locator": "Page 3, Technical Specifications table, Warranty rows (input figures)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "600 TB x 1,000 GB/TB / (5 years x 365 days) = 328.8 GB a day; the same as 0.33 drive writes per day for a 1 TB drive",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Compare Intel's 2011 assumption of up to 20 GB of host writes a day for a typical client (intel-2011-ssd-320-five-years-useful-life-at-20-gb-host-writes-a-day). Writing 20 GB a day would take about 82 years to reach 600 TBW (600,000 / 20 / 365); that is arithmetic on a rating, not a lifespan: other parts fail first and the rating is a warranty limit.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2026-600-tbw-over-5-years-equals-329-gb-a-day",
      "citation_text": "A 600 TBW rating over a five-year warranty, the rating of a 1 TB Samsung 990 PRO, WD_BLACK SN850X or Crucial T500, allows about **329 GB** of writes every day for five years (derived from Samsung's datasheet, 2022). Source: Samsung Electronics (input rating); calculation by the collector, \"Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0\" (https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2026-600-tbw-over-5-years-equals-329-gb-a-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-2026-consumer-1tb-600-tbw-equals-0-33-dwpd",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "A consumer 1 TB SSD rated 600 TBW over five years is rated for **0.33 drive writes per day**, a third of a read-intensive data-centre SSD's 1 DWPD (derived from Samsung and Micron ratings, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.33,
      "unit": "drive writes per day (DWPD), derived from TBW, capacity and warranty years",
      "display_value": "0.33 DWPD",
      "display_label": "Derived from maker ratings, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Consumer 1 TB SSDs rated 600 TBW over five years, against Micron 7450 PRO (1 DWPD)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology (formula); Samsung and Micron (input ratings); calculation by the collector",
      "source_title": "Understanding SSD Endurance: TBW and DWPD (Kingston Technology blog)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/servers-and-data-centers/understanding-ssd-endurance-tbw-dwpd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Writes Per Day = TBW of an SSD x 1000 365 Days x Number of years warranty x SSD capacity in GB",
      "locator": "Section 'Drive Writes Per Day (DWPD)', formula and worked example (7.68 TB, 14,016 TBW, 5 years = 1 DWPD)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "DWPD = TBW x 1,000 / (365 x warranty years x capacity in GB) = 600 x 1,000 / (365 x 5 x 1,000) = 0.33",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "enterprise-ssd-dwpd",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Kingston's page is undated (published_at = access date). Its own example: 'If a 1.92TB SSD has a TBW rating of 3,504, it means that the drive can endure the writing of 3,504TB of data before it is likely to encounter failures', a maker's reading that treats the warranty limit as a failure point.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2026-consumer-1tb-600-tbw-equals-0-33-dwpd",
      "citation_text": "A consumer 1 TB SSD rated 600 TBW over five years is rated for **0.33 drive writes per day**, a third of a read-intensive data-centre SSD's 1 DWPD (derived from Samsung and Micron ratings, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology (formula); Samsung and Micron (input ratings); calculation by the collector, \"Understanding SSD Endurance: TBW and DWPD (Kingston Technology blog)\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/servers-and-data-centers/understanding-ssd-endurance-tbw-dwpd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2026-consumer-1tb-600-tbw-equals-0-33-dwpd."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-2011-intel-20-gb-a-day-for-5-years-equals-36-5-tb",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Intel's 2011 client assumption of 20 GB of host writes a day for five years adds up to 36.5 TB written, about 6% of a 1 TB consumer SSD's 600 TBW rating in 2026 (derived from Intel, 2011).",
      "short_statement": "Intel's assumed 20 GB a day for five years totals **36.5 TB**, about 6% of a 600 TBW rating.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 36.5,
      "unit": "TB written over five years at Intel's assumed client workload (derived)",
      "display_value": "36.5 TB",
      "display_label": "Derived from Intel, 2011",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2011 assumption; calculation 2026",
      "population": "Intel's assumed typical client workload (SSD 320 product specification)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Intel Corporation (input); calculation by the collector",
      "source_title": "Intel Solid-State Drive 320 Series Product Specification (Order Number 325152-002US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-specifications/ssd-320-specification.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-09-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The SSD will have a minimum of five years of useful life under typical client workloads with up to 20 GB of host writes per day.",
      "locator": "Section 2.6 Reliability, Table 8 (page 9)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "20 GB/day x 365 days x 5 years = 36,500 GB = 36.5 TB; 36.5 / 600 = 6.1%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Intel's figure is an assumption for specifying the drive, not a measurement of what users write. A measured figure for what consumers write a year was not found in a maker's or study's own document in this pass (see report).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2011-intel-20-gb-a-day-for-5-years-equals-36-5-tb",
      "citation_text": "Intel's 2011 client assumption of 20 GB of host writes a day for five years adds up to 36.5 TB written, about 6% of a 1 TB consumer SSD's 600 TBW rating in 2026 (derived from Intel, 2011). Source: Intel Corporation (input); calculation by the collector, \"Intel Solid-State Drive 320 Series Product Specification (Order Number 325152-002US)\" (https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-specifications/ssd-320-specification.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2011-intel-20-gb-a-day-for-5-years-equals-36-5-tb."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-990-evo-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 EVO 1 TB SSD for five years or **600 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product warranty; Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 990 EVO 1 TB (the model before the 990 EVO Plus), PCIe 4.0/5.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "990 EVO 1TB 5 years or 600 TB TBW 2TB 5 years or 1,200 TB TBW",
      "locator": "Internal SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period and TBW)', row 990 EVO, 1TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 2 TB 990 EVO is rated 1,200 TBW. Every current Samsung NVMe consumer SSD (990 EVO, 990 EVO Plus, 990 PRO, 9100 PRO) carries the same 600 TBW per terabyte and five years. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-evo-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's warranty covers the 990 EVO 1 TB SSD for five years or **600 TBW** (terabytes written), whichever comes first (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-990-evo-1tb-rated-endurance-600-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-2026-says-average-home-user-writes-20-40-gb-a-day",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk tells buyers that the average home user writes **20 to 40 GB** of data a day, without citing a measurement (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "GB written per day (the maker's stated assumption, no source given)",
      "display_value": "20-40 GB a day",
      "display_label": "Sandisk, How Long Do SSDs Last?, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's consumer guide)",
      "period": "Page as published in 2026 (undated)",
      "population": "Home users of consumer SSDs (as Sandisk describes them)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk",
      "source_title": "How Long Do Solid State Drives (SSDs) Last? | Sandisk",
      "source_url": "https://www.sandisk.com/topics/ssd/how-long-do-ssds-last",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the average home user writing 20-40GB of data per day, an SSD can offer decades of reliable performance.",
      "locator": "Body text, paragraph after 'Under normal usage conditions, most SSDs will last anywhere from 5 to 10 years'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "client-daily-write-assumption",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's assumption, not telemetry: no data are cited. The same page says 'most SSDs will last anywhere from 5 to 10 years' and turns a 600 TBW rating at 20 GB a day into '82.2 years', treating the warranty limit as a lifespan; those two are restatements for the claims-and-restatements family (sandisk.com is on its list). Compare Intel's 2011 assumption of up to 20 GB a day. Page undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-says-average-home-user-writes-20-40-gb-a-day",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk tells buyers that the average home user writes **20 to 40 GB** of data a day, without citing a measurement (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk, \"How Long Do Solid State Drives (SSDs) Last? | Sandisk\" (https://www.sandisk.com/topics/ssd/how-long-do-ssds-last). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-says-average-home-user-writes-20-40-gb-a-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-2026-samsung-sata-870-evo-and-nvme-990-pro-same-ratings",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung gives its SATA 870 EVO and its NVMe 990 PRO the same ratings: **600 TBW** per terabyte, five years and 1.5 million hours MTBF, so the maker's ratings do not favour NVMe over SATA (derived from Samsung datasheets, 2021 and 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600,
      "unit": "TBW per TB of capacity, rated endurance (both drives; derived comparison)",
      "display_value": "600 TBW per TB",
      "display_label": "Samsung datasheets, 2021 and 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 and 2022 specifications",
      "population": "Samsung SSD 870 EVO (2.5-inch SATA) and 990 PRO (M.2 NVMe), 1 TB and 2 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics (inputs); comparison by the collector",
      "source_title": "Samsung SSD 870 EVO Data Sheet, Revision 1.1; Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0",
      "source_url": "https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_SSD_870_EVO_Data_Sheet_Rev1.1_230509_10129500053000.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "MTBF 1.5 million hours Warranty TBW 5) 150TB 300TB 600TB 1,200TB 2,400TB Period 5 year limited",
      "locator": "870 EVO datasheet page 3 (Reliability, Warranty); 990 PRO datasheet page 3 (MTBF 1.5 million hours; TBW 600TB 1,200TB; 5 years limited)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "870 EVO: 600 TBW / 1 TB and 1,200 TBW / 2 TB; 990 PRO: 600 TBW / 1 TB and 1,200 TBW / 2 TB; both MTBF 1.5 million hours and 5 years",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A comparison of ratings, not of failure rates. Field comparisons of NVMe and SATA reliability belong to the ssd-field-studies family. The 990 PRO quote: 'MTBF 1.5 million hours Warranty6) TBW 600TB 1,200TB Period 5 years limited'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2026-samsung-sata-870-evo-and-nvme-990-pro-same-ratings",
      "citation_text": "Samsung gives its SATA 870 EVO and its NVMe 990 PRO the same ratings: **600 TBW** per terabyte, five years and 1.5 million hours MTBF, so the maker's ratings do not favour NVMe over SATA (derived from Samsung datasheets, 2021 and 2022). Source: Samsung Electronics (inputs); comparison by the collector, \"Samsung SSD 870 EVO Data Sheet, Revision 1.1; Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0\" (https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_SSD_870_EVO_Data_Sheet_Rev1.1_230509_10129500053000.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2026-samsung-sata-870-evo-and-nvme-990-pro-same-ratings."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-2021-mx500-1tb-rated-endurance-360-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial rates the MX500 1 TB SATA SSD for **360 TBW** (terabytes written), which it equates to 197 GB a day for five years, under a five-year limited warranty (Crucial, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 360,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "360 TBW",
      "display_label": "Crucial MX500 product flyer, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification; flyer revised 2023)",
      "population": "Crucial MX500 1 TB (CT1000MX500SSD1), 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial MX500 SSD B2C Product Flyer (EN)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "1TB drive: 360TB, equal to 197GB per day for 5 years",
      "locator": "Page 2, specifications table, 'Endurance - Total Bytes Written (TBW)' row; footnote 2 (warranty). Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "crucial-mx500-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The MX500's 4 TB rating (1,000 TBW) is 250 TBW per TB, against 360 per TB at 1 TB. Footnote 2: 'Warranty valid for five years from the original date of purchase or before writing the maximum total bytes written (TBW) ... whichever comes first.' The MX500 product pages on crucial.com return 404 in November 2026, so the flyer was read from the Wayback Machine (captured 2025-12-03; PDF created 2021-08-16, modified 2023-02-13; copyright 2020-2021). A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2021-mx500-1tb-rated-endurance-360-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial rates the MX500 1 TB SATA SSD for **360 TBW** (terabytes written), which it equates to 197 GB a day for five years, under a five-year limited warranty (Crucial, 2021). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial MX500 SSD B2C Product Flyer (EN)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2021-mx500-1tb-rated-endurance-360-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-2021-mx500-2tb-rated-endurance-700-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial rates the MX500 2 TB SATA SSD for **700 TBW** (terabytes written), which it equates to 383 GB a day for five years, under a five-year limited warranty (Crucial, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 700,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "700 TBW",
      "display_label": "Crucial MX500 product flyer, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification; flyer revised 2023)",
      "population": "Crucial MX500 2 TB (CT2000MX500SSD1), 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial MX500 SSD B2C Product Flyer (EN)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "2TB drive: 700TB, equal to 383GB per day for 5 years",
      "locator": "Page 2, specifications table, 'Endurance - Total Bytes Written (TBW)' row; footnote 2 (warranty). Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "crucial-mx500-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The MX500's 4 TB rating (1,000 TBW) is 250 TBW per TB, against 360 per TB at 1 TB. Footnote 2: 'Warranty valid for five years from the original date of purchase or before writing the maximum total bytes written (TBW) ... whichever comes first.' The MX500 product pages on crucial.com return 404 in November 2026, so the flyer was read from the Wayback Machine (captured 2025-12-03; PDF created 2021-08-16, modified 2023-02-13; copyright 2020-2021). A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2021-mx500-2tb-rated-endurance-700-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial rates the MX500 2 TB SATA SSD for **700 TBW** (terabytes written), which it equates to 383 GB a day for five years, under a five-year limited warranty (Crucial, 2021). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial MX500 SSD B2C Product Flyer (EN)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2021-mx500-2tb-rated-endurance-700-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-2021-mx500-4tb-rated-endurance-1000-tbw-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial rates the MX500 4 TB SATA SSD for **1,000 TBW** (terabytes written), which it equates to 547 GB a day for five years, under a five-year limited warranty (Crucial, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,000 TBW",
      "display_label": "Crucial MX500 product flyer, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification; flyer revised 2023)",
      "population": "Crucial MX500 4 TB (CT4000MX500SSD1), 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial MX500 SSD B2C Product Flyer (EN)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "4TB drive: 1000TB, equal to 547GB per day for 5 years",
      "locator": "Page 2, specifications table, 'Endurance - Total Bytes Written (TBW)' row; footnote 2 (warranty). Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "crucial-mx500-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The MX500's 4 TB rating (1,000 TBW) is 250 TBW per TB, against 360 per TB at 1 TB. Footnote 2: 'Warranty valid for five years from the original date of purchase or before writing the maximum total bytes written (TBW) ... whichever comes first.' The MX500 product pages on crucial.com return 404 in November 2026, so the flyer was read from the Wayback Machine (captured 2025-12-03; PDF created 2021-08-16, modified 2023-02-13; copyright 2020-2021). A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2021-mx500-4tb-rated-endurance-1000-tbw-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial rates the MX500 4 TB SATA SSD for **1,000 TBW** (terabytes written), which it equates to 547 GB a day for five years, under a five-year limited warranty (Crucial, 2021). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial MX500 SSD B2C Product Flyer (EN)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2021-mx500-4tb-rated-endurance-1000-tbw-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-2021-mx500-life-expectancy-mttf-1-8-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial labels the MX500's 1.8 million hours MTTF rating as its 'Life Expectancy', although MTTF is a population failure-rate rating, not the life of one drive (Crucial, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1800000,
      "unit": "hours, MTTF rating (mean time to failure, the maker's specification, labelled 'Life Expectancy' by the maker)",
      "display_value": "1.8 million hours MTTF",
      "display_label": "Crucial MX500 product flyer, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification; flyer revised 2023)",
      "population": "Crucial MX500 250 GB to 4 TB, 2.5-inch SATA consumer SSD",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Crucial MX500 SSD B2C Product Flyer (EN)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Life Expectancy (MTTF) 1.8 million hours Endurance - Total Bytes Written (TBW)",
      "locator": "Page 2, specifications table, 'Life Expectancy (MTTF)' row. Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "1.8 million hours is about 205 years of continuous use, the kind of arithmetic the 'MTBF = years' folklore uses; read as an annualized rate it is about 0.49% a year (8,760 / 1,800,000). A maker's own wording that feeds the misreading: worth passing to the claims-and-restatements family. Crucial's glossary also defines MTBF as a per-drive interval (record crucial-glossary-mtbf-defined-as-time-between-one-failure-and-the-next).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2021-mx500-life-expectancy-mttf-1-8-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Crucial labels the MX500's 1.8 million hours MTTF rating as its 'Life Expectancy', although MTTF is a population failure-rate rating, not the life of one drive (Crucial, 2021). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Crucial MX500 SSD B2C Product Flyer (EN)\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20251203221206/https://content.crucial.com/content/dam/crucial/ssd-products/mx500/flyer/crucial-mx500-ssd-productflyer-en.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2021-mx500-life-expectancy-mttf-1-8-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2024-kc3000-1tb-rated-endurance-800-tbw",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston rates the KC3000 1 TB SSD (1024GB) for **800 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 800,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "800 TBW",
      "display_label": "Kingston KC3000 datasheet, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "Kingston KC3000 1024GB, PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD (3D TLC NAND)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "KC3000 PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 SSD, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06032024)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/KC3000_us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-06-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total Bytes Written (TBW) 512GB – 400TBW 1024GB – 800TBW 2048GB – 1.6PBW 4096GB – 3.2PBW",
      "locator": "Page 3, specifications, 'Total Bytes Written (TBW)' row; footnote 3 (JESD219A); 'Warranty/support' row (Limited 5-year warranty)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "kingston-kc3000-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Datasheet MKD-06032024 (3 June 2024; PDF created the same day). kingston.com blocked automated fetches on 2026-11-04 (HTTP 403), so the PDF was retrieved through WebFetch and its text saved in raw. Same datasheet: MTBF 2,000,000 hours; warranty '5 years or Percentage Used'. The KC3000 has the highest TBW per terabyte (800) of the current consumer drives recorded here, against 320 for Kingston's NV3. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2024-kc3000-1tb-rated-endurance-800-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates the KC3000 1 TB SSD (1024GB) for **800 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2024). Source: Kingston Technology, \"KC3000 PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 SSD, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06032024)\" (https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/KC3000_us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2024-kc3000-1tb-rated-endurance-800-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2024-kc3000-2tb-rated-endurance-1600-tbw",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston rates the KC3000 2 TB SSD (2048GB) for **1,600 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1600,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "1,600 TBW",
      "display_label": "Kingston KC3000 datasheet, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "Kingston KC3000 2048GB, PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD (3D TLC NAND)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "KC3000 PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 SSD, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06032024)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/KC3000_us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-06-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total Bytes Written (TBW) 512GB – 400TBW 1024GB – 800TBW 2048GB – 1.6PBW 4096GB – 3.2PBW",
      "locator": "Page 3, specifications, 'Total Bytes Written (TBW)' row; footnote 3 (JESD219A); 'Warranty/support' row (Limited 5-year warranty)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "kingston-kc3000-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Datasheet MKD-06032024 (3 June 2024; PDF created the same day). kingston.com blocked automated fetches on 2026-11-04 (HTTP 403), so the PDF was retrieved through WebFetch and its text saved in raw. Same datasheet: MTBF 2,000,000 hours; warranty '5 years or Percentage Used'. The KC3000 has the highest TBW per terabyte (800) of the current consumer drives recorded here, against 320 for Kingston's NV3. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2024-kc3000-2tb-rated-endurance-1600-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates the KC3000 2 TB SSD (2048GB) for **1,600 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2024). Source: Kingston Technology, \"KC3000 PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 SSD, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06032024)\" (https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/KC3000_us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2024-kc3000-2tb-rated-endurance-1600-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2024-kc3000-4tb-rated-endurance-3200-tbw",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston rates the KC3000 4 TB SSD (4096GB) for **3,200 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3200,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance (terabytes written, the maker's warranty limit)",
      "display_value": "3,200 TBW",
      "display_label": "Kingston KC3000 datasheet, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "Kingston KC3000 4096GB, PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 consumer SSD (3D TLC NAND)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "KC3000 PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 SSD, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06032024)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/KC3000_us.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-06-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total Bytes Written (TBW) 512GB – 400TBW 1024GB – 800TBW 2048GB – 1.6PBW 4096GB – 3.2PBW",
      "locator": "Page 3, specifications, 'Total Bytes Written (TBW)' row; footnote 3 (JESD219A); 'Warranty/support' row (Limited 5-year warranty)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "kingston-kc3000-tbw-by-capacity",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Datasheet MKD-06032024 (3 June 2024; PDF created the same day). kingston.com blocked automated fetches on 2026-11-04 (HTTP 403), so the PDF was retrieved through WebFetch and its text saved in raw. Same datasheet: MTBF 2,000,000 hours; warranty '5 years or Percentage Used'. The KC3000 has the highest TBW per terabyte (800) of the current consumer drives recorded here, against 320 for Kingston's NV3. A rating, not a lifespan.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2024-kc3000-4tb-rated-endurance-3200-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Kingston rates the KC3000 4 TB SSD (4096GB) for **3,200 TBW** (terabytes written), derived from JEDEC's client workload, with a limited five-year warranty (Kingston, 2024). Source: Kingston Technology, \"KC3000 PCIe 4.0 NVMe M.2 SSD, Kingston Technology datasheet (MKD-06032024)\" (https://www.kingston.com/datasheets/KC3000_us.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2024-kc3000-4tb-rated-endurance-3200-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-2026-consumer-1tb-ssd-rated-endurance-range-220-to-800-tbw",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Rated endurance of a 1 TB consumer SSD ranges from **220 to 800 TBW** by model, almost fourfold, from the Crucial P3 Plus to the Kingston KC3000, with most best sellers at 600 TBW (makers' datasheets, 2021 to 2026).",
      "short_statement": "1 TB consumer SSDs are rated for **220 to 800 TBW**, an almost fourfold range.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 800,
      "unit": "TBW, rated endurance at 1 TB, top of the range across 14 consumer SSD lines (derived)",
      "display_value": "220 to 800 TBW",
      "display_label": "Makers' datasheets, 2021-2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specifications)",
      "period": "Specifications current in 2026 (sheets dated 2021 to 2026)",
      "population": "1 TB models of 14 consumer SSD lines: Samsung 990 PRO, 990 EVO, 990 EVO Plus, 9100 PRO, 870 EVO, 870 QVO; WD_BLACK SN850X; WD Blue SN5000; Crucial T500, P3 Plus, MX500; Kingston NV3, KC3000; SK hynix Platinum P41",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial, Kingston, Samsung, Sandisk, SK hynix (inputs); comparison by the collector",
      "source_title": "Crucial P3 Plus 1TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT1000P3PSSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab); Kingston KC3000 datasheet (MKD-06032024)",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/ssd/p3plus/CT1000P3PSSD8",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "\"name\":\"SSD Endurance (TBW)\",\"id\":\"ssd_endurance\",\"value\":\"220TB\"",
      "locator": "Crucial P3 Plus 1TB Specifications tab (220TB); Kingston KC3000 datasheet page 3 ('1024GB – 800TBW'); the other inputs are the 1 TB records of this file",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "1 TB ratings from this file's records: P3 Plus 220; NV3 320; MX500 360; 870 QVO 360; 990 PRO, 990 EVO, 990 EVO Plus, 9100 PRO, 870 EVO, SN850X, SN5000, T500 600; Platinum P41 750; KC3000 800. Range 220-800; 800 / 220 = 3.6",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Warranty years: five for every line except the 870 QVO (three). A higher TBW is a longer warranty limit, not evidence of a longer life; field studies (ssd-field-studies family) find wear-out rarely causes failures. Ids: crucial-p3-plus-1tb-rated-endurance-220-tbw-5-years, kingston-2024-kc3000-1tb-rated-endurance-800-tbw and the other 1 TB records.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2026-consumer-1tb-ssd-rated-endurance-range-220-to-800-tbw",
      "citation_text": "Rated endurance of a 1 TB consumer SSD ranges from **220 to 800 TBW** by model, almost fourfold, from the Crucial P3 Plus to the Kingston KC3000, with most best sellers at 600 TBW (makers' datasheets, 2021 to 2026). Source: Crucial, Kingston, Samsung, Sandisk, SK hynix (inputs); comparison by the collector, \"Crucial P3 Plus 1TB PCIe Gen4 NVMe M.2 SSD | CT1000P3PSSD8 | crucial.com (Specifications tab); Kingston KC3000 datasheet (MKD-06032024)\" (https://www.crucial.com/ssd/p3plus/CT1000P3PSSD8). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-2026-consumer-1tb-ssd-rated-endurance-range-220-to-800-tbw."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-power-on-hours-2400-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's specifications for its BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives assume **2,400 power-on hours** a year (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Desktop drive specifications assume **2,400** power-on hours a year; enterprise ratings assume 8,760.",
      "short_refs": [
        "seagate-kb-afr-mtbf-specs-assume-8760-power-on-hours-a-year"
      ],
      "value": 2400,
      "unit": "power-on hours a year assumed by the maker's specification",
      "display_value": "2,400 hours a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate BarraCuda datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop HDDs, 4 TB to 24 TB (ST4000DM004 to ST24000DM001)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Power-On Hours (per year) 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 Workload Rate Limit (TB/Year) 120 120 120 120 55 Warranty, Limited (years) 2 2 2 2 2",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block, row 'Power-On Hours (per year)' (all capacities; page 3 for 4TB)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "2,400 hours is about 6.6 hours a day. The datasheet gives no MTBF or AFR rating for BarraCuda; the 8,760-hour comparison is from the IronWolf Pro, Exos X24 and SkyHawk sheets. Dated by document code DS17.2-2603US (March 2026) and the 2026 copyright line; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-power-on-hours-2400-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's specifications for its BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives assume **2,400 power-on hours** a year (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-power-on-hours-2400-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-cmr-workload-120-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its CMR BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives (12 TB to 24 TB) for a workload of **120 TB** a year (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 120,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "120 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate BarraCuda datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop HDDs with CMR recording: 24, 20, 16 and 12 TB (ST24000DM001, ST20000DM001, ST16000DM001, ST12000DM003)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Power-On Hours (per year) 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 Workload Rate Limit (TB/Year) 120 120 120 120 55 Warranty, Limited (years) 2 2 2 2 2",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, row 'Workload Rate Limit (TB/Year)', 24TB to 12TB columns",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated by document code DS17.2-2603US (March 2026) and the 2026 copyright line; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-cmr-workload-120-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its CMR BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives (12 TB to 24 TB) for a workload of **120 TB** a year (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-cmr-workload-120-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-smr-workload-55-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its SMR BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives (4 TB and 8 TB, 5,400 rpm) for a workload of **55 TB** a year, under half the 120 TB of its CMR models (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 55,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "55 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate BarraCuda datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop HDDs with SMR (shingled) recording: 8 TB (ST8000DM004) and 4 TB (ST4000DM004)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Recording Technology CMR CMR CMR CMR SMR ... Workload Rate Limit (TB/Year) 120 120 120 120 55",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, rows 'Recording Technology' and 'Workload Rate Limit (TB/Year)', 8TB column; page 3, 4TB column (SMR, 55)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The same sheet lists the SMR models at 5,400 rpm and the CMR models at 7,200 rpm. Dated by document code DS17.2-2603US (March 2026) and the 2026 copyright line; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-smr-workload-55-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its SMR BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives (4 TB and 8 TB, 5,400 rpm) for a workload of **55 TB** a year, under half the 120 TB of its CMR models (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-smr-workload-55-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-warranty-2-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for **two years** (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "2 years",
      "display_label": "Seagate BarraCuda datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop HDDs, 4 TB to 24 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Power-On Hours (per year) 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 Workload Rate Limit (TB/Year) 120 120 120 120 55 Warranty, Limited (years) 2 2 2 2 2",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, row 'Warranty, Limited (years)'; page 3 for 4TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated by document code DS17.2-2603US (March 2026) and the 2026 copyright line; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-warranty-2-years",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for **two years** (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-warranty-2-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-load-unload-600000-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for **600,000 load/unload cycles** of the read-write heads (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600000,
      "unit": "load/unload cycles, the maker's rating",
      "display_value": "600,000 cycles",
      "display_label": "Seagate BarraCuda datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop HDDs, 4 TB to 24 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Load/Unload Cycles 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 Nonrecoverable Read Errors per Bits Read, Max 1 sector per 10E14",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block, row 'Load/Unload Cycles'; page 3 for 4TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-load-unload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. WD rates its WD Blue and WD_BLACK desktop drives for 300,000 cycles (see those records). Dated by document code DS17.2-2603US (March 2026) and the 2026 copyright line; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-load-unload-600000-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for **600,000 load/unload cycles** of the read-write heads (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-load-unload-600000-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-unrecoverable-read-error-1-per-10e14-bits",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate specifies a maximum of **one non-recoverable read error per 10^14 bits** read for its BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100000000000000,
      "unit": "bits read per non-recoverable read error (the maker's maximum error-rate specification)",
      "display_value": "1 per 10^14 bits",
      "display_label": "Seagate BarraCuda datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop HDDs, 4 TB to 24 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Nonrecoverable Read Errors per Bits Read, Max 1 sector per 10E14 1 sector per 10E14 1 sector per 10E14 1 sector per 10E14 1 per 10E14",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, row 'Nonrecoverable Read Errors per Bits Read, Max'; page 3 for 4TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A specification ceiling, not a measured error rate. 10^14 bits is 12.5 TB read (10^14 / 8 / 10^12). It is ten times the error rate Seagate allows its IronWolf Pro NAS drives: that sheet gives 1 per 10^15 (see seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-unrecoverable-read-error-1-per-10e15-bits). Dated by document code DS17.2-2603US (March 2026) and the 2026 copyright line; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-unrecoverable-read-error-1-per-10e14-bits",
      "citation_text": "Seagate specifies a maximum of **one non-recoverable read error per 10^14 bits** read for its BarraCuda 3.5-inch desktop hard drives (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate BarraCuda 3.5 HDD Data Sheet (DS17.2-2603US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/barracuda-3-5-hdd/barracuda-3-5-hdd-DS17-2-2603US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-unrecoverable-read-error-1-per-10e14-bits."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2022-ironwolf-mtbf-1-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its IronWolf NAS hard drives at 1 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan), assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year (Seagate, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf datasheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 1 TB to 12 TB (main configuration: 12 TB ST12000VN0008)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Power-on Hours 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF, hours) 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability block, rows 'Power-on Hours' and 'Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF, hours)', 12TB to 8TB columns (same on pages 3-4)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan: MTBF is a population figure (see the MTBF-to-AFR records). Dated by document code DS1904.21-2207GB (July 2022); day set to 01. This is the datasheet Seagate's IronWolf product page linked on 2026-11-04 (no newer IronWolf sheet found).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-mtbf-1-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its IronWolf NAS hard drives at 1 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan), assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year (Seagate, 2022). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-mtbf-1-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2022-ironwolf-workload-180-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its IronWolf NAS hard drives for a workload of 180 TB a year (Seagate, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 180,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "180 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf datasheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 1 TB to 12 TB, for 1 to 8 bays",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "IronWolf drives are rated for 180 TB/year workload, allowing consumer and commercial NAS users",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Built Tough' key advantage; also Specifications table row 'Workload Rate Limit (WRL)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated by document code DS1904.21-2207GB (July 2022); day set to 01. This is the datasheet Seagate's IronWolf product page linked on 2026-11-04 (no newer IronWolf sheet found).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-workload-180-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its IronWolf NAS hard drives for a workload of 180 TB a year (Seagate, 2022). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-workload-180-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2022-ironwolf-warranty-3-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers IronWolf NAS hard drives for three years (Seagate, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "3 years",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf datasheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 1 TB to 12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "IronWolf drives are rated for 1M hours MTBF and include a 3-year limited warranty",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Superior Reliability and Dependability' key advantage; also row 'Warranty, Limited (years)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. The sheet adds three years of Seagate Rescue Data Recovery Services (in selected countries). Dated by document code DS1904.21-2207GB (July 2022); day set to 01. This is the datasheet Seagate's IronWolf product page linked on 2026-11-04 (no newer IronWolf sheet found).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-warranty-3-years",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers IronWolf NAS hard drives for three years (Seagate, 2022). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-warranty-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2022-ironwolf-all-models-cmr",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate states that all IronWolf NAS hard drives use conventional magnetic recording (CMR), not shingled recording (SMR) (Seagate, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "statement (no figure): recording technology of the whole line",
      "display_value": "All CMR",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf datasheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 1 TB to 12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "All-CMR Portfolio All IronWolf drives utilize Conventional Magnetic Recording (CMR) technology for consistent, best-in-class NAS performance.",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'All-CMR Portfolio' key advantage; every model in the specifications tables reads 'CMR'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The IronWolf Pro 2025 sheet makes the same 'All-CMR portfolio' claim, and the WD Red Plus and WD Red Pro sheets list CMR for every model; by contrast the BarraCuda 4 TB and 8 TB, five WD Blue models and every current Toshiba P300 are SMR. The 2020 WD Red SMR disclosure belongs to failure-events-and-firmware. Dated by document code DS1904.21-2207GB (July 2022); day set to 01. This is the datasheet Seagate's IronWolf product page linked on 2026-11-04 (no newer IronWolf sheet found).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-all-models-cmr",
      "citation_text": "Seagate states that all IronWolf NAS hard drives use conventional magnetic recording (CMR), not shingled recording (SMR) (Seagate, 2022). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-all-models-cmr."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2022-ironwolf-max-sustained-temperature-60c",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate advises against running IronWolf NAS drives at sustained drive temperatures above 60°C, saying higher temperatures may affect drive health (Seagate, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 60,
      "unit": "degrees Celsius, the maker's recommended maximum sustained drive temperature",
      "display_value": "60°C",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf datasheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2022 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5-inch NAS HDDs (drive-reported temperature; rated operating maximum 65°C)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "It is not recommended to operate at sustained drive temperatures above 60°C. Higher temperatures may affect drive health.",
      "locator": "Page 2, footnote 5 to the row 'Operating Temperature (drive reported, max °C)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The maker's guidance, not a measured failure effect. Field studies of temperature belong to hdd-field-studies (Google 2007, El-Sayed 2012). Dated by document code DS1904.21-2207GB (July 2022); day set to 01. This is the datasheet Seagate's IronWolf product page linked on 2026-11-04 (no newer IronWolf sheet found).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-max-sustained-temperature-60c",
      "citation_text": "Seagate advises against running IronWolf NAS drives at sustained drive temperatures above 60°C, saying higher temperatures may affect drive health (Seagate, 2022). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1904.21-2207GB)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/migrated-assets/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-12tb-emea-DS1904-21-2207GB-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2022-ironwolf-max-sustained-temperature-60c."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-mtbf-2-5-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan), assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2.5 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf Pro datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 28 TB, 30 TB and 32 TB (ST28000NT000, ST30000NT011, ST32000NT000), helium, CMR",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 28-32 TB, EMEA edition (DS2129.7-2510US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/ironwolf-pro-32-tb/ironwolf-pro-32-tb-DS2129-7-2510US-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF, hours) 2500000hr 2500000hr 2500000hr Non-recoverable Read Errors per Bits Read, Max 1 per 10E15 1 per 10E15 1 per 10E15 Power-On Hours (per year) 8,760 8,760 8,760",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan: MTBF is a population figure (see the MTBF-to-AFR records). The 2020 IronWolf Pro sheet (2-16 TB) rated the line at 1.2 million hours (0.73% AFR) and 300 TB a year (seagate-2020-ironwolf-pro-mtbf-1-2-million-hours-afr-0-73pct). Dated by document code DS2129.7-2510US (October 2025) and the 2025 copyright line; day set to 01. Linked from Seagate's IronWolf Pro product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-mtbf-2-5-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan), assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 28-32 TB, EMEA edition (DS2129.7-2510US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/ironwolf-pro-32-tb/ironwolf-pro-32-tb-DS2129-7-2510US-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-mtbf-2-5-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives for a workload of 550 TB a year (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 550,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "550 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf Pro datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 28 TB to 32 TB, unlimited bays",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 28-32 TB, EMEA edition (DS2129.7-2510US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/ironwolf-pro-32-tb/ironwolf-pro-32-tb-DS2129-7-2510US-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Built tough 550TB/yr workload allows commercial and enterprise NAS users to seamlessly store, share, and collaborate",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Built tough' key advantage; also Specifications table row 'Workload Rate Limit (WRL)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated by document code DS2129.7-2510US (October 2025) and the 2025 copyright line; day set to 01. Linked from Seagate's IronWolf Pro product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives for a workload of 550 TB a year (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 28-32 TB, EMEA edition (DS2129.7-2510US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/ironwolf-pro-32-tb/ironwolf-pro-32-tb-DS2129-7-2510US-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-workload-550-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-warranty-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives for five years (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf Pro datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 28 TB to 32 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 28-32 TB, EMEA edition (DS2129.7-2510US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/ironwolf-pro-32-tb/ironwolf-pro-32-tb-DS2129-7-2510US-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Rated for 2.5M hours MTBF and include a 5- year limited warranty for hassle-free data storage",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Class-leading reliability and dependability' key advantage; also row 'Limited Warranty (years)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. The sheet adds three years of Rescue Data Recovery Services and claims a 95% in-house recovery rate (a vendor claim; see consumer-drives-and-recovery). Dated by document code DS2129.7-2510US (October 2025) and the 2025 copyright line; day set to 01. Linked from Seagate's IronWolf Pro product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-warranty-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives for five years (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 28-32 TB, EMEA edition (DS2129.7-2510US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/ironwolf-pro-32-tb/ironwolf-pro-32-tb-DS2129-7-2510US-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-warranty-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-unrecoverable-read-error-1-per-10e15-bits",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate specifies a maximum of **one non-recoverable read error per 10^15 bits** read for its IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000000000000000,
      "unit": "bits read per non-recoverable read error (the maker's maximum error-rate specification)",
      "display_value": "1 per 10^15 bits",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf Pro datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 28 TB to 32 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 28-32 TB, EMEA edition (DS2129.7-2510US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/ironwolf-pro-32-tb/ironwolf-pro-32-tb-DS2129-7-2510US-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Non-recoverable Read Errors per Bits Read, Max 1 per 10E15 1 per 10E15 1 per 10E15",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A specification ceiling, not a measured error rate. 10^15 bits is 125 TB read. Desktop BarraCuda: 1 per 10^14 (seagate-2026-barracuda-3-5-unrecoverable-read-error-1-per-10e14-bits). Dated by document code DS2129.7-2510US (October 2025) and the 2025 copyright line; day set to 01. Linked from Seagate's IronWolf Pro product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-unrecoverable-read-error-1-per-10e15-bits",
      "citation_text": "Seagate specifies a maximum of **one non-recoverable read error per 10^15 bits** read for its IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 28-32 TB, EMEA edition (DS2129.7-2510US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/ironwolf-pro-32-tb/ironwolf-pro-32-tb-DS2129-7-2510US-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-ironwolf-pro-unrecoverable-read-error-1-per-10e15-bits."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2020-ironwolf-pro-mtbf-1-2-million-hours-afr-0-73pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rated its 2 TB to 16 TB IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives at **1.2 million hours** MTBF, equal to a 0.73% annualized failure rate specification, with a 300 TB a year workload limit (Seagate, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1.2 million hours MTBF (0.73% AFR)",
      "display_label": "Seagate IronWolf Pro datasheet, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2020 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 16 TB (ST2000NE0025 to ST16000NE000), as specified in April 2020",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 2-16 TB, Canada edition (DS1914.12-2004US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-pro-16tb-DS1914-12-2004US-en_CA.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-04-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF, hours) 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 Reliability Rating @ Full 24×7 Operation (AFR) 0.73% 0.73% 0.73% 0.73% 0.73%",
      "locator": "Pages 2-4, Specifications tables, Reliability/Data Integrity block; workload from row 'Workload Rate Limit (WRL) 300'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a measurement. The same line's newest sheet (2025, 28-32 TB) rates 2.5 million hours and 550 TB a year, so writers should date any IronWolf Pro rating. 8,760 / 1,200,000 = 0.73%. Dated by document code DS1914-12-2004US (April 2020); day set to 01. A superseded sheet, kept as the earlier rating of the same line.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2020-ironwolf-pro-mtbf-1-2-million-hours-afr-0-73pct",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rated its 2 TB to 16 TB IronWolf Pro NAS hard drives at **1.2 million hours** MTBF, equal to a 0.73% annualized failure rate specification, with a 300 TB a year workload limit (Seagate, 2020). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate IronWolf Pro 3.5 HDD Data Sheet, 2-16 TB, Canada edition (DS1914.12-2004US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/ironwolf-pro-16tb-DS1914-12-2004US-en_CA.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2020-ironwolf-pro-mtbf-1-2-million-hours-afr-0-73pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2023-exos-x24-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its Exos X24 enterprise hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTBF, equal to a 0.35% annualized failure rate specification at full 24x7 operation (8,760 power-on hours a year) (Seagate, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2.5 million hours MTBF (0.35% AFR)",
      "display_label": "Seagate Exos X24 datasheet, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2023 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate Exos X24 3.5-inch enterprise HDDs, 12 TB to 24 TB, SATA and SAS, helium, CMR",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate Exos X24 Data Sheet (DS2080-2307US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/exos-x24/exos-x24-DS2080-2307US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF, hours) 2500000 hrs 2500000 hrs 2500000 hrs 2500000 hrs Reliability Rating @ Full 24×7 Operation (AFR) 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35%",
      "locator": "Page 2 (SATA) and page 3 (SAS), Specifications table, RELIABILITY/DATA INTEGRITY block",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a measurement or lifespan: the 0.35% AFR specification is 8,760 / 2,500,000 (0.35%), Seagate's own conversion. Backblaze's measured AFRs are in backblaze-drive-stats. Dated by document code DS2080-2307US (July 2023) and the 2023 copyright line; day set to 01. The Exos X24 sheet gives no workload rate limit; see the Seagate knowledge-base record for the nearline limit.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2023-exos-x24-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its Exos X24 enterprise hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTBF, equal to a 0.35% annualized failure rate specification at full 24x7 operation (8,760 power-on hours a year) (Seagate, 2023). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate Exos X24 Data Sheet (DS2080-2307US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/exos-x24/exos-x24-DS2080-2307US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2023-exos-x24-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2023-exos-x24-warranty-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers Exos X24 enterprise hard drives for five years (Seagate, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "Seagate Exos X24 datasheet, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2023 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate Exos X24 3.5-inch enterprise HDDs, 12 TB to 24 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate Exos X24 Data Sheet (DS2080-2307US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/exos-x24/exos-x24-DS2080-2307US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Proven enterprise-class reliability backed by a 5-year limited warranty and 2.5M-hr MTBF rating",
      "locator": "Page 1, key advantages; also row 'Limited Warranty (years)' on pages 2-3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated by document code DS2080-2307US (July 2023) and the 2023 copyright line; day set to 01. The Exos X24 sheet gives no workload rate limit; see the Seagate knowledge-base record for the nearline limit.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2023-exos-x24-warranty-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers Exos X24 enterprise hard drives for five years (Seagate, 2023). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate Exos X24 Data Sheet (DS2080-2307US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/exos-x24/exos-x24-DS2080-2307US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2023-exos-x24-warranty-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2021-skyhawk-mtbf-1-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its SkyHawk surveillance hard drives at 1 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan), assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year (Seagate, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "Seagate SkyHawk datasheet, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate SkyHawk 3.5-inch surveillance HDDs, 2 TB to 8 TB (ST2000VX017 to ST8000VX010), CMR",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate SkyHawk 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1902.17-2107US, July 2021)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai-hm/skyhawk-3-5-hdd-DS1902-17-2107US-July-2021-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) (hours) 1000000 hr 1000000 hr 1000000 hr 1000000 hr 1000000 hr",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block, MTBF row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan: MTBF is a population figure (see the MTBF-to-AFR records). Dated 'DS1902.17-2107US July 2021' on the sheet; day set to 01. This is the sheet Seagate's SkyHawk product page linked on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2021-skyhawk-mtbf-1-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its SkyHawk surveillance hard drives at 1 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan), assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year (Seagate, 2021). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate SkyHawk 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1902.17-2107US, July 2021)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai-hm/skyhawk-3-5-hdd-DS1902-17-2107US-July-2021-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2021-skyhawk-mtbf-1-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2021-skyhawk-workload-180-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its SkyHawk surveillance hard drives for always-on workloads of 180 TB a year (Seagate, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 180,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "180 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate SkyHawk datasheet, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate SkyHawk 3.5-inch surveillance HDDs, 2 TB to 8 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate SkyHawk 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1902.17-2107US, July 2021)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai-hm/skyhawk-3-5-hdd-DS1902-17-2107US-July-2021-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SkyHawk video drives are designed for always-on workloads of 180 TB/year.",
      "locator": "Page 1, footnote 1; also Specifications table row 'Workload Rate Limit (WRL)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated 'DS1902.17-2107US July 2021' on the sheet; day set to 01. This is the sheet Seagate's SkyHawk product page linked on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2021-skyhawk-workload-180-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its SkyHawk surveillance hard drives for always-on workloads of 180 TB a year (Seagate, 2021). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate SkyHawk 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1902.17-2107US, July 2021)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai-hm/skyhawk-3-5-hdd-DS1902-17-2107US-July-2021-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2021-skyhawk-workload-180-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2021-skyhawk-warranty-3-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers SkyHawk surveillance hard drives for three years (Seagate, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "3 years",
      "display_label": "Seagate SkyHawk datasheet, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate SkyHawk 3.5-inch surveillance HDDs, 2 TB to 8 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate SkyHawk 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1902.17-2107US, July 2021)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai-hm/skyhawk-3-5-hdd-DS1902-17-2107US-July-2021-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "1 M hours MTBF, 3-year limited warranty 3 represents an improved total cost of ownership (TCO)",
      "locator": "Page 1, key advantages; also row 'Warranty, Limited (years)' on page 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated 'DS1902.17-2107US July 2021' on the sheet; day set to 01. This is the sheet Seagate's SkyHawk product page linked on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2021-skyhawk-warranty-3-years",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers SkyHawk surveillance hard drives for three years (Seagate, 2021). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate SkyHawk 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1902.17-2107US, July 2021)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai-hm/skyhawk-3-5-hdd-DS1902-17-2107US-July-2021-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2021-skyhawk-warranty-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2021-skyhawk-higher-temperatures-reduce-useful-life",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate states that operating its SkyHawk drives at higher temperatures will reduce the products' useful life, and does not recommend sustained extreme temperatures (rated maximum 65°C drive-reported) (Seagate, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 65,
      "unit": "degrees Celsius, rated maximum operating temperature (drive reported)",
      "display_value": "65°C rated maximum",
      "display_label": "Seagate SkyHawk datasheet, 2021",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2021 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate SkyHawk 3.5-inch surveillance HDDs, 2 TB to 8 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate SkyHawk 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1902.17-2107US, July 2021)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai-hm/skyhawk-3-5-hdd-DS1902-17-2107US-July-2021-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate does not recommend operating at sustained extreme temperatures. Operating at higher temperatures will reduce useful life of the products.",
      "locator": "Page 1, footnote 3; rated maximum from page 2 row 'Operating (drive reported, max °C)' (65°C)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The maker's guidance, not a measured effect. Dated 'DS1902.17-2107US July 2021' on the sheet; day set to 01. This is the sheet Seagate's SkyHawk product page linked on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2021-skyhawk-higher-temperatures-reduce-useful-life",
      "citation_text": "Seagate states that operating its SkyHawk drives at higher temperatures will reduce the products' useful life, and does not recommend sustained extreme temperatures (rated maximum 65°C drive-reported) (Seagate, 2021). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate SkyHawk 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1902.17-2107US, July 2021)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai-hm/skyhawk-3-5-hdd-DS1902-17-2107US-July-2021-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2021-skyhawk-higher-temperatures-reduce-useful-life."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-mtbf-2-5-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its SkyHawk AI surveillance hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan), assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2.5 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "Seagate SkyHawk AI datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5-inch surveillance HDDs, 20 TB to 32 TB (ST20000VE002 to ST32000VE000), helium, CMR",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1960.16C-2509US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai/skyhawk-ai-DS1960-16C-2509US-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Power-On Hours per year 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 Workload Rate Limit (WRL) 4 550 550 550 550 550 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) (hours) 2500000 hr",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan: MTBF is a population figure (see the MTBF-to-AFR records). Dated by document code DS1960.16C-2509US (September 2025); day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-mtbf-2-5-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its SkyHawk AI surveillance hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan), assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1960.16C-2509US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai/skyhawk-ai-DS1960-16C-2509US-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-mtbf-2-5-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate rates its SkyHawk AI surveillance hard drives for a workload of **550 TB** a year, which it says is more than three times that of standard surveillance drives (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 550,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "550 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate SkyHawk AI datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5-inch surveillance HDDs, 20 TB to 32 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1960.16C-2509US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai/skyhawk-ai-DS1960-16C-2509US-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SkyHawk AI drives are rated for up to 2.5M hours MTBF and a 550 TB/year workload rate for more than 3× that of standard surveillance hard drives.",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Class-Leading Reliability and Dependability'; also row 'Workload Rate Limit (WRL)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated by document code DS1960.16C-2509US (September 2025); day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate rates its SkyHawk AI surveillance hard drives for a workload of **550 TB** a year, which it says is more than three times that of standard surveillance drives (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1960.16C-2509US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai/skyhawk-ai-DS1960-16C-2509US-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-workload-550-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-warranty-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers SkyHawk AI surveillance hard drives for five years (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "Seagate SkyHawk AI datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5-inch surveillance HDDs, 20 TB to 32 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1960.16C-2509US)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai/skyhawk-ai-DS1960-16C-2509US-en_EM.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "rated for up to 2.5M hours MTBF and a 550 TB/year workload rate for more than 3× that of standard surveillance hard drives. Backed by a 5-year limited warranty.",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Class-Leading Reliability and Dependability'; also row 'Warranty, Limited (years)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated by document code DS1960.16C-2509US (September 2025); day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-warranty-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers SkyHawk AI surveillance hard drives for five years (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate SkyHawk AI 3.5 Hard Drive Data Sheet, EMEA edition (DS1960.16C-2509US)\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en_em/content-fragments/products/datasheets/skyhawk-ai/skyhawk-ai-DS1960-16C-2509US-en_EM.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-skyhawk-ai-warranty-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-kb-nearline-enterprise-workload-rate-limit-550-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate sets a workload rate limit of under **550 TB** a year for its nearline enterprise-capacity drives, and says that above the limit the drive's reliability will begin to decline (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 550,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "550 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate Support, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's support guidance)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate 'Enterprise Capacity (Nearline)' hard-drive design segment (the Exos class)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Annualised Workload Rate (Seagate Support knowledge-base article 005902en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/em/en/support/kb/annualized-workload-rate-005902en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Enterprise Capacity (Nearline) <550 TB/yr ... If the value is above the WRL then the reliability of the drive will begin to decline.",
      "locator": "Knowledge-base article 'Annualised Workload Rate', Workload Rate Limit table and the paragraph after it",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate defines Annualized Workload Rate = (lifetime writes + lifetime reads) x (8,760 / lifetime power-on hours). The page adds that warranty policy does not change but Seagate 'reserves the right to limit warranty claims when drive usage exceeds specifications'. Undated knowledge-base page: published_at is the access date. The canonical URL https://www.seagate.com/support/kb/annualized-workload-rate-005902en/ redirects to this regional copy.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-nearline-enterprise-workload-rate-limit-550-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate sets a workload rate limit of under **550 TB** a year for its nearline enterprise-capacity drives, and says that above the limit the drive's reliability will begin to decline (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Annualised Workload Rate (Seagate Support knowledge-base article 005902en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/em/en/support/kb/annualized-workload-rate-005902en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-nearline-enterprise-workload-rate-limit-550-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-kb-nearline-lite-workload-rate-limit-180-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate sets a workload rate limit of under **180 TB** a year for its 'nearline lite' drive segment (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 180,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "180 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate Support, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's support guidance)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Seagate 'Terascale (Nearline Lite)' hard-drive design segment",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Annualised Workload Rate (Seagate Support knowledge-base article 005902en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/em/en/support/kb/annualized-workload-rate-005902en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Enterprise Capacity (Nearline) <550 TB/yr Terascale (Nearline Lite) <180 TB/yr You may use SeaTools for Windows",
      "locator": "Knowledge-base article 'Annualised Workload Rate', Workload Rate Limit table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "180 TB a year is also the rating of Seagate IronWolf and SkyHawk, WD Red Plus and Toshiba N300 in their own datasheets. Undated knowledge-base page: published_at is the access date. The canonical URL https://www.seagate.com/support/kb/annualized-workload-rate-005902en/ redirects to this regional copy.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-nearline-lite-workload-rate-limit-180-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate sets a workload rate limit of under **180 TB** a year for its 'nearline lite' drive segment (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Annualised Workload Rate (Seagate Support knowledge-base article 005902en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/em/en/support/kb/annualized-workload-rate-005902en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-nearline-lite-workload-rate-limit-180-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-blue-3-5-warranty-2-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD's limited warranty covers WD Blue 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for two years (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "2 years",
      "display_label": "WD Blue product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDDs, 500 GB to 12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDD product brief (March 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Western Digital stands behind their PC storage solutions with a 2-year limited warranty7 included with every WD Blue hard drive.",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'The Western Digital Advantage'; also row 'Limited warranty (years)' on pages 2-3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. The WD Blue brief gives no MTBF and no workload rating. Dated 'March 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-blue-3-5-warranty-2-years",
      "citation_text": "WD's limited warranty covers WD Blue 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for two years (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDD product brief (March 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-blue-3-5-warranty-2-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-blue-3-5-load-unload-300000-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates WD Blue 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for **300,000 load/unload cycles** (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 300000,
      "unit": "load/unload cycles, the maker's rating",
      "display_value": "300,000 cycles",
      "display_label": "WD Blue product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDDs, 500 GB to 12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDD product brief (March 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Load/unload cycles 6 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 Non-recoverable read errors per bits read",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block, row 'Load/unload cycles' (footnote 6: controlled unload at ambient condition)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-load-unload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. The WD_BLACK brief (March 2024) also gives 300,000 cycles; WD Red Plus NAS drives are rated for 600,000 (wd-2025-red-plus-load-unload-600000-cycles). Dated 'March 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-blue-3-5-load-unload-300000-cycles",
      "citation_text": "WD rates WD Blue 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for **300,000 load/unload cycles** (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDD product brief (March 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-blue-3-5-load-unload-300000-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-blue-3-5-five-of-18-models-smr",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD's WD Blue 3.5-inch desktop range lists SMR (shingled) recording for **5 of its 18** models, at 2 TB, 3 TB, 4 TB and 6 TB, alongside CMR models of the same capacities (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "models of the 18 listed that use SMR recording",
      "display_value": "5 of 18 models",
      "display_label": "WD Blue product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDD models listed in the March 2025 brief (WD60EZAZ, WD40EZAZ, WD30EZAZ, WD20EZBX, WD20EZAZ are SMR)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDD product brief (March 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Recording Technology 3 CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR SMR CMR SMR CMR SMR ... Recording Technology 3 CMR SMR SMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR",
      "locator": "Pages 2-3, Specifications tables, row 'Recording Technology' (footnote 3: device-managed SMR)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Count of 'SMR' entries in the Recording Technology rows: 3 of 10 models on page 2 plus 2 of 8 on page 3 = 5 of 18.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "SMR is identified only by model number; the WD Blue brief gives no workload rating to compare, unlike Seagate's BarraCuda sheet (SMR 55 TB a year against CMR 120 TB). The 2020 WD Red SMR disclosure belongs to failure-events-and-firmware. Dated 'March 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-blue-3-5-five-of-18-models-smr",
      "citation_text": "WD's WD Blue 3.5-inch desktop range lists SMR (shingled) recording for **5 of its 18** models, at 2 TB, 3 TB, 4 TB and 6 TB, alongside CMR models of the same capacities (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Blue 3.5-inch SATA PC HDD product brief (March 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-blue-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-blue-pc-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-blue-3-5-five-of-18-models-smr."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2024-black-3-5-warranty-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD's limited warranty covers WD_BLACK 3.5-inch desktop gaming hard drives for five years (Western Digital, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "WD_BLACK product brief, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD_BLACK 3.5-inch gaming HDDs, 500 GB to 10 TB, CMR",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD_BLACK 3.5-Inch Gaming Hard Drive product brief (March 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-black-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-black-pc-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "which is why the WD_BLACK drive is backed by an industry-leading 5-year limited warranty",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'An Industry-Leading Warranty'; also row 'Limited warranty (years)' on pages 2-3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. The brief gives no MTBF or workload rating; load/unload is 300,000 cycles. It is the only desktop line in this set with more than two years: BarraCuda, WD Blue and Toshiba P300 carry two. Dated 'March 2024' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-black-3-5-warranty-5-years",
      "citation_text": "WD's limited warranty covers WD_BLACK 3.5-inch desktop gaming hard drives for five years (Western Digital, 2024). Source: Western Digital, \"WD_BLACK 3.5-Inch Gaming Hard Drive product brief (March 2024)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-black-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-black-pc-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-black-3-5-warranty-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-red-plus-mtbf-1-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its WD Red Plus NAS hard drives at 1 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan) (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "WD Red Plus product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Red Plus 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 12 TB, CMR, for up to 8 bays",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For RAID-optimized NAS systems with up to 8 bays • Rated for 180TB/year workload 2 and 1M hours MTBF",
      "locator": "Page 1, Highlights; also row 'MTBF (hours)' in the specifications table (footnote 9)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan: MTBF is a population figure (see the MTBF-to-AFR records). Dated 'March 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-mtbf-1-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its WD Red Plus NAS hard drives at 1 million hours MTBF (mean time between failures, a population rating, not a lifespan) (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-mtbf-1-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-red-plus-workload-180-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its WD Red Plus NAS hard drives for a workload of 180 TB a year (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 180,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "180 TB a year",
      "display_label": "WD Red Plus product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Red Plus 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For RAID-optimized NAS systems with up to 8 bays • Rated for 180TB/year workload 2 and 1M hours MTBF",
      "locator": "Page 1, Highlights; also row 'Workload rate (TB/year)' (footnote 2)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Footnote 2 defines workload rate as user data transferred to or from the drive, annualized as TB transferred x (8760 / recorded power-on hours). Dated 'March 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-workload-180-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its WD Red Plus NAS hard drives for a workload of 180 TB a year (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-workload-180-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-red-plus-warranty-3-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD's limited warranty covers WD Red Plus NAS hard drives for three years (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "3 years",
      "display_label": "WD Red Plus product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Red Plus 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Western Digital stands behind their NAS storage solutions with the assurance of a 3-year limited warranty",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Backed by World-Class Support and Warranty'; also row 'Limited warranty (years)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated 'March 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-warranty-3-years",
      "citation_text": "WD's limited warranty covers WD Red Plus NAS hard drives for three years (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-warranty-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-red-plus-load-unload-600000-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates WD Red Plus NAS hard drives for 600,000 load/unload cycles (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600000,
      "unit": "load/unload cycles, the maker's rating",
      "display_value": "600,000 cycles",
      "display_label": "WD Red Plus product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Red Plus 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Load/unload cycles 8 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000",
      "locator": "Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block, row 'Load/unload cycles' (footnote 8: controlled unload at ambient condition)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-load-unload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated 'March 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-load-unload-600000-cycles",
      "citation_text": "WD rates WD Red Plus NAS hard drives for 600,000 load/unload cycles (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-load-unload-600000-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-red-plus-mtbf-estimated-at-90-tb-a-year-and-40c",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD estimates the WD Red Plus MTBF rating under a workload of **90 TB** a year at a 40°C drive temperature, derates it above those conditions, and states that MTBF does not predict an individual drive's reliability (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 90,
      "unit": "TB a year, the workload assumed when estimating the MTBF rating",
      "display_value": "90 TB a year at 40°C",
      "display_label": "WD Red Plus product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Red Plus 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "under typical operating conditions: workload of 90TB/year and drive temperature of 40°C. Derating of MTBF will occur above these parameters, up to 65°C drive temperature. MTBF does not predict an individual drive’s reliability and does not constitute a warranty.",
      "locator": "Footnote 9 to the 'MTBF (hours)' row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The rated workload (180 TB a year) is twice the workload at which the MTBF is estimated (90 TB a year). WD Gold and WD Red Pro footnotes give 220 TB a year and 40°C. What makers say MTBF means in general is recorded with the MTBF-meaning records. Dated 'March 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-mtbf-estimated-at-90-tb-a-year-and-40c",
      "citation_text": "WD estimates the WD Red Plus MTBF rating under a workload of **90 TB** a year at a 40°C drive temperature, derates it above those conditions, and states that MTBF does not predict an individual drive's reliability (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Plus NAS hard drives product brief (March 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-plus-mtbf-estimated-at-90-tb-a-year-and-40c."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-red-pro-mtbf-2-5-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its WD Red Pro NAS hard drives at up to 2.5 million hours MTBF (helium models of 14 TB and up; 2 million hours for the air-filled models), a population rating, not a lifespan (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2.5 million hours MTBF",
      "display_label": "WD Red Pro data sheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Red Pro 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 26 TB, CMR; 2.5 million hours for helium models 14-26 TB, 2 million hours for air models 2-12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Pro NAS Hard Drive data sheet (January 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-pro-hdd/data-sheet-wd-red-pro-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Rated for 550TB/year workloads and up to 2.5M hours MTBF ... MTBF5 (hours) 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000",
      "locator": "Page 1, Highlights; pages 2-4, row 'MTBF5 (hours)' (footnote 5: projected values)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan: MTBF is a population figure (see the MTBF-to-AFR records). Footnote 5: projected values, estimated at a 220 TB a year workload and 40C, derated above those conditions up to 550 TB a year. Dated 'January 2025' on the sheet; day set to 01. Linked from the WD Red Pro product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-pro-mtbf-2-5-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its WD Red Pro NAS hard drives at up to 2.5 million hours MTBF (helium models of 14 TB and up; 2 million hours for the air-filled models), a population rating, not a lifespan (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Pro NAS Hard Drive data sheet (January 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-pro-hdd/data-sheet-wd-red-pro-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-pro-mtbf-2-5-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-red-pro-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its WD Red Pro NAS hard drives for a workload of 550 TB a year (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 550,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "550 TB a year",
      "display_label": "WD Red Pro data sheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Red Pro 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 26 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Pro NAS Hard Drive data sheet (January 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-pro-hdd/data-sheet-wd-red-pro-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For RAID-optimized NAS systems with unlimited # of bays • Rated for 550TB/year workloads and up to 2.5M hours MTBF",
      "locator": "Page 1, Highlights; also row 'Workload rate 6 (TB/year)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated 'January 2025' on the sheet; day set to 01. Linked from the WD Red Pro product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-pro-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its WD Red Pro NAS hard drives for a workload of 550 TB a year (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Pro NAS Hard Drive data sheet (January 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-pro-hdd/data-sheet-wd-red-pro-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-pro-workload-550-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-red-pro-warranty-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD's limited warranty covers WD Red Pro NAS hard drives for five years (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "WD Red Pro data sheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Red Pro 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 2 TB to 26 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Pro NAS Hard Drive data sheet (January 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-pro-hdd/data-sheet-wd-red-pro-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "MTBF5 (hours) 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 Workload rate 6 (TB/year) 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 Limited warranty 7 (years) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, row 'Limited warranty 7 (years)' (same on pages 3-4)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated 'January 2025' on the sheet; day set to 01. Linked from the WD Red Pro product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-pro-warranty-5-years",
      "citation_text": "WD's limited warranty covers WD Red Pro NAS hard drives for five years (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Pro NAS Hard Drive data sheet (January 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-pro-hdd/data-sheet-wd-red-pro-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-red-pro-warranty-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-gold-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its helium WD Gold enterprise hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTBF, equal to a 0.35% annualized failure rate specification (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2.5 million hours MTBF (0.35% AFR)",
      "display_label": "WD Gold product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Gold 3.5-inch enterprise SATA HDDs, helium models 12 TB (WD121KRYZ) and 14 TB to 26 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Gold Enterprise Class SATA HDD product brief (January 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-gold/product-brief-wd-gold-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Reliability MTBF (hours, projected) 4 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 Annualized Failure Rate 4 (AFR, %) 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35",
      "locator": "Page 2, Specifications table, Reliability block (26TB to 20TB models)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a measurement or lifespan. Footnote 4: estimated at 220 TB a year and 40°C device-reported temperature, derated above those up to 550 TB a year and 60°C; 'MTBF and AFR ratings do not predict an individual drive's reliability'. One helium 12 TB row (WD121KRYZ) lists 2,500,000 hours with 0.44% AFR, an inconsistency in the brief. Dated 'January 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-gold-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its helium WD Gold enterprise hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTBF, equal to a 0.35% annualized failure rate specification (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Gold Enterprise Class SATA HDD product brief (January 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-gold/product-brief-wd-gold-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-gold-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-gold-air-models-mtbf-2-million-hours-afr-0-44pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its air-filled WD Gold enterprise hard drives (1 TB to 12 TB) at **2 million hours** MTBF and a 0.44% annualized failure rate specification, against 2.5 million hours and 0.35% for its helium models (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2000000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2 million hours MTBF (0.44% AFR)",
      "display_label": "WD Gold product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Gold 3.5-inch enterprise SATA HDDs, air-filled models 1 TB to 10 TB and 12 TB WD122KRYZ",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Gold Enterprise Class SATA HDD product brief (January 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-gold/product-brief-wd-gold-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drive Technology Air Air Air Air Air Air ... MTBF (hours, projected) 4 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Annualized Failure Rate 4 (AFR, %) 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44",
      "locator": "Page 3, second Specifications table (WD102KRYZ to WD1005FBYZ), rows 'Drive Technology', 'MTBF' and 'Annualized Failure Rate'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating contrast within one maker's line (helium against air), not a field measurement. WD Red Pro shows the same split (2.5 million hours helium, 2 million air). 8,760 / 2,000,000 = 0.44%. Dated 'January 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-gold-air-models-mtbf-2-million-hours-afr-0-44pct",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its air-filled WD Gold enterprise hard drives (1 TB to 12 TB) at **2 million hours** MTBF and a 0.44% annualized failure rate specification, against 2.5 million hours and 0.35% for its helium models (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Gold Enterprise Class SATA HDD product brief (January 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-gold/product-brief-wd-gold-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-gold-air-models-mtbf-2-million-hours-afr-0-44pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-gold-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its WD Gold enterprise hard drives for read-write workloads of up to 550 TB a year (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 550,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "550 TB a year",
      "display_label": "WD Gold product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Gold 3.5-inch enterprise SATA HDDs, 1 TB to 26 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Gold Enterprise Class SATA HDD product brief (January 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-gold/product-brief-wd-gold-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "engineered for demanding applications and read-write workloads of up to 550TB2 per year.",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Enterprise Capacity' paragraph ('550TB2': the 2 is footnote marker 2, the workload definition)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated 'January 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-gold-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its WD Gold enterprise hard drives for read-write workloads of up to 550 TB a year (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Gold Enterprise Class SATA HDD product brief (January 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-gold/product-brief-wd-gold-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-gold-workload-550-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2025-gold-warranty-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD's limited warranty covers WD Gold enterprise hard drives for five years (Western Digital, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "WD Gold product brief, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Gold 3.5-inch enterprise SATA HDDs, 1 TB to 26 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Gold Enterprise Class SATA HDD product brief (January 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-gold/product-brief-wd-gold-hdd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Peace of mind with a 5-year limited warranty.",
      "locator": "Page 1, Highlights; also row 'Limited Warranty' in the specifications tables",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated 'January 2025' on the brief; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-gold-warranty-5-years",
      "citation_text": "WD's limited warranty covers WD Gold enterprise hard drives for five years (Western Digital, 2025). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Gold Enterprise Class SATA HDD product brief (January 2025)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-gold/product-brief-wd-gold-hdd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2025-gold-warranty-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its Ultrastar DC HC690 data-centre hard drives (30 TB and 32 TB, SMR) at a projected **2.5 million hours** MTBF, equal to a 0.35% annualized failure rate specification, for 24x7 availability (Western Digital, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTBF rating (mean time between failures, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2.5 million hours MTBF (0.35% AFR)",
      "display_label": "WD Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Ultrastar DC HC690 3.5-inch data-centre HDDs, 30 TB and 32 TB, SATA and SAS, helium, UltraSMR",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet (October 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc690.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Availability (hrs/day x days/wk) 24x7 24x7 24x7 24x7 MTBF5 (M hours) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Annualized Failure Rate5 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35%",
      "locator": "Page 2, specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block (footnote 5: projected values)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A projected rating, not a measurement or lifespan. Footnote 5: estimated at typical workload and 40°C, derated above those up to 550 TB a year and 60°C. Dated 'October 2024' on the sheet; day set to 01. Linked from the Ultrastar DC HC690 product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its Ultrastar DC HC690 data-centre hard drives (30 TB and 32 TB, SMR) at a projected **2.5 million hours** MTBF, equal to a 0.35% annualized failure rate specification, for 24x7 availability (Western Digital, 2024). Source: Western Digital, \"Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet (October 2024)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc690.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates its Ultrastar DC HC690 data-centre hard drives for workloads of 550 TB a year (Western Digital, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 550,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "550 TB a year",
      "display_label": "WD Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Ultrastar DC HC690 3.5-inch data-centre HDDs, 30 TB and 32 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet (October 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc690.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Maintains superior reliability of field-proven hardware designs • Rated for 550TB/year workloads and up to 2.5M hours MTBF",
      "locator": "Page 1, Ultrastar DC HC690 Highlights",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated 'October 2024' on the sheet; day set to 01. Linked from the Ultrastar DC HC690 product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "WD rates its Ultrastar DC HC690 data-centre hard drives for workloads of 550 TB a year (Western Digital, 2024). Source: Western Digital, \"Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet (October 2024)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc690.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-workload-550-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-warranty-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD's limited warranty covers Ultrastar DC HC690 data-centre hard drives for five years (Western Digital, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "WD Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Ultrastar DC HC690 3.5-inch data-centre HDDs, 30 TB and 32 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet (October 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc690.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Annualized Failure Rate5 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% Limited warranty 5 years 5 years 5 years 5 years",
      "locator": "Page 2, specifications table, row 'Limited warranty'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated 'October 2024' on the sheet; day set to 01. Linked from the Ultrastar DC HC690 product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-warranty-5-years",
      "citation_text": "WD's limited warranty covers Ultrastar DC HC690 data-centre hard drives for five years (Western Digital, 2024). Source: Western Digital, \"Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet (October 2024)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc690.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-warranty-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-load-unload-600000-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "WD rates Ultrastar DC HC690 data-centre hard drives for 600,000 load/unload cycles at 40°C (Western Digital, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 600000,
      "unit": "load/unload cycles, the maker's rating",
      "display_value": "600,000 cycles",
      "display_label": "WD Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "WD Ultrastar DC HC690 3.5-inch data-centre HDDs, 30 TB and 32 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet (October 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc690.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Load/Unload cycles (at 40°C) 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000",
      "locator": "Page 2, specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity block",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-load-unload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated 'October 2024' on the sheet; day set to 01. Linked from the Ultrastar DC HC690 product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-load-unload-600000-cycles",
      "citation_text": "WD rates Ultrastar DC HC690 data-centre hard drives for 600,000 load/unload cycles at 40°C (Western Digital, 2024). Source: Western Digital, \"Ultrastar DC HC690 data sheet (October 2024)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc600-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc690.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2024-ultrastar-dc-hc690-load-unload-600000-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba-2025-p300-warranty-2-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Toshiba's limited warranty covers P300 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for two years (Toshiba, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "2 years",
      "display_label": "Toshiba P300 datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Toshiba P300 3.5-inch desktop HDDs, 2 TB, 4 TB and 6 TB (HDWD320UZSVA, HDWD240UZSVA, HDWD260UZSVA)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Toshiba Electronics Europe",
      "source_title": "Toshiba P300 Desktop PC Hard Drives datasheet (06/2025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-P300-barrierfree-EN.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Load/Unload cycles 600,000 . Limited warranty (years) 2 .",
      "locator": "Pages 2-4, specification sheet of each capacity, Reliability block",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. The P300 sheet gives no MTBF and no workload rating; load/unload is 600,000 cycles. Dated '06/2025' on each page; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2025-p300-warranty-2-years",
      "citation_text": "Toshiba's limited warranty covers P300 3.5-inch desktop hard drives for two years (Toshiba, 2025). Source: Toshiba Electronics Europe, \"Toshiba P300 Desktop PC Hard Drives datasheet (06/2025)\" (https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-P300-barrierfree-EN.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2025-p300-warranty-2-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba-2025-p300-all-current-models-smr",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Toshiba's P300 desktop hard drive datasheet lists SMR (shingled) recording for **all three** current P300 models, 2 TB, 4 TB and 6 TB (Toshiba, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "models of the 3 listed that use SMR recording",
      "display_value": "3 of 3 models SMR",
      "display_label": "Toshiba P300 datasheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2025 (product specification)",
      "population": "Toshiba P300 3.5-inch desktop HDDs listed in the 06/2025 datasheet",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Toshiba Electronics Europe",
      "source_title": "Toshiba P300 Desktop PC Hard Drives datasheet (06/2025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-P300-barrierfree-EN.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-06-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The P300 is available in capacities up to 6 TB. ... Interface SATA 6.0 Gbit/s . Recording Technology SMR . Native command queuing (NCQ) supported",
      "locator": "Page 1 (range) and pages 2-4, 'Recording Technology' line of each capacity's sheet",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Count of capacity sheets (6 TB, 4 TB, 2 TB) whose Recording Technology line reads SMR: 3 of 3.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Earlier P300 generations included CMR models; this sheet lists SMR only. Dated '06/2025' on each page; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2025-p300-all-current-models-smr",
      "citation_text": "Toshiba's P300 desktop hard drive datasheet lists SMR (shingled) recording for **all three** current P300 models, 2 TB, 4 TB and 6 TB (Toshiba, 2025). Source: Toshiba Electronics Europe, \"Toshiba P300 Desktop PC Hard Drives datasheet (06/2025)\" (https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-P300-barrierfree-EN.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2025-p300-all-current-models-smr."
    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba-2026-n300-mttf-1-2-million-hours",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Toshiba rates its N300 NAS hard drives of 14 TB and up at 1.2 million hours MTTF (mean time to failure, a population rating, not a lifespan), and the 6 TB to 12 TB models at 1 million hours (Toshiba, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200000,
      "unit": "hours, MTTF/MTBF rating (mean time to failure, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "1.2 million hours MTTF",
      "display_label": "Toshiba N300 datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Toshiba N300 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, CMR; 1.2 million hours for 14-22 TB (e.g. 22 TB MN11ACA22TS), 1 million hours for 6-12 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Toshiba Electronics Europe",
      "source_title": "Toshiba N300 NAS Hard Drives datasheet (05/2026)",
      "source_url": "https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-2026-N300-barrierfree-EN_180526.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Workloads (TB/year) 180 . MTTF (hours) 1,200,000 . Unrecoverable error rate 1 per 10^15 . 24 x 7 operation yes . Limited warranty (years) 3 .",
      "locator": "Page 2, N300 22 TB sheet, Reliability block; 12 TB to 6 TB sheets list 'MTTF (hours) 1,000,000'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan: MTBF is a population figure (see the MTBF-to-AFR records). Dated '05/2026' on each page (copyright 2026); day set to 01. Linked from Toshiba's N300 product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2026-n300-mttf-1-2-million-hours",
      "citation_text": "Toshiba rates its N300 NAS hard drives of 14 TB and up at 1.2 million hours MTTF (mean time to failure, a population rating, not a lifespan), and the 6 TB to 12 TB models at 1 million hours (Toshiba, 2026). Source: Toshiba Electronics Europe, \"Toshiba N300 NAS Hard Drives datasheet (05/2026)\" (https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-2026-N300-barrierfree-EN_180526.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2026-n300-mttf-1-2-million-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba-2026-n300-workload-180-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Toshiba rates its N300 NAS hard drives for a workload of 180 TB a year (Toshiba, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 180,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "180 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Toshiba N300 datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Toshiba N300 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 6 TB to 22 TB, 24x7 operation, up to 8 or 12 bays",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Toshiba Electronics Europe",
      "source_title": "Toshiba N300 NAS Hard Drives datasheet (05/2026)",
      "source_url": "https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-2026-N300-barrierfree-EN_180526.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Workloads (TB/year) 180 . MTTF (hours) 1,200,000 . Unrecoverable error rate 1 per 10^15 . 24 x 7 operation yes . Limited warranty (years) 3 .",
      "locator": "Page 2, N300 22 TB sheet, row 'Workloads (TB/year)' (same 180 on every capacity sheet)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Dated '05/2026' on each page (copyright 2026); day set to 01. Linked from Toshiba's N300 product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2026-n300-workload-180-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Toshiba rates its N300 NAS hard drives for a workload of 180 TB a year (Toshiba, 2026). Source: Toshiba Electronics Europe, \"Toshiba N300 NAS Hard Drives datasheet (05/2026)\" (https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-2026-N300-barrierfree-EN_180526.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2026-n300-workload-180-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba-2026-n300-warranty-3-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Toshiba's limited warranty covers N300 NAS hard drives for three years (Toshiba, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty",
      "display_value": "3 years",
      "display_label": "Toshiba N300 datasheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2026 (product specification)",
      "population": "Toshiba N300 3.5-inch NAS HDDs, 6 TB to 22 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Toshiba Electronics Europe",
      "source_title": "Toshiba N300 NAS Hard Drives datasheet (05/2026)",
      "source_url": "https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-2026-N300-barrierfree-EN_180526.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Workloads (TB/year) 180 . MTTF (hours) 1,200,000 . Unrecoverable error rate 1 per 10^15 . 24 x 7 operation yes . Limited warranty (years) 3 .",
      "locator": "Page 2, N300 22 TB sheet, row 'Limited warranty (years)' (same on every capacity sheet)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-warranty-years-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Dated '05/2026' on each page (copyright 2026); day set to 01. Linked from Toshiba's N300 product page on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2026-n300-warranty-3-years",
      "citation_text": "Toshiba's limited warranty covers N300 NAS hard drives for three years (Toshiba, 2026). Source: Toshiba Electronics Europe, \"Toshiba N300 NAS Hard Drives datasheet (05/2026)\" (https://www.toshiba-storage.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/TOSHIBA-Datasheet-2026-N300-barrierfree-EN_180526.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2026-n300-warranty-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba-2024-mg11-mttf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Toshiba rates its MG11 enterprise hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTTF/MTBF, equal to a 0.35% annualized failure rate specification, assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year at 40°C and 550 TB a year (Toshiba, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2500000,
      "unit": "hours, MTTF/MTBF rating (mean time to failure, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "2.5 million hours MTTF (0.35% AFR)",
      "display_label": "Toshiba MG11 product overview, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "Toshiba MG11 Series 3.5-inch cloud-scale capacity HDDs, 14 TB to 24 TB, SATA and SAS, helium, CMR",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation",
      "source_title": "MG11 Series Cloud-Scale Capacity HDD Product Overview (Rev. 00, Aug 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/enterprise-hdd-documents/mg11-product-overview.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "MTTF / MTBF (Mean Time to Failure / Mean Time Between Failure) of the HDDs during its life time is 2 500 000 hours and AFR (Annualized Failure Rate) is 0.35 %.",
      "locator": "Page 3, Reliability table and footnote [17]",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-mtbf-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a measurement or lifespan. Footnote 17 sets the conditions: POH 8,760 hours a year (24x7), average HDA surface temperature 40°C or less, workloads 550 TB a year. The overview states no warranty term (MG drives are sold mainly through OEMs). Dated 'Rev. 00: Aug, 2024' on each page; day set to 01. Linked from Toshiba America's MG11 Series page (storage.toshiba.com) on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2024-mg11-mttf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "citation_text": "Toshiba rates its MG11 enterprise hard drives at 2.5 million hours MTTF/MTBF, equal to a 0.35% annualized failure rate specification, assuming 8,760 power-on hours a year at 40°C and 550 TB a year (Toshiba, 2024). Source: Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation, \"MG11 Series Cloud-Scale Capacity HDD Product Overview (Rev. 00, Aug 2024)\" (https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/enterprise-hdd-documents/mg11-product-overview.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2024-mg11-mttf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba-2024-mg11-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Toshiba rates its MG11 enterprise hard drives for a workload of 550 TB transferred a year (Toshiba, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 550,
      "unit": "TB a year, workload rating (data transferred to and from the drive, the maker's specification)",
      "display_value": "550 TB a year",
      "display_label": "Toshiba MG11 product overview, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "Toshiba MG11 Series 3.5-inch cloud-scale capacity HDDs, 14 TB to 24 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation",
      "source_title": "MG11 Series Cloud-Scale Capacity HDD Product Overview (Rev. 00, Aug 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/enterprise-hdd-documents/mg11-product-overview.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Load / Unload 600 000 times Availability 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Rated Annual Workload 550 TB per year",
      "locator": "Page 3, Reliability table, row 'Rated Annual Workload'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-workload-rating-by-line",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating, not a lifespan. Workload is defined as data written, read or verified by commands from the host (footnote 4). Dated 'Rev. 00: Aug, 2024' on each page; day set to 01. Linked from Toshiba America's MG11 Series page (storage.toshiba.com) on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2024-mg11-workload-550-tb-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Toshiba rates its MG11 enterprise hard drives for a workload of 550 TB transferred a year (Toshiba, 2024). Source: Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation, \"MG11 Series Cloud-Scale Capacity HDD Product Overview (Rev. 00, Aug 2024)\" (https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/enterprise-hdd-documents/mg11-product-overview.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2024-mg11-workload-550-tb-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba-2024-mg11-sustained-operation-above-40c-may-degrade-reliability",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Toshiba states that continual operation of its MG11 enterprise drives above a 40°C case (HDA surface) temperature may degrade product reliability (Toshiba, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 40,
      "unit": "degrees Celsius, case (HDA surface) temperature above which the maker says reliability may degrade",
      "display_value": "40°C",
      "display_label": "Toshiba MG11 product overview, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 (product specification)",
      "population": "Toshiba MG11 Series 3.5-inch cloud-scale capacity HDDs, 14 TB to 24 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation",
      "source_title": "MG11 Series Cloud-Scale Capacity HDD Product Overview (Rev. 00, Aug 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/enterprise-hdd-documents/mg11-product-overview.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Continual or sustained operation at case HDA surface temperature above 40 °C may degrade product reliability.",
      "locator": "Page 3, footnote [17] to the MTTF/MTBF (AFR) row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The maker's guidance, not a measured effect. The rated operating range is 5°C to 60°C enclosure surface temperature. Dated 'Rev. 00: Aug, 2024' on each page; day set to 01. Linked from Toshiba America's MG11 Series page (storage.toshiba.com) on 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2024-mg11-sustained-operation-above-40c-may-degrade-reliability",
      "citation_text": "Toshiba states that continual operation of its MG11 enterprise drives above a 40°C case (HDA surface) temperature may degrade product reliability (Toshiba, 2024). Source: Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation, \"MG11 Series Cloud-Scale Capacity HDD Product Overview (Rev. 00, Aug 2024)\" (https://storage.toshiba.com/docs/enterprise-hdd-documents/mg11-product-overview.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#toshiba-2024-mg11-sustained-operation-above-40c-may-degrade-reliability."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2026-my-passport-portable-hdd-warranty-3-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Western Digital's limited warranty covers the WD My Passport portable hard drive for three years, at every capacity from 1 TB to 6 TB (Western Digital, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty (the maker's warranty term)",
      "display_value": "3 years",
      "display_label": "Western Digital product page, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "westerndigital.com product page (US English); WD says warranty terms can vary by region",
      "period": "Product page as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD My Passport portable USB hard drives, 1 TB to 6 TB (black, model WDBR9S0060BBK and siblings)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "My Passport | Western Digital (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.westerndigital.com/products/portable-drives/wd-my-passport-usb-3-0-hdd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Specifications Capacity 6TB Connector Micro-B Interface USB 3.2 Gen 1 USB 3.0 USB 2.0 Transfer Rate up to 5Gb/s Recording Technology Warranty 3-Year Limited Warranty",
      "locator": "Specifications tab, Warranty row (same '3-Year Limited Warranty' for the 1TB, 2TB, 4TB, 5TB and 6TB variants)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan or a failure rate. No MTBF or other reliability rating is published for the My Passport. The page is undated: published_at is the access date. The page also sells an Ontrack data recovery plan as a paid add-on.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2026-my-passport-portable-hdd-warranty-3-years",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital's limited warranty covers the WD My Passport portable hard drive for three years, at every capacity from 1 TB to 6 TB (Western Digital, 2026). Source: Western Digital, \"My Passport | Western Digital (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.westerndigital.com/products/portable-drives/wd-my-passport-usb-3-0-hdd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2026-my-passport-portable-hdd-warranty-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2026-my-passport-operating-temperature-5-to-35c",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Western Digital specifies an operating temperature of **5°C to 35°C** for the WD My Passport portable hard drive (Western Digital, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 35,
      "unit": "°C, maximum operating temperature in the maker's specification (range 5°C to 35°C)",
      "display_value": "5°C to 35°C",
      "display_label": "Western Digital product page, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "westerndigital.com product page (US English)",
      "period": "Product page as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD My Passport portable USB hard drives, 1 TB to 6 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "My Passport | Western Digital (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.westerndigital.com/products/portable-drives/wd-my-passport-usb-3-0-hdd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Operating Temperature 5°C to 35°C Non-Operating Temperature -20°C to 65°C",
      "locator": "Specifications tab, Operating Temperature and Non-Operating Temperature rows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A specification. The non-operating (storage) range is -20°C to 65°C. Seagate's Portable Drive datasheet (2025) gives the same 5-35°C operating range (record seagate-2025-portable-drive-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac, raw ext-seagate-portable-drive-ds1985-4-2025). The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2026-my-passport-operating-temperature-5-to-35c",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital specifies an operating temperature of **5°C to 35°C** for the WD My Passport portable hard drive (Western Digital, 2026). Source: Western Digital, \"My Passport | Western Digital (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.westerndigital.com/products/portable-drives/wd-my-passport-usb-3-0-hdd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2026-my-passport-operating-temperature-5-to-35c."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2026-elements-portable-hdd-warranty-2-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Western Digital's limited warranty covers the WD Elements Portable hard drive for two years, one year less than the My Passport (Western Digital, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty (the maker's warranty term)",
      "display_value": "2 years",
      "display_label": "Western Digital product page, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "westerndigital.com product page (US English); WD says warranty terms can vary by region",
      "period": "Product page as published in 2026",
      "population": "WD Elements Portable USB hard drives, 1 TB to 6 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Elements Portable | Western Digital (product page, Specifications)",
      "source_url": "https://www.westerndigital.com/products/portable-drives/wd-elements-portable-usb-3-0-hdd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Specifications Capacity 1TB Connector Micro-B Interface USB 3.2 Gen 1 USB 3.0 USB 2.0 Recording Technology Warranty 2-Year Limited Warranty",
      "locator": "Specifications tab, Warranty row (same '2-Year Limited Warranty' for the 1TB, 2TB, 4TB, 5TB and 6TB variants)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Operating temperature on the same page: 5°C to 35°C. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2026-elements-portable-hdd-warranty-2-years",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital's limited warranty covers the WD Elements Portable hard drive for two years, one year less than the My Passport (Western Digital, 2026). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Elements Portable | Western Digital (product page, Specifications)\" (https://www.westerndigital.com/products/portable-drives/wd-elements-portable-usb-3-0-hdd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2026-elements-portable-hdd-warranty-2-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-portable-drive-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers the Seagate Portable Drive for one year in the Americas, two years in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and three years in Asia-Pacific (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": "Seagate's portable drive carries **1 year** of warranty in the Americas and three in Asia-Pacific.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty in the Americas (2 in EMEA, 3 in APAC)",
      "display_value": "1 year (Americas)",
      "display_label": "Seagate Portable Drive data sheet, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Americas (1 year), EMEA (2 years), APAC (3 years), as the datasheet lists by ordering region",
      "period": "Data sheet DS1985.4, August 2025",
      "population": "Seagate Portable Drive 2.5-inch USB hard drives STGX1000400, STGX2000400, STGX4000400, STGX5000400 (1 TB to 5 TB)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate Portable Drive Data Sheet (External Storage), DS1985.4-2508US",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/portable-drive-esk-2-5/portable-drive-2-5-DS1985-4-2508US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Limited Warranty (years) ... AMER STGX1000400 1TB 1 ... EMEA STGX1000400 1TB 2 ... APAC STGX1000400 1TB 3",
      "locator": "Pages 2-3, ordering table (Region, Model Number, Capacity, Limited Warranty (years)); same terms for 2TB, 4TB and 5TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The same drive carries a different warranty by sales region. Unlike the 2019-2020 Expansion datasheets, this 2025 Portable Drive sheet does not mention Rescue Data Recovery Services. Operating temperature 5-35°C. Date from the document code 2508 (August 2025, © 2025); day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-portable-drive-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers the Seagate Portable Drive for one year in the Americas, two years in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and three years in Asia-Pacific (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate Portable Drive Data Sheet (External Storage), DS1985.4-2508US\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/portable-drive-esk-2-5/portable-drive-2-5-DS1985-4-2508US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-portable-drive-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2019-expansion-portable-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers the Seagate Expansion portable drive for one year in the Americas, two years in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and three years in Asia-Pacific, with Rescue data recovery for the same periods (Seagate, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty in the Americas (2 in EMEA, 3 in APAC)",
      "display_value": "1 year (Americas)",
      "display_label": "Seagate Expansion portable data sheet, 2019",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Americas (1 year), EMEA (2 years), APAC (3 years)",
      "period": "Data sheet DS1842.7, November 2019",
      "population": "Seagate Expansion portable 2.5-inch USB 3.0 hard drives STEA1000400 to STEA5000402 (1 TB to 5 TB)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate Expansion Portable Drive Data Sheet, DS1842.7 1911 GB",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/expansion-portable-DS1842-7-1911-GB-en_GB.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Limited Warranty: AMER - 1 year, EMEA - 2 years, APAC - 3 years Rescue Data Recovery Services 3 : AMER - 1 year, EMEA - 2 years, APAC - 3 years",
      "locator": "Page 2, 'What's Included' list; footnote 3: 'Rescue Data Recovery Services not available in all countries'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Document code 1911 (November 2019); the footer reads © 2020. Rescue is a data recovery service bundled for the warranty period, not available in every country.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2019-expansion-portable-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers the Seagate Expansion portable drive for one year in the Americas, two years in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and three years in Asia-Pacific, with Rescue data recovery for the same periods (Seagate, 2019). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate Expansion Portable Drive Data Sheet, DS1842.7 1911 GB\" (https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/expansion-portable-DS1842-7-1911-GB-en_GB.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2019-expansion-portable-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2020-expansion-desktop-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's limited warranty covers the Seagate Expansion desktop drive for one year in the Americas, two years in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and three years in Asia-Pacific, every model including Rescue data recovery (Seagate, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty in the Americas (2 in EMEA, 3 in APAC)",
      "display_value": "1 year (Americas)",
      "display_label": "Seagate Expansion desktop data sheet, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Americas (1 year), EMEA (2 years), APAC (3 years)",
      "period": "Data sheet DS1843.11, November 2020",
      "population": "Seagate Expansion desktop 3.5-inch USB 3.0 hard drives, 4 TB to 16 TB (STEB models)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate Expansion Desktop Drive Data Sheet, DS1843.11-2011 GB",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/expansion-desk-16tb-DS1843-11-2011-GB-en_GB.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-11-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Region Model Number Capacity Colour Limited Warranty (years) ... AMER STEB4000100 4TB Black 1 ... EMEA STEB4000200 4TB Black 2 ... APAC STEB4000300 4TB Black 3",
      "locator": "Page 2, ordering table (Region, Model Number, Capacity, Colour, Limited Warranty (years), Notes 'Includes Rescue'); same pattern 4TB to 16TB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Date from the document code 2011 (November 2020, © 2020); day set to 01. A newer Expansion desktop sheet may exist; seagate.com HTML pages redirect by region and the product page could not be read.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2020-expansion-desktop-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's limited warranty covers the Seagate Expansion desktop drive for one year in the Americas, two years in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and three years in Asia-Pacific, every model including Rescue data recovery (Seagate, 2020). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate Expansion Desktop Drive Data Sheet, DS1843.11-2011 GB\" (https://www.seagate.com/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/expansion-desk-16tb-DS1843-11-2011-GB-en_GB.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2020-expansion-desktop-warranty-1-year-americas-2-emea-3-apac."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-portable-ssd-t7-3-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's limited warranty covers the Portable SSD T7 for three years at every capacity from 500 GB to 4 TB, as it does the T7 Touch and T7 Shield (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty (the maker's warranty term)",
      "display_value": "3 years",
      "display_label": "Samsung Portable-SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung Portable SSD T7 (500 GB, 1 TB, 2 TB, 4 TB); also T7 Touch and T7 Shield",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung Portable-SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung Portable-SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Portable SSD T7 500GB/1TB/2TB/4TB 3 years Portable SSD T7 Touch 500GB/1TB/2TB 3 years Portable SSD T7 Shield 1TB/2TB/4TB 3 years",
      "locator": "Portable SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period)', rows T7, T7 Touch, T7 Shield",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Portable SSD warranties are by period only (no TBW limit), unlike Samsung's internal SSDs. The T7 datasheet Rev 2.0 (2024) also states 'Three (3) Year Limited Warranty'. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-portable-ssd-t7-3-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's limited warranty covers the Portable SSD T7 for three years at every capacity from 500 GB to 4 TB, as it does the T7 Touch and T7 Shield (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung Portable-SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung Portable-SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-portable-ssd-t7-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-warranty-portable-ssd-t9-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung's limited warranty covers the Portable SSD T9 for five years at 1 TB, 2 TB and 4 TB, two years longer than the T7 (Samsung, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty (the maker's warranty term)",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "Samsung Portable-SSD Limited Warranty, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (Samsung semiconductor support site)",
      "period": "Warranty table as published in 2026",
      "population": "Samsung Portable SSD T9 (1 TB, 2 TB, 4 TB)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung Portable-SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung Portable-SSD)",
      "source_url": "https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Portable SSD T7 Shield 1TB/2TB/4TB 3 years Portable SSD T9 1TB/2TB/4TB 5 years",
      "locator": "Portable SSD tab, section B 'Limited Warranty Condition (Period)', row Portable SSD T9",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. The T1, T3, T5, T5 EVO, X5 and T7 family are all 3 years in the same table; the T9 is the only 5-year Samsung portable SSD listed. The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-portable-ssd-t9-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Samsung's limited warranty covers the Portable SSD T9 for five years at 1 TB, 2 TB and 4 TB, two years longer than the T7 (Samsung, 2026). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Warranty | Samsung Semiconductor Global (Samsung Portable-SSD Limited Warranty, For All Samsung Portable-SSD)\" (https://semiconductor.samsung.com/consumer-storage/support/warranty/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-warranty-portable-ssd-t9-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-2024-portable-ssd-t7-drop-rating-2-m-drop-damage-not-covered",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Samsung rates the Portable SSD T7 as drop resistant up to **2 metres** in its own controlled test, but says damage caused by a drop is not covered under the warranty (Samsung, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "metres, drop-resistance rating (maker's controlled free-fall test onto a metal plate)",
      "display_value": "2 m",
      "display_label": "Samsung Portable SSD T7 data sheet, 2024",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "2024 data sheet, Revision 2.0",
      "population": "Samsung Portable SSD T7, 500 GB to 4 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung Portable SSD T7 2024 Data Sheet, Revision 2.0",
      "source_url": "https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_Portable_SSD_T7_Datasheet_Rev2.0.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drop Resistant Up to 2 m4 ... Damage caused by drop is not covered under warranty. * Test condition: Device was dropped free -fall to a metal plate from 2-meter height.",
      "locator": "Page 3, specifications table, Durability row; footnote 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rating from the maker's own test, not a guarantee: footnote 4 says drop resistance 'may vary depending on the actual environmental conditions' and 'No warranty is provided for any physical damage'. Operating temperature 0°C to 60°C on the same sheet. Only the year (2024) is given on the cover; day and month set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2024-portable-ssd-t7-drop-rating-2-m-drop-damage-not-covered",
      "citation_text": "Samsung rates the Portable SSD T7 as drop resistant up to **2 metres** in its own controlled test, but says damage caused by a drop is not covered under the warranty (Samsung, 2024). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung Portable SSD T7 2024 Data Sheet, Revision 2.0\" (https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_Portable_SSD_T7_Datasheet_Rev2.0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#samsung-2024-portable-ssd-t7-drop-rating-2-m-drop-damage-not-covered."
    },
    {
      "id": "sandisk-2026-extreme-portable-ssd-warranty-5-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Sandisk's limited warranty covers the SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD for five years (Sandisk, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty (the maker's warranty term)",
      "display_value": "5 years",
      "display_label": "Sandisk Extreme Portable SSD data sheet, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide data sheet; warranty details by region at sandisk.com/wug",
      "period": "2026 data sheet",
      "population": "SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD (USB 3.2 Gen 2x2, up to 2,000 MB/s), 1 TB, 2 TB, 4 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Sandisk Corporation",
      "source_title": "SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD Data Sheet",
      "source_url": "https://documents.sandisk.com/content/dam/asset-library/en_us/assets/public/sandisk/product/portable-drives/extreme-portable-ssd/data-sheet-extreme-portable-ssd.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Backed by a 5-year limited warranty5 for lasting confidence in your transfers",
      "locator": "Page 1, Highlights list ('5-YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY'); page 2 specifications, Limited Warranty row '5-year'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. The same sheet rates the drive IP65 with drop protection up to three metres (internal testing) and 0°C to 45°C operating. The Extreme PRO Portable SSD data sheet (2026) also lists 5 years. Sandisk (spun off from Western Digital in 2025) publishes it. Failure reports and firmware issues for this line belong to the failure-events-and-firmware family. Footer © 2026; day and month set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-extreme-portable-ssd-warranty-5-years",
      "citation_text": "Sandisk's limited warranty covers the SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD for five years (Sandisk, 2026). Source: Sandisk Corporation, \"SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD Data Sheet\" (https://documents.sandisk.com/content/dam/asset-library/en_us/assets/public/sandisk/product/portable-drives/extreme-portable-ssd/data-sheet-extreme-portable-ssd.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#sandisk-2026-extreme-portable-ssd-warranty-5-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-warranty-3-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "LaCie's limited warranty covers the LaCie Rugged USB-C portable hard drive for three years, at 1 TB to 5 TB (LaCie, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "years, limited warranty (the maker's warranty term)",
      "display_value": "3 years",
      "display_label": "LaCie Rugged USB-C data sheet, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (WW ordering region)",
      "period": "Data sheet DS1912.6, October 2023",
      "population": "LaCie Rugged USB-C portable hard drives STFR1000800, STFR2000800, STFR4000800, STFR5000800 (1 TB to 5 TB)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "LaCie (Seagate Technology)",
      "source_title": "LaCie Rugged USB-C Portable Drive Data Sheet, DS1912.6-2310US",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/combined-rugged-usb-c-1-5-tb/rugged-usb-cDS1912-6-2310US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drop resistance: 4 ft (1.2m) 1 Crush resistance: 1-ton car 2 Water resistance: rain 3-year limited warranty including Rescue Data Recovery Services",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Armor for Your Data' list; page 2 ordering table, Limited Warranty (years) column = 3 for all four models",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "external-drive-warranty-years",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A warranty term, not a lifespan. Earlier Rugged USB-C sheets (2021, third-party copies seen in search, not fetched) listed a two-year warranty, so the term has lengthened. LaCie is a Seagate brand. Date from the document code 2310 (October 2023, © 2023); day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-warranty-3-years",
      "citation_text": "LaCie's limited warranty covers the LaCie Rugged USB-C portable hard drive for three years, at 1 TB to 5 TB (LaCie, 2023). Source: LaCie (Seagate Technology), \"LaCie Rugged USB-C Portable Drive Data Sheet, DS1912.6-2310US\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/combined-rugged-usb-c-1-5-tb/rugged-usb-cDS1912-6-2310US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-warranty-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-includes-3-years-rescue-data-recovery",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Every LaCie Rugged USB-C drive includes three years of Seagate's Rescue data recovery service, where available, alongside its limited warranty (LaCie, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "years of included data recovery service (Rescue Data Recovery Services)",
      "display_value": "3 years of data recovery",
      "display_label": "LaCie Rugged USB-C data sheet, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide, 'not available in all countries'",
      "period": "Data sheet DS1912.6, October 2023",
      "population": "LaCie Rugged USB-C portable hard drives, 1 TB to 5 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "LaCie (Seagate Technology)",
      "source_title": "LaCie Rugged USB-C Portable Drive Data Sheet, DS1912.6-2310US",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/combined-rugged-usb-c-1-5-tb/rugged-usb-cDS1912-6-2310US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "WW STFR1000800 1TB Orange 3 763649111673 3660619400140 10763649111670 Includes 3-year Rescue Data Recovery Services",
      "locator": "Page 2, ordering table, Notes column (same for STFR2000800, STFR4000800, STFR5000800); footnote 4 'Not available in all countries'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Data recovery bundled with the drive is unusual: WD sells it as a paid Ontrack plan and Seagate's 2025 Portable Drive sheet no longer mentions Rescue. Seagate's Expansion sheets (2019-2020) also bundled Rescue for the warranty period.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-includes-3-years-rescue-data-recovery",
      "citation_text": "Every LaCie Rugged USB-C drive includes three years of Seagate's Rescue data recovery service, where available, alongside its limited warranty (LaCie, 2023). Source: LaCie (Seagate Technology), \"LaCie Rugged USB-C Portable Drive Data Sheet, DS1912.6-2310US\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/combined-rugged-usb-c-1-5-tb/rugged-usb-cDS1912-6-2310US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-includes-3-years-rescue-data-recovery."
    },
    {
      "id": "lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-drop-resistance-1-2-m-nonoperating",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "LaCie rates the Rugged USB-C portable hard drive to survive a drop of 4 feet (1.2 metres) when it is not running, and a 1-ton car driving over it (LaCie, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.2,
      "unit": "metres, drop-resistance rating in nonoperating mode (maker's test)",
      "display_value": "1.2 m (4 ft)",
      "display_label": "LaCie Rugged USB-C data sheet, 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (product specification)",
      "period": "Data sheet DS1912.6, October 2023",
      "population": "LaCie Rugged USB-C portable hard drives, 1 TB to 5 TB",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "LaCie (Seagate Technology)",
      "source_title": "LaCie Rugged USB-C Portable Drive Data Sheet, DS1912.6-2310US",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/combined-rugged-usb-c-1-5-tb/rugged-usb-cDS1912-6-2310US-en_US.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Drop resistance: 4 ft (1.2m) 1 Crush resistance: 1-ton car 2 ... 1 In nonoperating mode",
      "locator": "Page 1, 'Armor for Your Data' list and footnotes 1-2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Footnote 2: the crush test 'approximates a real-world scenario in which the hard drive remained functional, despite aesthetic damage, after the product was driven over by an approximately 1-ton car'. A hard drive's rating (1.2 m, switched off) is lower than the SSD ratings (Samsung T7 2 m, SanDisk Extreme 3 m).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-drop-resistance-1-2-m-nonoperating",
      "citation_text": "LaCie rates the Rugged USB-C portable hard drive to survive a drop of 4 feet (1.2 metres) when it is not running, and a 1-ton car driving over it (LaCie, 2023). Source: LaCie (Seagate Technology), \"LaCie Rugged USB-C Portable Drive Data Sheet, DS1912.6-2310US\" (https://www.seagate.com/content/dam/seagate/en/content-fragments/products/datasheets/combined-rugged-usb-c-1-5-tb/rugged-usb-cDS1912-6-2310US-en_US.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lacie-2023-rugged-usb-c-drop-resistance-1-2-m-nonoperating."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-kb-field-mtbf-typically-50-60pct-of-projected-mtbf",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate says that, historically, the MTBF its drives achieve in the field, counting all returns whatever the cause, is typically **50% to 60%** of the projected MTBF (Seagate, accessed 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Drives typically achieve **50% to 60%** of their projected MTBF in the field, counting all returns (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of projected MTBF achieved in the field (range 50 to 60)",
      "display_value": "50-60%",
      "display_label": "Seagate knowledge base",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Seagate drives, worldwide",
      "period": "Historical, as stated in an undated knowledge-base article live in 2026",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives in the field (all returns regardless of cause)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Historically, the field MTBF, which includes all returns regardless of cause, is typically 50-60% of projected MTBF.",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph beginning 'MTBF is a statistical term', closing sentences",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's own statement that field reliability runs below the rating: a 1,000,000-hour projection would correspond to roughly 500,000-600,000 hours in the field (about 1.5-1.8% AFR). The article is undated (it cites Barracuda ES.2, a 2007-2008 drive, so it is old); published_at is the access date. Value null because the source gives a range.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-field-mtbf-typically-50-60pct-of-projected-mtbf",
      "citation_text": "Seagate says that, historically, the MTBF its drives achieve in the field, counting all returns whatever the cause, is typically **50% to 60%** of the projected MTBF (Seagate, accessed 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-field-mtbf-typically-50-60pct-of-projected-mtbf."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-kb-afr-mtbf-specs-assume-8760-power-on-hours-a-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate's AFR and MTBF specifications for business-critical storage assume **8,760 power-on hours** a year, that is 24 hours a day all year, and 250 motor start/stop cycles a year (Seagate, accessed 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8760,
      "unit": "power-on hours a year assumed by the AFR and MTBF specification",
      "display_value": "8,760 hours a year",
      "display_label": "Seagate knowledge base",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Seagate drives, worldwide",
      "period": "Undated knowledge-base article live in 2026",
      "population": "Seagate enterprise and near-line hard drives (business critical storage system environments); example Barracuda ES.2",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "AFR and MTBF specifications are based on the following assumptions for business critical storage system environments: 8,760 power-on-hours per year. 250 average motor start/stop cycles per year.",
      "locator": "Article body, Product Manual excerpt (Barracuda ES.2 Near-Line SATA), assumptions list",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The same list adds nominal voltages and case temperatures not above 40°C. Seagate's current enterprise datasheets print 'Power-On Hours per Year 8,760' (e.g. Exos 7E10, raw mtbf-seagate-exos-7e10-datasheet); consumer drive specifications assume far fewer hours (the HDD lines are recorded by the HDD-ratings part of this family). The article is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-afr-mtbf-specs-assume-8760-power-on-hours-a-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's AFR and MTBF specifications for business-critical storage assume **8,760 power-on hours** a year, that is 24 hours a day all year, and 250 motor start/stop cycles a year (Seagate, accessed 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-afr-mtbf-specs-assume-8760-power-on-hours-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-kb-mtbf-300000-1200000-hours-does-not-mean-30-120-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate says MTBF ratings of 300,000 to 1,200,000 hours do not promise **30 to 120 years** of continuous operation: the rating describes the relative reliability of a family of drives, and is not a warranty (Seagate, accessed 2026).",
      "short_statement": "MTBF ratings of 300,000 to 1,200,000 hours do not promise **30 to 120 years** of operation.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "statement (MTBF is a population rating, not a lifespan)",
      "display_value": "Not 30 to 120 years",
      "display_label": "Seagate knowledge base",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Seagate drives, worldwide",
      "period": "Undated knowledge-base article live in 2026",
      "population": "Hard disk drive MTBF ratings in general (Seagate's explanation)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "It is common to see MTBF ratings between 300,000 to 1,200,000 hours for hard disk drive mechanisms, which might lead one to conclude that the specification promises between 30 and 120 years of continuous operation. This is not the case!",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph beginning 'MTBF is a statistical term'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The same paragraph: 'Nor is the MTBF a warranty - it is representative of the relative reliability of a family of products.' The maker's own rebuttal of the 'MTBF = years of life' reading; the restatements ('1.5 million hours = 171 years') are the claims-and-restatements family's. The article also says Seagate moved from MTBF to AFR because 'MTBF has proven useful in the past, but it is flawed.' Undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-mtbf-300000-1200000-hours-does-not-mean-30-120-years",
      "citation_text": "Seagate says MTBF ratings of 300,000 to 1,200,000 hours do not promise **30 to 120 years** of continuous operation: the rating describes the relative reliability of a family of drives, and is not a warranty (Seagate, accessed 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-mtbf-300000-1200000-hours-does-not-mean-30-120-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-kb-afr-definition-share-failing-in-field-in-one-year",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate defines AFR (annualized failure rate) as an estimate of the percentage of products that will fail in the field from a supplier cause in one year, excluding no-trouble-found returns, shock and handling damage (Seagate, accessed 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "definition of the annualized failure rate (AFR) specification",
      "display_value": "AFR = % expected to fail in a year",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Seagate drives, worldwide",
      "period": "Undated knowledge-base article live in 2026",
      "population": "Seagate hard drive AFR specifications",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "AFR is an estimate of the percentage of products that will fail in the field due to a supplier cause in one year. ... The failure rate does not include drive returns with \"no trouble found\", excessive shock failure",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraphs on AFR and on temperature",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Also: 'AFR is similar to MTBF and differs only in units'; 'AFR is the probable percent of failures per year, based on the manufacturer's total number of installed units of similar type.' Note that a measured AFR (Backblaze's) counts every failure, while the specification excludes damage and no-trouble-found returns. Undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-afr-definition-share-failing-in-field-in-one-year",
      "citation_text": "Seagate defines AFR (annualized failure rate) as an estimate of the percentage of products that will fail in the field from a supplier cause in one year, excluding no-trouble-found returns, shock and handling damage (Seagate, accessed 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-afr-definition-share-failing-in-field-in-one-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-kb-hdd-reliability-decreases-above-50c-below-5c",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Seagate says hard drives are designed for a 30°C (86°F) ambient temperature and that temperatures **above 50°C (122°F) or below 5°C (41°F)** decrease reliability (Seagate, accessed 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "°C ambient, upper temperature above which Seagate says reliability decreases (design point 30°C, lower limit 5°C)",
      "display_value": "Above 50°C or below 5°C",
      "display_label": "Seagate knowledge base",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Seagate drives, worldwide",
      "period": "Undated knowledge-base article live in 2026",
      "population": "Seagate hard drives (general guidance)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Hard drive reliability is closely related to temperature. By operational design, the ambient temperature is 86°F. Temperatures above 122°F or below 41°F, decrease reliability.",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph on temperature",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Celsius conversions are ours (86°F = 30°C, 122°F = 50°C, 41°F = 5°C). A maker's design guidance, not a measured failure rate; the field studies of temperature (Google 2007, El-Sayed 2012) are the hdd-field-studies family's. Undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-hdd-reliability-decreases-above-50c-below-5c",
      "citation_text": "Seagate says hard drives are designed for a 30°C (86°F) ambient temperature and that temperatures **above 50°C (122°F) or below 5°C (41°F)** decrease reliability (Seagate, accessed 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-kb-hdd-reliability-decreases-above-50c-below-5c."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2022-mtbf-afr-ratings-sample-population-not-individual-drive-not-warranty",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Western Digital says its MTBF and AFR ratings are estimated from a sample population with statistical measurements and acceleration algorithms at a 40°C drive temperature, and **do not predict an individual drive's reliability** or constitute a warranty (Western Digital, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 40,
      "unit": "°C device-reported temperature assumed by the MTBF and AFR ratings",
      "display_value": "Not a prediction for one drive",
      "display_label": "Western Digital Ultrastar DC HC560 data sheet, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Western Digital drives, worldwide",
      "period": "Data sheet dated July 2022",
      "population": "Western Digital Ultrastar DC HC560 data-centre hard drives (the footnote is WD's standard wording, also on WD Red Plus pages)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "Ultrastar DC HC560 Data Sheet (D018-000383-AA02, July 2022)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc500-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc560.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "MTBF and AFR specifications will be based on a sample population and are estimated by statistical measurements and acceleration algorithms ... MTBF and AFR ratings do not predict an individual drive’s reliability and do not constitute a warranty.",
      "locator": "Page 2, footnote 5 to the Reliability table",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The footnote adds that derating of MTBF and AFR occurs above typical workload and 40°C, up to 550 TB/year and 60°C. WD's Red Plus product page carries the same wording but with 'workload of 220TB/year ... up to 550TB', apparently copied from the data-centre footnote, while the drive itself is rated for 180 TB/year (raw mtbf-wd-red-plus-page).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2022-mtbf-afr-ratings-sample-population-not-individual-drive-not-warranty",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital says its MTBF and AFR ratings are estimated from a sample population with statistical measurements and acceleration algorithms at a 40°C drive temperature, and **do not predict an individual drive's reliability** or constitute a warranty (Western Digital, 2022). Source: Western Digital, \"Ultrastar DC HC560 Data Sheet (D018-000383-AA02, July 2022)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc500-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc560.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2022-mtbf-afr-ratings-sample-population-not-individual-drive-not-warranty."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-glossary-mtbf-defined-as-time-between-one-failure-and-the-next",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial's glossary defines MTBF as the time between one data failure and the next on a computer storage drive, wording that reads as a per-drive interval rather than the population rating it is (Crucial, accessed 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "definition (maker glossary)",
      "display_value": "Definition",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "crucial.com (US English)",
      "period": "Undated glossary page live in 2026",
      "population": "Crucial (Micron) glossary of storage terms",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "Glossary | Crucial (support glossary)",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/support/glossary",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "MTBF Mean Time Between Failure is the time between one data failure and the next on a computer storage drive.",
      "locator": "Glossary, entry 'MTBF'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Contrast with Seagate and WD, which both say MTBF is a population statistic that says nothing about one drive. Crucial's own SSD datasheets state MTBF ratings (e.g. 1.8 million hours for the MX500, recorded with the SSD ratings if fetched). The URL https://www.crucial.com/support/ssd-glossary redirects here. Undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-glossary-mtbf-defined-as-time-between-one-failure-and-the-next",
      "citation_text": "Crucial's glossary defines MTBF as the time between one data failure and the next on a computer storage drive, wording that reads as a per-drive interval rather than the population rating it is (Crucial, accessed 2026). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"Glossary | Crucial (support glossary)\" (https://www.crucial.com/support/glossary). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-glossary-mtbf-defined-as-time-between-one-failure-and-the-next."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-mtbf-1-million-hours-afr-0-88pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An MTBF rating of 1,000,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.88%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from WD, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.88,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate implied by the MTBF rating (derived)",
      "display_value": "0.88% a year",
      "display_label": "Derived from WD rating",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (conversion of a maker's rating)",
      "period": "Conversion; rating as published",
      "population": "WD Red Plus NAS hard drives, rated 1 million hours MTBF",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "WD Red Plus | Western Digital (product page)",
      "source_url": "https://www.westerndigital.com/products/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-sata-3-5-hdd",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "WD Red Plus drives are rated for up to 1 million hours MTBF",
      "locator": "Product page FAQ 'How long do WD Red Plus drives last?'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "AFR = 8,760 hours a year / MTBF hours x 100 (assumes 24x7 operation within the rated service life); the exponential form 1 - exp(-8,760 / MTBF) gives 0.87% at this rating",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "mtbf-to-afr-conversion",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "8,760 / 1,000,000 = 0.876% (rounded 0.88%). WD answers the question 'How long do WD Red Plus drives last?' with this MTBF rating, the workload rating and the warranty, then adds 'Actual lifespan will vary based on usage and operating conditions.' The page is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-1-million-hours-afr-0-88pct",
      "citation_text": "An MTBF rating of 1,000,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.88%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from WD, 2026). Source: Western Digital, \"WD Red Plus | Western Digital (product page)\" (https://www.westerndigital.com/products/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-sata-3-5-hdd). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-1-million-hours-afr-0-88pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-mtbf-1-2-million-hours-afr-0-73pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An MTBF rating of 1,200,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.73%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.73,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate implied by the MTBF rating (derived)",
      "display_value": "0.73% a year",
      "display_label": "Derived from Seagate rating",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (conversion of a maker's rating)",
      "period": "Conversion; rating as published",
      "population": "Seagate Barracuda ES.2 near-line drive (Seagate's worked example); 1.2 million hours is also a common NAS-drive rating",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The product shall achieve an Annualized Failure Rate - AFR - of 0.73% (Mean Time Between Failures - MTBF - of 1.2 Million hrs)",
      "locator": "Article body, Product Manual excerpt for the Barracuda ES.2",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "AFR = 8,760 hours a year / MTBF hours x 100 (assumes 24x7 operation within the rated service life); the exponential form 1 - exp(-8,760 / MTBF) gives 0.73% at this rating",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "mtbf-to-afr-conversion",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "8,760 / 1,200,000 = 0.730%; Seagate itself prints the pair 0.73% AFR = 1.2 million hours MTBF, which confirms the conversion. The knowledge-base article is undated: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-1-2-million-hours-afr-0-73pct",
      "citation_text": "An MTBF rating of 1,200,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.73%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-1-2-million-hours-afr-0-73pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An MTBF rating of 1,500,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.58%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from Samsung, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.58,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate implied by the MTBF rating (derived)",
      "display_value": "0.58% a year",
      "display_label": "Derived from Samsung rating",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (conversion of a maker's rating)",
      "period": "Conversion; rating as published",
      "population": "Samsung 990 PRO consumer NVMe SSD, rated 1.5 million hours MTBF (a common consumer SSD rating)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Samsung Electronics",
      "source_title": "Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0",
      "source_url": "https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-10-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Vibration Non-Operating 20~2,000Hz, 20G MTBF 1.5 million hours",
      "locator": "Page 3, Technical Specifications table, Reliability block, MTBF row",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "AFR = 8,760 hours a year / MTBF hours x 100 (assumes 24x7 operation within the rated service life); the exponential form 1 - exp(-8,760 / MTBF) gives 0.58% at this rating",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "mtbf-to-afr-conversion",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "8,760 / 1,500,000 = 0.584% (rounded 0.58%). The MTBF rating itself is record samsung-2022-990-pro-mtbf-1-5-million-hours (part A of this family).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58pct",
      "citation_text": "An MTBF rating of 1,500,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.58%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from Samsung, 2022). Source: Samsung Electronics, \"Samsung V-NAND SSD 990 PRO 2022 Data Sheet, Revision 1.0\" (https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet/Samsung_NVMe_SSD_990_PRO_Datasheet_Rev.1.0_10129514072296.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-afr-0-58pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-mtbf-2-million-hours-afr-0-44pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An MTBF rating of 2,000,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.44%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from Seagate, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.44,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate implied by the MTBF rating (derived)",
      "display_value": "0.44% a year",
      "display_label": "Derived from Seagate rating",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (conversion of a maker's rating)",
      "period": "Conversion; rating as published",
      "population": "Seagate Exos 7E10 enterprise hard drives, rated 2,000,000 hours MTBF and 0.44% AFR",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Seagate Exos 7E10 Data Sheet, DS1957.6M-2104GB",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/exos-7e10-DS1957-6M-2104GB-en_GB.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-04-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF, hours) 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Reliability Rating @ Full 24×7 Operation (AFR) 0.44% 0.44% 0.44%",
      "locator": "Specifications table, Reliability/Data Integrity rows (MTBF; Reliability Rating @ Full 24x7 Operation (AFR); Power-On Hours per Year 8,760)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "AFR = 8,760 hours a year / MTBF hours x 100 (assumes 24x7 operation within the rated service life); the exponential form 1 - exp(-8,760 / MTBF) gives 0.44% at this rating",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "mtbf-to-afr-conversion",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "8,760 / 2,000,000 = 0.438%; Seagate prints 0.44% next to 2,000,000 hours, which confirms the conversion. Date from the document code 2104 (April 2021); day set to 01. The same sheet lists 'Power-On Hours per Year 8,760' and a 5-year limited warranty.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-2-million-hours-afr-0-44pct",
      "citation_text": "An MTBF rating of 2,000,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.44%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from Seagate, 2021). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Seagate Exos 7E10 Data Sheet, DS1957.6M-2104GB\" (https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/datasheets/pdfs/exos-7e10-DS1957-6M-2104GB-en_GB.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-2-million-hours-afr-0-44pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An MTBF rating of 2,500,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.35%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from WD, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.35,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate implied by the MTBF rating (derived)",
      "display_value": "0.35% a year",
      "display_label": "Derived from WD rating",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (conversion of a maker's rating)",
      "period": "Conversion; rating as published",
      "population": "Western Digital Ultrastar DC HC560 data-centre hard drives, rated 2.5 million hours MTBF and 0.35% AFR (projected)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "Ultrastar DC HC560 Data Sheet (D018-000383-AA02, July 2022)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc500-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc560.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "MTBF5 (M hours, projected) 2.5 2.5 Annualized Failure Rate 5 (AFR, projected) 0.35% 0.35%",
      "locator": "Page 2, Reliability table (MTBF; Annualized Failure Rate); footnote 5",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "AFR = 8,760 hours a year / MTBF hours x 100 (assumes 24x7 operation within the rated service life); the exponential form 1 - exp(-8,760 / MTBF) gives 0.35% at this rating",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "mtbf-to-afr-conversion",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "8,760 / 2,500,000 = 0.350%; WD prints 0.35% next to 2.5 million hours, which confirms the conversion. 2.5 million hours is the top rating on current data-centre drives (Seagate Exos X, WD Ultrastar, Toshiba MG lines, recorded with the HDD ratings).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct",
      "citation_text": "An MTBF rating of 2,500,000 hours corresponds to an annualized failure rate of about 0.35%, the share of a large population of such drives expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life, not a lifespan (derived from WD, 2022). Source: Western Digital, \"Ultrastar DC HC560 Data Sheet (D018-000383-AA02, July 2022)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/data-center-drives/ultrastar-dc-hc500-series/data-sheet-ultrastar-dc-hc560.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-2-5-million-hours-afr-0-35pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-is-not-171-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An MTBF of 1.5 million hours does not mean a drive lasts 171 years (1,500,000 / 8,760): it means about **0.58%** of a large population of such drives would be expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life (derived from Seagate, accessed 2026).",
      "short_statement": "An MTBF of 1.5 million hours means about **0.58%** of drives failing a year, not a 171-year life.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.58,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate implied by a 1.5 million hour MTBF (derived), in place of the 171-year misreading",
      "display_value": "0.58% a year, not 171 years",
      "display_label": "Derived from maker ratings and Seagate's explanation",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Not applicable (conversion of a maker's rating)",
      "period": "Conversion; Seagate article live in 2026",
      "population": "Drives rated 1.5 million hours MTBF (e.g. Samsung 990 PRO); Seagate's explanation of MTBF",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology",
      "source_title": "Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)",
      "source_url": "https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Based on the observed error rate over a few weeks or months, the MTBF is estimated and not representative of how long your individual drive, or any individual product, is likely to last.",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph beginning 'MTBF is a statistical term'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Misreading: 1,500,000 hours / 8,760 hours a year = 171.2 years. Correct reading: AFR = 8,760 / 1,500,000 x 100 = 0.584% a year, valid only within the rated service life (warranty period) of drives running 24x7",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The '1.5 million hours = 171 years' restatements (and '1.2 million hours = 137 years', '2.5 million = 285 years') belong to the claims-and-restatements family, which should cite this record and seagate-kb-mtbf-300000-1200000-hours-does-not-mean-30-120-years. No drive is rated past its service life (5 years for most), and Seagate says field MTBF is typically 50-60% of the projection (record seagate-kb-field-mtbf-typically-50-60pct-of-projected-mtbf). Undated article: published_at is the access date.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-is-not-171-years",
      "citation_text": "An MTBF of 1.5 million hours does not mean a drive lasts 171 years (1,500,000 / 8,760): it means about **0.58%** of a large population of such drives would be expected to fail per year of round-the-clock use within the rated service life (derived from Seagate, accessed 2026). Source: Seagate Technology, \"Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR (Seagate Support KB article 174791en)\" (https://www.seagate.com/au/en/support/kb/hard-disk-drive-reliability-and-mtbf-afr-174791en/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#derived-mtbf-1-5-million-hours-is-not-171-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd218-endurance-rating-tbw-definition",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD218 standard defines an SSD's endurance rating (TBW, terabytes written) as the most data a host may write while the drive still keeps its capacity, its error-rate and failure limits and its required power-off data retention (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "definition (no figure)",
      "display_value": "TBW",
      "display_label": "JEDEC JESD218, 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD218, first edition; carried into later revisions)",
      "population": "All SSDs rated to JESD218 (client and enterprise application classes)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The SSD manufacturer shall establish an endurance rating for an SSD that represents the maximum number of terabytes that may be written by a host to the SSD",
      "locator": "Slide 25 'Endurance rating' (PDF page 25); conditions 1) to 4) follow on the same slide",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The four conditions: the SSD maintains its capacity; maintains the required UBER; meets the functional failure requirement (FFR); retains data with power off for the required time. So a TBW rating is a warranty-grade specification, not a measured lifespan. Slide date: PDF created 3 October 2010, for JEDEC's SSD tutorial of 5 October 2010 announced in JEDEC's 23 September 2010 release.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-endurance-rating-tbw-definition",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD218 standard defines an SSD's endurance rating (TBW, terabytes written) as the most data a host may write while the drive still keeps its capacity, its error-rate and failure limits and its required power-off data retention (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-endurance-rating-tbw-definition."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd218-client-ssd-retention-1-year-30c",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD218 requires a client (consumer PC) SSD that has used up its rated endurance to keep data for **1 year** with the power off, stored at 30 °C (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": "A worn-out consumer SSD must keep data **1 year** unpowered at 30 °C, by the standard (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "years of power-off data retention required at end of rated endurance (client class, stored at 30 C)",
      "display_value": "1 year at 30 °C",
      "display_label": "JEDEC JESD218, 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD218 requirement table; unchanged in WD's 2023 restatement)",
      "population": "Client-class SSDs at the end of their rated endurance (TBW), per JESD218",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Client Client 40oC 8 hrs/day 30oC 1 year",
      "locator": "Slide 26 'SSD endurance classes and requirements' table, Client row (columns: Workload, Active Use (power on), Retention Use (power off), FFR, UBER)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A minimum requirement for a drive written to its full TBW rating, not a typical figure for a new or lightly used drive: retention is much longer below the rated endurance (see the Cox 2010 retention tables and Western Digital's 2023 white paper, which reprints this table). 'oC' is the PDF's rendering of the degree sign.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-client-ssd-retention-1-year-30c",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD218 requires a client (consumer PC) SSD that has used up its rated endurance to keep data for **1 year** with the power off, stored at 30 °C (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-client-ssd-retention-1-year-30c."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-ssd-retention-3-months-40c",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD218 requires an enterprise (data-centre) SSD that has used up its rated endurance to keep data for **3 months** with the power off, stored at 40 °C (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": "An enterprise SSD at the end of its rated endurance must keep data **3 months** unpowered at 40 °C.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "months of power-off data retention required at end of rated endurance (enterprise class, stored at 40 C)",
      "display_value": "3 months at 40 °C",
      "display_label": "JEDEC JESD218, 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD218 requirement table)",
      "population": "Enterprise-class SSDs at the end of their rated endurance (TBW), per JESD218",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Enterprise Enterprise 55oC 24hrs/day 40oC 3 months",
      "locator": "Slide 26 'SSD endurance classes and requirements' table, Enterprise row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Shorter than the client requirement because enterprise drives are expected to stay powered (Western Digital, 2023). Dell's PowerEdge knowledge-base article restates the three-month minimum.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-ssd-retention-3-months-40c",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD218 requires an enterprise (data-centre) SSD that has used up its rated endurance to keep data for **3 months** with the power off, stored at 40 °C (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-ssd-retention-3-months-40c."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd218-client-active-use-40c-8-hours-a-day",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD218 client class assumes an SSD in use **8 hours a day** at 40 °C (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 8,
      "unit": "hours a day of active (powered) use assumed for client-class endurance rating",
      "display_value": "8 hours a day at 40 °C",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD218 requirement table)",
      "population": "Client-class SSDs rated to JESD218",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Client Client 40oC 8 hrs/day 30oC 1 year",
      "locator": "Slide 26 'SSD endurance classes and requirements' table, Client row, Active Use (power on) column",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-client-active-use-40c-8-hours-a-day",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD218 client class assumes an SSD in use **8 hours a day** at 40 °C (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-client-active-use-40c-8-hours-a-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-active-use-55c-24-hours-a-day",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD218 enterprise class assumes an SSD in use **24 hours a day** at 55 °C (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 24,
      "unit": "hours a day of active (powered) use assumed for enterprise-class endurance rating",
      "display_value": "24 hours a day at 55 °C",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD218 requirement table)",
      "population": "Enterprise-class SSDs rated to JESD218",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Enterprise Enterprise 55oC 24hrs/day 40oC 3 months",
      "locator": "Slide 26 'SSD endurance classes and requirements' table, Enterprise row, Active Use (power on) column",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-active-use-55c-24-hours-a-day",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD218 enterprise class assumes an SSD in use **24 hours a day** at 55 °C (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-active-use-55c-24-hours-a-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd218-functional-failure-requirement-3pct",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD218 allows at most 3% of client or enterprise SSDs to fail functionally by the time they reach their rated endurance (functional failure requirement) (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "% functional failure requirement (FFR) over the full TBW rating, both classes",
      "display_value": "3%",
      "display_label": "JEDEC JESD218, 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD218 requirement table)",
      "population": "Client and enterprise SSDs rated to JESD218 (endurance verification samples, 60% statistical confidence)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Functional Failure Rqmt (FFR) UBER Client Client 40oC 8 hrs/day 30oC 1 year ... 3% ... 10-15",
      "locator": "Slide 26 table, FFR column (3% for both rows); slide 35 and 41: requirements established at 60% statistical confidence",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The slide reads '≤3%' (the ≤ sign is a Symbol-font glyph, U+F0A3, in the PDF text, hence the ellipses in the quote); the UBER cells likewise read '≤10-15' and '≤10-16'. A test acceptance limit for the endurance qualification, not an annual failure rate: it is cumulative over the whole TBW rating.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-functional-failure-requirement-3pct",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD218 allows at most 3% of client or enterprise SSDs to fail functionally by the time they reach their rated endurance (functional failure requirement) (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-functional-failure-requirement-3pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd218-client-uber-1-in-10-15-bits",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD218 limits a client SSD to **1 unrecoverable data error per 10^15 bits** read (UBER), averaged over the drive's rated endurance (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1e-15,
      "unit": "unrecoverable bit error ratio (data errors per bit read), lifetime average, client class",
      "display_value": "1 error per 10^15 bits",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD218 requirement table)",
      "population": "Client-class SSDs rated to JESD218",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Client Client 40oC 8 hrs/day 30oC 1 year ... 3% ... 10-15",
      "locator": "Slide 26 table, Client row, UBER column ('10-15', i.e. 10^-15 with the superscript lost in the PDF text); slide 15 'UBER determination' for the lifetime-average definition",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "10^15 bits is 125 TB. The '10-15' in the extracted text is the slide's superscript exponent 10^-15.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-client-uber-1-in-10-15-bits",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD218 limits a client SSD to **1 unrecoverable data error per 10^15 bits** read (UBER), averaged over the drive's rated endurance (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-client-uber-1-in-10-15-bits."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-uber-1-in-10-16-bits",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD218 limits an enterprise SSD to **1 unrecoverable data error per 10^16 bits** read (UBER), ten times stricter than the client class (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1e-16,
      "unit": "unrecoverable bit error ratio (data errors per bit read), lifetime average, enterprise class",
      "display_value": "1 error per 10^16 bits",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD218 requirement table)",
      "population": "Enterprise-class SSDs rated to JESD218",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Enterprise Enterprise 55oC 24hrs/day 40oC 3 months ... 3% ... 10-16",
      "locator": "Slide 26 table, Enterprise row, UBER column ('10-16' = 10^-16)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "10^16 bits is 1.25 PB.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-uber-1-in-10-16-bits",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD218 limits an enterprise SSD to **1 unrecoverable data error per 10^16 bits** read (UBER), ten times stricter than the client class (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd218-enterprise-uber-1-in-10-16-bits."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-client-used-40c-stored-25c-105-weeks",
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      "quote": "Tables show # weeks retention as a function of active and power-off temperatures.",
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      "notes": "Model values for a fully worn drive, not measurements of typical drives. The 13-week cell at 40 C is the JESD218 enterprise requirement (3 months). In the same table, an enterprise drive used at 25 to 40 C and stored at 55 C shows 0 weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-25c-101-weeks",
      "citation_text": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 101 weeks unpowered if stored at 25 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-25c-101-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-30c-50-weeks",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 50 weeks unpowered if stored at 30 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010).",
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      "quote": "Tables show # weeks retention as a function of active and power-off temperatures.",
      "locator": "Slide 27 'Temperatures and data retention', table 'Enterprise' (image), row power-off 30 C, column active 55 C; transcription in raw/ratings-endurance-retention/jedec-2010-cox-retention-tables-transcribed.txt",
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      "notes": "Model values for a fully worn drive, not measurements of typical drives. The 13-week cell at 40 C is the JESD218 enterprise requirement (3 months). In the same table, an enterprise drive used at 25 to 40 C and stored at 55 C shows 0 weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-30c-50-weeks",
      "citation_text": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 50 weeks unpowered if stored at 30 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-30c-50-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-35c-25-weeks",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 25 weeks unpowered if stored at 35 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010).",
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Tables show # weeks retention as a function of active and power-off temperatures.",
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      "notes": "Model values for a fully worn drive, not measurements of typical drives. The 13-week cell at 40 C is the JESD218 enterprise requirement (3 months). In the same table, an enterprise drive used at 25 to 40 C and stored at 55 C shows 0 weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-35c-25-weeks",
      "citation_text": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 25 weeks unpowered if stored at 35 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-35c-25-weeks."
    },
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      "id": "jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-40c-13-weeks",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Tables show # weeks retention as a function of active and power-off temperatures.",
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      "history": [],
      "notes": "Model values for a fully worn drive, not measurements of typical drives. The 13-week cell at 40 C is the JESD218 enterprise requirement (3 months). In the same table, an enterprise drive used at 25 to 40 C and stored at 55 C shows 0 weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-40c-13-weeks",
      "citation_text": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 13 weeks unpowered if stored at 40 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-40c-13-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-45c-7-weeks",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 7 weeks unpowered if stored at 45 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010).",
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      "short_refs": null,
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      "unit": "weeks of power-off data retention (enterprise SSD at end of rated endurance, active use at 55 C)",
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Tables show # weeks retention as a function of active and power-off temperatures.",
      "locator": "Slide 27 'Temperatures and data retention', table 'Enterprise' (image), row power-off 45 C, column active 55 C; transcription in raw/ratings-endurance-retention/jedec-2010-cox-retention-tables-transcribed.txt",
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      "history": [],
      "notes": "Model values for a fully worn drive, not measurements of typical drives. The 13-week cell at 40 C is the JESD218 enterprise requirement (3 months). In the same table, an enterprise drive used at 25 to 40 C and stored at 55 C shows 0 weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-45c-7-weeks",
      "citation_text": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 7 weeks unpowered if stored at 45 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-45c-7-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-50c-4-weeks",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 4 weeks unpowered if stored at 50 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
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      "unit": "weeks of power-off data retention (enterprise SSD at end of rated endurance, active use at 55 C)",
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Tables show # weeks retention as a function of active and power-off temperatures.",
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      "history": [],
      "notes": "Model values for a fully worn drive, not measurements of typical drives. The 13-week cell at 40 C is the JESD218 enterprise requirement (3 months). In the same table, an enterprise drive used at 25 to 40 C and stored at 55 C shows 0 weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-50c-4-weeks",
      "citation_text": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 4 weeks unpowered if stored at 50 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-50c-4-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-55c-2-weeks",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 2 weeks unpowered if stored at 55 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
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      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Tables show # weeks retention as a function of active and power-off temperatures.",
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      "series": "jedec-2010-cox-enterprise-retention-weeks-by-storage-temp",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Model values for a fully worn drive, not measurements of typical drives. The 13-week cell at 40 C is the JESD218 enterprise requirement (3 months). In the same table, an enterprise drive used at 25 to 40 C and stored at 55 C shows 0 weeks.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-55c-2-weeks",
      "citation_text": "An enterprise SSD worn to its rated endurance after use at 55 C keeps data for 2 weeks unpowered if stored at 55 C, in the retention table JEDEC's 2010 SSD tutorial presented (Intel model) (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-cox-retention-table-enterprise-used-55c-stored-55c-2-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-09-jesd218-jesd219-published-tbw-rating-created",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC published its two SSD standards, JESD218 (requirements and endurance test method) and JESD219 (endurance workloads), on 23 September 2010, creating the TBW endurance rating (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "publication event (no figure)",
      "display_value": "23 September 2010",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
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      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010",
      "population": "Solid-state drives (client and enterprise application classes)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association",
      "source_title": "JEDEC Announces Publication of Solid State Drive Standards",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/node/5866",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-09-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "JESD218 also creates an SSD Endurance Rating that represents the number of terabytes written by a host to the SSD (TBW), which provides a standard comparison for SSDs based on application class.",
      "locator": "Press release, section 'Endurance Rating & Verification'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
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      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same release: 'At the present time JESD219 defines workloads for enterprise applications only; client workloads will be added in the near future.' Both documents were then free downloads.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-09-jesd218-jesd219-published-tbw-rating-created",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC published its two SSD standards, JESD218 (requirements and endurance test method) and JESD219 (endurance workloads), on 23 September 2010, creating the TBW endurance rating (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, \"JEDEC Announces Publication of Solid State Drive Standards\" (https://www.jedec.org/node/5866). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-09-jesd218-jesd219-published-tbw-rating-created."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2026-08-jesd218c01-current-revision",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's current revision of the SSD endurance standard is JESD218C.01, published in August 2026 (JEDEC, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "standard revision (no figure)",
      "display_value": "JESD218C.01 (Aug 2026)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Solid-state drives based on non-volatile memory and NAND flash",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association",
      "source_title": "Solid-State Drive (SSD) Requirements and Endurance Test Method | JEDEC (JESD218C.01)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd218b01",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Solid-State Drive (SSD) Requirements and Endurance Test Method JESD218C.01 Published: Aug 2026",
      "locator": "Standard detail page (URL slug still 'jesd218b01'), header block; abstract follows",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Abstract: 'This test method defines the conditions of use and the corresponding endurance verification requirements for solid state drives based on solid-state non-volatile memory (NVM), and NAND Flash memory.' Committee JC-64.8; $90.00 for non-members. The 2010 requirement table (Cox slides) is the freely published version; whether C.01 changed the retention figures could not be checked without buying the standard. Month only: day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2026-08-jesd218c01-current-revision",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's current revision of the SSD endurance standard is JESD218C.01, published in August 2026 (JEDEC, 2026). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, \"Solid-State Drive (SSD) Requirements and Endurance Test Method | JEDEC (JESD218C.01)\" (https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd218b01). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2026-08-jesd218c01-current-revision."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2023-01-jesd219-client-workload-is-a-recorded-pc-trace",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD219 rates client SSD endurance by replaying **a trace of commands recorded on a user's PC**, while the enterprise workload is a synthetic mix heavy in 4 KB and 8 KB random writes, as Western Digital describes it (Western Digital, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "workload definition (no figure)",
      "display_value": "recorded PC trace",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard as described by a maker)",
      "period": "2023 (description of JESD219)",
      "population": "Client and enterprise SSD endurance ratings under JEDEC JESD219",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "SSD Endurance and HDD Workloads: A comparison of data transfer ratings for HDDs and SSDs (white paper)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/collateral/white-paper/white-paper-ssd-endurance-and-hdd-workloads.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The client workload consists of a reference trace of I/O commands that are played back to the SSD. This trace is based on recording commands sent during an extended period of time in a user PC",
      "locator": "Page 4, 'Client and Enterprise Workloads', second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "JESD219 itself is sold by JEDEC; no daily write volume for the client workload is published in the free JEDEC material. The 2010 Cox slides (slide 51) say the client workload was 'still under development' and 'Based on actual captured traces'; the enterprise workload (slides 52-54) is 4K-aligned, all random, starting from 60% writes and 40% reads, with 67% of transfers at 4 KB and 50% of accesses to the first 5% of the drive's address space. Dated January 2023 on the cover; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2023-01-jesd219-client-workload-is-a-recorded-pc-trace",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD219 rates client SSD endurance by replaying **a trace of commands recorded on a user's PC**, while the enterprise workload is a synthetic mix heavy in 4 KB and 8 KB random writes, as Western Digital describes it (Western Digital, 2023). Source: Western Digital, \"SSD Endurance and HDD Workloads: A comparison of data transfer ratings for HDDs and SSDs (white paper)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/collateral/white-paper/white-paper-ssd-endurance-and-hdd-workloads.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2023-01-jesd219-client-workload-is-a-recorded-pc-trace."
    },
    {
      "id": "jedec-2010-jesd219-enterprise-workload-67pct-4kb-random",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "JEDEC's JESD219 enterprise endurance workload is all random, 4 KB aligned, with 67% of transfers at 4 KB and half of all accesses aimed at the first 5% of the drive (JEDEC, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 67,
      "unit": "% of enterprise workload transfers that are 4 KB (JESD219 transfer-size mix)",
      "display_value": "67% 4 KB random",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (industry standard)",
      "period": "2010 (JESD219 enterprise workload)",
      "population": "Enterprise-class SSD endurance rating workload per JESD219",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8)",
      "source_title": "JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)",
      "source_url": "https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-10-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "4096 bytes (4k) 67%",
      "locator": "Slide 54 'Enterprise workload' transfer-size table; slide 53 for the access distribution ('50% of accesses to first 5% of user LBA space'); slide 52 for '4K aligned, all Random'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Random data payload emulates encrypted data so compression cannot inflate endurance (slide 54). The client workload was still being developed in 2010 (slide 51).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd219-enterprise-workload-67pct-4kb-random",
      "citation_text": "JEDEC's JESD219 enterprise endurance workload is all random, 4 KB aligned, with 67% of transfers at 4 KB and half of all accesses aimed at the first 5% of the drive (JEDEC, 2010). Source: JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (presentation by Alvin Cox, Seagate, chair of JEDEC committee JC-64.8), \"JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained (Alvin Cox, Seagate, Chairman JC-64.8; JEDEC SSD tutorial slides)\" (https://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/Alvin_Cox%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#jedec-2010-jesd219-enterprise-workload-67pct-4kb-random."
    },
    {
      "id": "techreport-2015-endurance-samsung-840-pro-2-4-pb-written",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Samsung 840 Pro 256 GB SSD wrote about **2.4 PB** (2,400 TB) before it died, the most of the six drives tested (The Tech Report, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2400,
      "unit": "TB written before failure (one drive, approximate)",
      "display_value": "about 2.4 PB",
      "display_label": "The Tech Report SSD Endurance Experiment, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one test lab)",
      "period": "2013-2015",
      "population": "Samsung 840 Pro 256 GB (MLC NAND), one sample, written continuously with Anvil's Storage Utilities (sequential, mostly incompressible data) in The Tech Report's lab from mid-2013 ('more than 18 months' before the March 2015 final report); six SSDs in all",
      "sample_n": 1,
      "publisher": "The Tech Report",
      "source_title": "The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 2",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150317020008id_/http://techreport.com/review/27909/the-ssd-endurance-experiment-theyre-all-dead/2",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Through 2.4PB, the Pro racked up over 7000 reallocated sectors totaling 10.7GB of flash.",
      "locator": "Page 2 (Wayback snapshot 2015-03-17), section on the 840 Pro; it then died during a week unattended at the end of February 2015, short of 2.5PB",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "techreport-2015-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "One drive, not a population rate: a test result, not a lifespan. Samsung's warranty table lists the 840 PRO Series at 5 years, with '73 TB TBW for enterprise applications' (raw/ratings-endurance-retention/samsung-warranty-page-us.txt), so this drive wrote over 30 times that figure. The article reports the drive 'died without warning'. Archived copy; the live techreport.com URL now returns 404.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-samsung-840-pro-2-4-pb-written",
      "citation_text": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Samsung 840 Pro 256 GB SSD wrote about **2.4 PB** (2,400 TB) before it died, the most of the six drives tested (The Tech Report, 2015). Source: The Tech Report, \"The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 2\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150317020008id_/http://techreport.com/review/27909/the-ssd-endurance-experiment-theyre-all-dead/2). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-samsung-840-pro-2-4-pb-written."
    },
    {
      "id": "techreport-2015-endurance-kingston-hyperx-3k-compressible-2-1-pb-written",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Kingston HyperX 3K 240 GB SSD fed partly compressible data wrote about 2.1 PB before a power outage and its failure (The Tech Report, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2100,
      "unit": "TB written before failure (one drive, approximate)",
      "display_value": "about 2.1 PB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one test lab)",
      "period": "2013-2015",
      "population": "Kingston HyperX 3K 240 GB (SandForce controller with compression), the second sample, fed 46% incompressible data, one sample, written continuously with Anvil's Storage Utilities (sequential, mostly incompressible data) in The Tech Report's lab from mid-2013 ('more than 18 months' before the March 2015 final report); six SSDs in all",
      "sample_n": 1,
      "publisher": "The Tech Report",
      "source_title": "The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 2",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150317020008id_/http://techreport.com/review/27909/the-ssd-endurance-experiment-theyre-all-dead/2",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The circumstances surrounding the second's death are obscured by a power outage that struck after 2.1PB of writes.",
      "locator": "Page 2 (Wayback snapshot 2015-03-17), section on the second HyperX 3K",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "techreport-2015-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Compression cut the data reaching the flash by 28% for this drive, so its host writes overstate flash wear compared with the other drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-kingston-hyperx-3k-compressible-2-1-pb-written",
      "citation_text": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Kingston HyperX 3K 240 GB SSD fed partly compressible data wrote about 2.1 PB before a power outage and its failure (The Tech Report, 2015). Source: The Tech Report, \"The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 2\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150317020008id_/http://techreport.com/review/27909/the-ssd-endurance-experiment-theyre-all-dead/2). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-kingston-hyperx-3k-compressible-2-1-pb-written."
    },
    {
      "id": "techreport-2015-endurance-corsair-neutron-gtx-1-2-pb-written",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Corsair Neutron GTX 240 GB SSD still worked after 1.2 PB written but was not detected after the next reboot (The Tech Report, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TB written before failure (one drive, approximate)",
      "display_value": "about 1.2 PB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one test lab)",
      "period": "2013-2015",
      "population": "Corsair Neutron GTX 240 GB (MLC NAND), one sample, written continuously with Anvil's Storage Utilities (sequential, mostly incompressible data) in The Tech Report's lab from mid-2013 ('more than 18 months' before the March 2015 final report); six SSDs in all",
      "sample_n": 1,
      "publisher": "The Tech Report",
      "source_title": "The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The drive was still functional after 1.2PB of writes, and its SMART attributes suggested adequate flash remained in reserve.",
      "locator": "Page 1 (Wayback snapshot 2015-03-18), paragraph on the Neutron GTX",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "techreport-2015-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-corsair-neutron-gtx-1-2-pb-written",
      "citation_text": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Corsair Neutron GTX 240 GB SSD still worked after 1.2 PB written but was not detected after the next reboot (The Tech Report, 2015). Source: The Tech Report, \"The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-corsair-neutron-gtx-1-2-pb-written."
    },
    {
      "id": "techreport-2015-endurance-samsung-840-series-tlc-died-before-1-pb",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Samsung 840 Series 250 GB SSD, the only TLC drive, died between 900 TB and 1 PB written, after uncorrectable errors from 300 TB on (The Tech Report, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 900,
      "unit": "TB written before failure (one drive; died after 900 TB and before 1 PB, lower bound)",
      "display_value": "900 TB to 1 PB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one test lab)",
      "period": "2013-2015",
      "population": "Samsung 840 Series 250 GB (TLC NAND), one sample, written continuously with Anvil's Storage Utilities (sequential, mostly incompressible data) in The Tech Report's lab from mid-2013 ('more than 18 months' before the March 2015 final report); six SSDs in all",
      "sample_n": 1,
      "publisher": "The Tech Report",
      "source_title": "The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "it suffered another spate of uncorrectable errors on the way to 900TB, and it died without warning before reaching a petabyte.",
      "locator": "Page 1 (Wayback snapshot 2015-03-18), paragraph on the 840 Series",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "techreport-2015-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Value is the lower bound of the stated range. The drive first logged reallocated sectors after 200 TB and failed a hash check at 300 TB while being prepared for an unpowered data-retention test (it then passed that test). Data could not be recovered after the failure.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-samsung-840-series-tlc-died-before-1-pb",
      "citation_text": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Samsung 840 Series 250 GB SSD, the only TLC drive, died between 900 TB and 1 PB written, after uncorrectable errors from 300 TB on (The Tech Report, 2015). Source: The Tech Report, \"The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-samsung-840-series-tlc-died-before-1-pb."
    },
    {
      "id": "techreport-2015-endurance-intel-335-about-700-tb-then-bricked-by-design",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, an Intel 335 Series 240 GB SSD's media wear indicator ran out shortly after 700 TB written, and the drive then locked itself by design (The Tech Report, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 700,
      "unit": "TB written when the drive's wear indicator ran out (one drive, approximate)",
      "display_value": "about 700 TB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one test lab)",
      "period": "2013-2015",
      "population": "Intel 335 Series 240 GB (MLC NAND, SandForce controller), one sample, written continuously with Anvil's Storage Utilities (sequential, mostly incompressible data) in The Tech Report's lab from mid-2013 ('more than 18 months' before the March 2015 final report); six SSDs in all",
      "sample_n": 1,
      "publisher": "The Tech Report",
      "source_title": "The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The drive's media wear indicator ran out shortly after 700TB, signaling that the NAND's write tolerance had been exceeded.",
      "locator": "Page 1 (Wayback snapshot 2015-03-18), paragraph on the 335 Series",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "techreport-2015-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Not a wear-out of the flash: the drive is designed to switch to read-only and then brick itself on the next power cycle once its wear indicator is exhausted; it had only one reallocated sector.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-intel-335-about-700-tb-then-bricked-by-design",
      "citation_text": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, an Intel 335 Series 240 GB SSD's media wear indicator ran out shortly after 700 TB written, and the drive then locked itself by design (The Tech Report, 2015). Source: The Tech Report, \"The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-intel-335-about-700-tb-then-bricked-by-design."
    },
    {
      "id": "techreport-2015-endurance-kingston-hyperx-3k-728-tb-written",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Kingston HyperX 3K 240 GB SSD written with incompressible data stopped accepting writes after **728 TB** (The Tech Report, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 728,
      "unit": "TB written before failure (one drive)",
      "display_value": "728 TB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one test lab)",
      "period": "2013-2015",
      "population": "Kingston HyperX 3K 240 GB (SandForce controller), the first sample, incompressible data, one sample, written continuously with Anvil's Storage Utilities (sequential, mostly incompressible data) in The Tech Report's lab from mid-2013 ('more than 18 months' before the March 2015 final report); six SSDs in all",
      "sample_n": 1,
      "publisher": "The Tech Report",
      "source_title": "The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "it suffered a boatload of failures and reallocated sectors leading up to 728TB, after which it refused to write.",
      "locator": "Page 1 (Wayback snapshot 2015-03-18), paragraph on the HyperX 3K",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "techreport-2015-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-kingston-hyperx-3k-728-tb-written",
      "citation_text": "In The Tech Report's write-to-death test, a Kingston HyperX 3K 240 GB SSD written with incompressible data stopped accepting writes after **728 TB** (The Tech Report, 2015). Source: The Tech Report, \"The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-kingston-hyperx-3k-728-tb-written."
    },
    {
      "id": "techreport-2015-endurance-all-six-drives-beat-their-endurance-specs",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "**All six** SSDs in The Tech Report's 2013-2015 write-to-death test wrote hundreds of terabytes beyond their official endurance specifications before failing (The Tech Report, 2015).",
      "short_statement": "All **six** SSDs in a 2013-2015 write-to-death test wrote hundreds of terabytes past their official ratings.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6,
      "unit": "drives (of six tested) that exceeded their official endurance specification",
      "display_value": "6 of 6",
      "display_label": "The Tech Report SSD Endurance Experiment, 2015",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one test lab)",
      "period": "2013-2015",
      "population": "Corsair Neutron GTX, Intel 335 Series, two Kingston HyperX 3K, Samsung 840 Series and Samsung 840 Pro (240-256 GB each), one sample, written continuously with Anvil's Storage Utilities (sequential, mostly incompressible data) in The Tech Report's lab from mid-2013 ('more than 18 months' before the March 2015 final report); six SSDs in all",
      "sample_n": 6,
      "publisher": "The Tech Report",
      "source_title": "The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "All of the drives surpassed their official endurance specifications by writing hundreds of terabytes without issue.",
      "locator": "Page 1 (Wayback snapshot 2015-03-18), paragraph beginning 'The first lesson came quickly'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Six drives, one of each model (two HyperX): a demonstration that ratings are conservative, not a failure rate. Same paragraph, the author's own estimate: 'Most PC users, myself included, write no more than a few terabytes per year.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-all-six-drives-beat-their-endurance-specs",
      "citation_text": "**All six** SSDs in The Tech Report's 2013-2015 write-to-death test wrote hundreds of terabytes beyond their official endurance specifications before failing (The Tech Report, 2015). Source: The Tech Report, \"The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're all dead (Geoff Gasior, The Tech Report), page 1\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318214319/http://techreport.com:80/review/27909). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#techreport-2015-endurance-all-six-drives-beat-their-endurance-specs."
    },
    {
      "id": "heise-2017-ct-endurance-samsung-850-pro-256gb-9-1-pb-written",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In c't's write-to-death test, a Samsung 850 Pro 256 GB SSD wrote about 9.1 PB before failing, about 60 times its rated endurance of 150 TBW (c't, 2017).",
      "short_statement": "A Samsung 850 Pro 256 GB SSD wrote about **9.1 PB** before failing, 60 times its rating (c't, 2017).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 9100,
      "unit": "TB written before failure (one drive, approximate)",
      "display_value": "about 9.1 PB",
      "display_label": "c't SSD long-term test, 2017",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Germany (one test lab)",
      "period": "2016-2017",
      "population": "Samsung 850 Pro 256 GB (3D MLC NAND), the second of two samples in c't's long-term write test: 12 SSDs of the 250 GB class (two each of Crucial BX200, OCZ TR150, Samsung 750 Evo, Samsung 850 Pro, SanDisk Extreme Pro, SanDisk Ultra II) bought at retail, written continuously with c't's H2Bench tool from 23 June 2016 to 22 June 2017",
      "sample_n": 1,
      "publisher": "heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien)",
      "source_title": "SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)",
      "source_url": "https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-06-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Die 9,1 PByte der zweiten Samsung SSD 850 entsprechen sogar gut dem 60-fachen der garantierten Schreibleistung von 150 TBW.",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph beginning 'Die Pro-Modelle erreichten'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": true,
      "series": "ct-2017-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "German original; translation: 'The 9.1 PB of the second Samsung SSD 850 even equals a good 60 times the guaranteed write endurance of 150 TBW.' One drive, a test result. c't is the original publisher; ComputerBase, TechPowerUp and Guru3D restated it. The other 850 Pro was killed by a voltage spike from a failing test system, not by wear. A 2021 heise article rounds the figure to 'knapp 10 PByte'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-samsung-850-pro-256gb-9-1-pb-written",
      "citation_text": "In c't's write-to-death test, a Samsung 850 Pro 256 GB SSD wrote about 9.1 PB before failing, about 60 times its rated endurance of 150 TBW (c't, 2017). Source: heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien), \"SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)\" (https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-samsung-850-pro-256gb-9-1-pb-written."
    },
    {
      "id": "heise-2017-ct-endurance-crucial-bx200-187-and-280-tb-at-least-2-5x-rating",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In c't's write-to-death test, the two weakest drives, Crucial BX200 250 GB SSDs, wrote **187 TB** and 280 TB, at least 2.5 times their guaranteed endurance (c't, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 187,
      "unit": "TB written before failure (lowest of 12 drives)",
      "display_value": "187 TB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Germany (one test lab)",
      "period": "2016-2017",
      "population": "Crucial BX200 250 GB (TLC NAND), two samples in c't's long-term write test: 12 SSDs of the 250 GB class (two each of Crucial BX200, OCZ TR150, Samsung 750 Evo, Samsung 850 Pro, SanDisk Extreme Pro, SanDisk Ultra II) bought at retail, written continuously with c't's H2Bench tool from 23 June 2016 to 22 June 2017",
      "sample_n": 2,
      "publisher": "heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien)",
      "source_title": "SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)",
      "source_url": "https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-06-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "selbst sie erreichten 187 respektive 280 TByte – mindestens das 2,5-fache der garantierten Ausdauer",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph beginning 'Alle Testgeräte übertrafen diesen Wert'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "ct-2017-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "German original; translation: 'even they reached 187 and 280 TB, at least 2.5 times the guaranteed endurance.' ComputerBase's restatement gives Crucial's rating for the series as 72 TBW (secondary, not checked against a Crucial datasheet).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-crucial-bx200-187-and-280-tb-at-least-2-5x-rating",
      "citation_text": "In c't's write-to-death test, the two weakest drives, Crucial BX200 250 GB SSDs, wrote **187 TB** and 280 TB, at least 2.5 times their guaranteed endurance (c't, 2017). Source: heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien), \"SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)\" (https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-crucial-bx200-187-and-280-tb-at-least-2-5x-rating."
    },
    {
      "id": "heise-2017-ct-endurance-samsung-750-evo-1-2-pb-best-budget-drive",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In c't's write-to-death test, a Samsung 750 Evo 250 GB SSD wrote about 1.2 PB, the most of the budget drives (c't, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1200,
      "unit": "TB written before failure (one drive, approximate)",
      "display_value": "about 1.2 PB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Germany (one test lab)",
      "period": "2016-2017",
      "population": "Samsung 750 Evo 250 GB (TLC NAND) in c't's long-term write test: 12 SSDs of the 250 GB class (two each of Crucial BX200, OCZ TR150, Samsung 750 Evo, Samsung 850 Pro, SanDisk Extreme Pro, SanDisk Ultra II) bought at retail, written continuously with c't's H2Bench tool from 23 June 2016 to 22 June 2017",
      "sample_n": 1,
      "publisher": "heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien)",
      "source_title": "SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)",
      "source_url": "https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-06-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Unter den günstigen Modellen hatte Samsungs SSD 750 Evo mit gut 1,2 Petabyte die Nase vorn.",
      "locator": "Article body, same paragraph as the Crucial BX200 figures",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "ct-2017-endurance-tb-written-at-failure",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "German original; translation: 'Among the cheaper models, Samsung's SSD 750 Evo led with a good 1.2 petabytes.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-samsung-750-evo-1-2-pb-best-budget-drive",
      "citation_text": "In c't's write-to-death test, a Samsung 750 Evo 250 GB SSD wrote about 1.2 PB, the most of the budget drives (c't, 2017). Source: heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien), \"SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)\" (https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-samsung-750-evo-1-2-pb-best-budget-drive."
    },
    {
      "id": "heise-2017-ct-endurance-pro-models-none-below-2-2-pb",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "In c't's write-to-death test, none of the premium SSDs (Samsung 850 Pro, SanDisk Extreme Pro) failed before **2.2 PB** written (c't, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2200,
      "unit": "TB written, minimum among the premium drives",
      "display_value": "at least 2.2 PB",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Germany (one test lab)",
      "period": "2016-2017",
      "population": "Samsung 850 Pro and SanDisk Extreme Pro, 250-256 GB in c't's long-term write test: 12 SSDs of the 250 GB class (two each of Crucial BX200, OCZ TR150, Samsung 750 Evo, Samsung 850 Pro, SanDisk Extreme Pro, SanDisk Ultra II) bought at retail, written continuously with c't's H2Bench tool from 23 June 2016 to 22 June 2017",
      "sample_n": 4,
      "publisher": "heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien)",
      "source_title": "SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)",
      "source_url": "https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-06-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Die Pro-Modelle erreichten nicht nur eine höhere mittlere Schreibrate, sie hielten auch viel länger durch: Keines blieb unter 2,2 PByte.",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph beginning 'Die Pro-Modelle erreichten'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "German original; translation: 'The Pro models not only reached a higher average write rate, they also lasted much longer: none stayed below 2.2 PB.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-pro-models-none-below-2-2-pb",
      "citation_text": "In c't's write-to-death test, none of the premium SSDs (Samsung 850 Pro, SanDisk Extreme Pro) failed before **2.2 PB** written (c't, 2017). Source: heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien), \"SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)\" (https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-pro-models-none-below-2-2-pb."
    },
    {
      "id": "heise-2017-ct-endurance-2-of-12-drives-killed-by-voltage-spike-not-wear",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "**Two** of the 12 SSDs in c't's write-to-death test died from a voltage spike when a test system failed, not from flash wear (c't, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "drives (of 12) that failed from a power fault rather than wear",
      "display_value": "2 of 12",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Germany (one test lab)",
      "period": "2016-2017",
      "population": "One SanDisk Extreme Pro and one Samsung 850 Pro in c't's long-term write test: 12 SSDs of the 250 GB class (two each of Crucial BX200, OCZ TR150, Samsung 750 Evo, Samsung 850 Pro, SanDisk Extreme Pro, SanDisk Ultra II) bought at retail, written continuously with c't's H2Bench tool from 23 June 2016 to 22 June 2017",
      "sample_n": 12,
      "publisher": "heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien)",
      "source_title": "SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)",
      "source_url": "https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-06-24",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Als eines unserer Testsysteme offenbar durch eine Spannungsspitze verursacht ausfiel, riss es die zweite SanDisk Extreme Pro und eine Samsung SSD 850 Pro mit in den Orkus.",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph beginning 'Die verbleibenden drei SSDs'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "German original; translation: 'When one of our test systems failed, apparently from a voltage spike, it took the second SanDisk Extreme Pro and a Samsung SSD 850 Pro down with it.' The article's point: causes other than flash wear can kill an SSD.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-2-of-12-drives-killed-by-voltage-spike-not-wear",
      "citation_text": "**Two** of the 12 SSDs in c't's write-to-death test died from a voltage spike when a test system failed, not from flash wear (c't, 2017). Source: heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien), \"SSD-Langzeittest beendet: Exitus bei 9,1 Petabyte (Benjamin Kraft, heise online / c't)\" (https://www.heise.de/news/SSD-Langzeittest-beendet-Exitus-bei-9-1-Petabyte-3755009.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2017-ct-endurance-2-of-12-drives-killed-by-voltage-spike-not-wear."
    },
    {
      "id": "heise-2021-05-ct-3d-tlc-1500-to-3000-cycles-1-year-retention-at-40c",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "3D TLC flash is typically specified for **1,500 to 3,000** program/erase cycles, after which it must still hold data for at least one year unpowered at up to 40 °C, c't reported (c't, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3000,
      "unit": "program/erase cycles, upper end of the typical 3D TLC specification (range 1,500-3,000)",
      "display_value": "1,500 to 3,000 cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (NAND specification as described by trade press)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "3D TLC NAND flash as specified by its makers, per c't",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien)",
      "source_title": "SSDs und Data Retention: Lebensdauer der Daten auf Flash-Speichern (Tim Niggemeier, heise+ / c't)",
      "source_url": "https://www.heise.de/hintergrund/SSDs-und-Data-Retention-Lebensdauer-der-Daten-auf-Flash-Speichern-6042253.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "paywalled",
      "published_at": "2021-05-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Typisch für 3D-TLC-Flash sind 1500 bis 3000 Zyklen, nach denen die Zellen bei einer stromlosen Lagerung von höchstens 40 °C die Daten für mindestens ein Jahr halten können.",
      "locator": "Free preview (Leseprobe), third paragraph; rest of the article is paywalled",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "German original. Same preview: exceeding the specified cycles by a factor of 3 to 30 is achievable before an SSD fails in a write or read test, but a cell's useful life is defined by retention, not by when it stops working (see heise-2021-05-ct-ssds-can-exceed-specified-cycles-3-to-30-times). Trade press, not a maker document.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2021-05-ct-3d-tlc-1500-to-3000-cycles-1-year-retention-at-40c",
      "citation_text": "3D TLC flash is typically specified for **1,500 to 3,000** program/erase cycles, after which it must still hold data for at least one year unpowered at up to 40 °C, c't reported (c't, 2021). Source: heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien), \"SSDs und Data Retention: Lebensdauer der Daten auf Flash-Speichern (Tim Niggemeier, heise+ / c't)\" (https://www.heise.de/hintergrund/SSDs-und-Data-Retention-Lebensdauer-der-Daten-auf-Flash-Speichern-6042253.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2021-05-ct-3d-tlc-1500-to-3000-cycles-1-year-retention-at-40c."
    },
    {
      "id": "heise-2021-05-ct-ssds-can-exceed-specified-cycles-3-to-30-times",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "SSDs can exceed their flash's specified program/erase cycles **3 to 30 times** before failing a write or read test, but data written that late may not survive unpowered storage, c't reported (c't, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "times the specified P/E cycles reachable before failure in a test (upper end; range 3-30)",
      "display_value": "3 to 30 times",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (trade press analysis)",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "NAND-flash SSDs in write-to-failure tests, per c't",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien)",
      "source_title": "SSDs und Data Retention: Lebensdauer der Daten auf Flash-Speichern (Tim Niggemeier, heise+ / c't)",
      "source_url": "https://www.heise.de/hintergrund/SSDs-und-Data-Retention-Lebensdauer-der-Daten-auf-Flash-Speichern-6042253.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "paywalled",
      "published_at": "2021-05-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Ein Überschreiten der spezifizierten Zyklen um den Faktor 3 bis 30 ist durchaus erreichbar, bevor eine SSD während eines Schreib- oder Lesetests ausfällt.",
      "locator": "Free preview (Leseprobe), second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "German original; translation: 'Exceeding the specified cycles by a factor of 3 to 30 is quite achievable before an SSD fails during a write or read test.' The same paragraph says a cell surviving 10,000 cycles is useless if its data are unreadable after two weeks of holiday, which is why write-to-death tests (The Tech Report 2015, c't 2017) overstate usable endurance.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2021-05-ct-ssds-can-exceed-specified-cycles-3-to-30-times",
      "citation_text": "SSDs can exceed their flash's specified program/erase cycles **3 to 30 times** before failing a write or read test, but data written that late may not survive unpowered storage, c't reported (c't, 2021). Source: heise online / c't magazin (Heise Medien), \"SSDs und Data Retention: Lebensdauer der Daten auf Flash-Speichern (Tim Niggemeier, heise+ / c't)\" (https://www.heise.de/hintergrund/SSDs-und-Data-Retention-Lebensdauer-der-Daten-auf-Flash-Speichern-6042253.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#heise-2021-05-ct-ssds-can-exceed-specified-cycles-3-to-30-times."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-04-slc-nand-100000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston puts SLC (one bit per cell) NAND flash at 100,000 program/erase cycles, the highest endurance of the flash types (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, maker's typical figure for SLC NAND",
      "display_value": "100,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "SLC NAND flash (general figure, not a specific product)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-04-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SLC provides high performance and the highest endurance with 100,000 P/E cycles",
      "locator": "Section 'SLC NAND: Single-level cell'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's general rating figure for the flash type; drive ratings (TBW) also depend on capacity, write amplification and over-provisioning. Blog dated April 2026 (schema datePublished 2026-04-16).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-slc-nand-100000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Kingston puts SLC (one bit per cell) NAND flash at 100,000 program/erase cycles, the highest endurance of the flash types (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-slc-nand-100000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-04-mlc-nand-10000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston puts MLC (two bits per cell) NAND flash at 10,000 program/erase cycles (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, maker's typical figure for MLC NAND",
      "display_value": "10,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "MLC NAND flash (general figure)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-04-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "MLC is more sensitive to data errors and with 10,000 P/E cycles has a lower endurance compared to SLC.",
      "locator": "Section 'MLC NAND: Multi-level cell'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lexar Enterprise (2026) gives 3,000 to 10,000 for MLC.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-mlc-nand-10000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Kingston puts MLC (two bits per cell) NAND flash at 10,000 program/erase cycles (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-mlc-nand-10000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-04-tlc-nand-3000-to-5000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston puts TLC (three bits per cell) NAND flash, the standard in mainstream PCs, at typically **3,000 to 5,000** program/erase cycles (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, lower end of maker's typical range for TLC NAND (3,000-5,000)",
      "display_value": "3,000 to 5,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "TLC NAND flash (general figure; consumer grade)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-04-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "typically offering between 3,000 and 5,000 P/E cycles, it remains the industry standard for mainstream PCs, laptops, and gaming consoles.",
      "locator": "Section 'TLC NAND: Triple-level cell'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Higher than Lexar Enterprise's 1,000 to 3,000 (2026) and c't's 1,500 to 3,000 for 3D TLC (2021): makers' general figures for TLC differ by vendor and generation.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-tlc-nand-3000-to-5000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Kingston puts TLC (three bits per cell) NAND flash, the standard in mainstream PCs, at typically **3,000 to 5,000** program/erase cycles (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-tlc-nand-3000-to-5000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-04-enterprise-tlc-10000-to-30000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston says enterprise-grade TLC (eTLC) flash often reaches **10,000 to 30,000** program/erase cycles through better silicon and more over-provisioning (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, lower end of maker's range for enterprise TLC (10,000-30,000)",
      "display_value": "10,000 to 30,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Enterprise TLC (eTLC) NAND flash (general figure)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-04-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "eTLC can achieve significantly higher endurance, often reaching 10,000 to 30,000 P/E cycles.",
      "locator": "Section 'eTLC NAND' (enterprise TLC)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-enterprise-tlc-10000-to-30000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Kingston says enterprise-grade TLC (eTLC) flash often reaches **10,000 to 30,000** program/erase cycles through better silicon and more over-provisioning (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-enterprise-tlc-10000-to-30000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "kingston-2026-04-qlc-nand-about-1000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Kingston puts QLC (four bits per cell) NAND flash, used in cheaper high-capacity SSDs, at around 1,000 program/erase cycles (Kingston, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, maker's typical figure for QLC NAND",
      "display_value": "about 1,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "QLC NAND flash (general figure)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Kingston Technology",
      "source_title": "Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)",
      "source_url": "https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-04-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "QLC typically offers around 1,000 P/E cycles, making it ideal for read-heavy tasks",
      "locator": "Section 'QLC NAND: Quad-level cell'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-kingston",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-qlc-nand-about-1000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Kingston puts QLC (four bits per cell) NAND flash, used in cheaper high-capacity SSDs, at around 1,000 program/erase cycles (Kingston, 2026). Source: Kingston Technology, \"Difference between SLC, MLC, TLC and 3D NAND in USB flash drives, SSDs and memory cards (Kingston blog)\" (https://www.kingston.com/en/blog/pc-performance/difference-between-slc-mlc-tlc-3d-nand). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#kingston-2026-04-qlc-nand-about-1000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "lexar-enterprise-2026-02-slc-nand-50000-to-100000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Lexar Enterprise puts SLC NAND flash at typically **50,000 to 100,000** program/erase cycles (Lexar Enterprise, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, upper end of maker's typical SLC range (50,000-100,000)",
      "display_value": "50,000 to 100,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "SLC NAND flash (general figure, industrial context)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Lexar Enterprise (Longsys)",
      "source_title": "Comparing NAND Flash: SLC vs MLC vs TLC vs QLC for industrial applications (Lexar Enterprise)",
      "source_url": "https://lexarenterprise.com/comparing-nand-flash-slc-mlc-tlc-qlc-industrial-application/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Typically 50,000 to 100,000 program/erase cycles before the cell degrades.",
      "locator": "Section on single-level cell, first paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-lexar",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Page dated 18 February 2026 (modified 19 May 2026). Lexar Enterprise is Longsys's industrial and enterprise storage brand.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-enterprise-2026-02-slc-nand-50000-to-100000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Lexar Enterprise puts SLC NAND flash at typically **50,000 to 100,000** program/erase cycles (Lexar Enterprise, 2026). Source: Lexar Enterprise (Longsys), \"Comparing NAND Flash: SLC vs MLC vs TLC vs QLC for industrial applications (Lexar Enterprise)\" (https://lexarenterprise.com/comparing-nand-flash-slc-mlc-tlc-qlc-industrial-application/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-enterprise-2026-02-slc-nand-50000-to-100000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "lexar-enterprise-2026-02-mlc-nand-3000-to-10000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Lexar Enterprise puts MLC NAND flash at typically **3,000 to 10,000** program/erase cycles (Lexar Enterprise, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, upper end of maker's typical MLC range (3,000-10,000)",
      "display_value": "3,000 to 10,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "MLC NAND flash (general figure)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Lexar Enterprise (Longsys)",
      "source_title": "Comparing NAND Flash: SLC vs MLC vs TLC vs QLC for industrial applications (Lexar Enterprise)",
      "source_url": "https://lexarenterprise.com/comparing-nand-flash-slc-mlc-tlc-qlc-industrial-application/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "MLC typically achieves 3,000 to 10,000 P/E cycles",
      "locator": "Section on multi-level cell",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-lexar",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-enterprise-2026-02-mlc-nand-3000-to-10000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Lexar Enterprise puts MLC NAND flash at typically **3,000 to 10,000** program/erase cycles (Lexar Enterprise, 2026). Source: Lexar Enterprise (Longsys), \"Comparing NAND Flash: SLC vs MLC vs TLC vs QLC for industrial applications (Lexar Enterprise)\" (https://lexarenterprise.com/comparing-nand-flash-slc-mlc-tlc-qlc-industrial-application/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-enterprise-2026-02-mlc-nand-3000-to-10000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "lexar-enterprise-2026-02-tlc-nand-1000-to-3000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Lexar Enterprise puts TLC NAND flash at typically **1,000 to 3,000** program/erase cycles, with 3D NAND at the upper end (Lexar Enterprise, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, upper end of maker's typical TLC range (1,000-3,000)",
      "display_value": "1,000 to 3,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "TLC NAND flash (general figure)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Lexar Enterprise (Longsys)",
      "source_title": "Comparing NAND Flash: SLC vs MLC vs TLC vs QLC for industrial applications (Lexar Enterprise)",
      "source_url": "https://lexarenterprise.com/comparing-nand-flash-slc-mlc-tlc-qlc-industrial-application/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "TLC NAND typically delivers 1,000 to 3,000 P/E cycles.",
      "locator": "Section on triple-level cell; later section: 'with 3D NAND achieving the upper end of this range'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-lexar",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-enterprise-2026-02-tlc-nand-1000-to-3000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Lexar Enterprise puts TLC NAND flash at typically **1,000 to 3,000** program/erase cycles, with 3D NAND at the upper end (Lexar Enterprise, 2026). Source: Lexar Enterprise (Longsys), \"Comparing NAND Flash: SLC vs MLC vs TLC vs QLC for industrial applications (Lexar Enterprise)\" (https://lexarenterprise.com/comparing-nand-flash-slc-mlc-tlc-qlc-industrial-application/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-enterprise-2026-02-tlc-nand-1000-to-3000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "lexar-enterprise-2026-02-qlc-nand-150-to-1000-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Lexar Enterprise puts QLC NAND flash at typically **150 to 1,000** program/erase cycles (Lexar Enterprise, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1000,
      "unit": "program/erase (P/E) cycles, upper end of maker's typical QLC range (150-1,000)",
      "display_value": "150 to 1,000 P/E cycles",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker's general figure)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "QLC NAND flash (general figure)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Lexar Enterprise (Longsys)",
      "source_title": "Comparing NAND Flash: SLC vs MLC vs TLC vs QLC for industrial applications (Lexar Enterprise)",
      "source_url": "https://lexarenterprise.com/comparing-nand-flash-slc-mlc-tlc-qlc-industrial-application/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "With typical endurance ratings of 150 to 1,000 P/E cycles, QLC is used in high-capacity consumer storage where write frequency is low.",
      "locator": "Section on quad-level cell",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "pe-cycles-by-nand-type-lexar",
      "history": [],
      "notes": null,
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-enterprise-2026-02-qlc-nand-150-to-1000-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Lexar Enterprise puts QLC NAND flash at typically **150 to 1,000** program/erase cycles (Lexar Enterprise, 2026). Source: Lexar Enterprise (Longsys), \"Comparing NAND Flash: SLC vs MLC vs TLC vs QLC for industrial applications (Lexar Enterprise)\" (https://lexarenterprise.com/comparing-nand-flash-slc-mlc-tlc-qlc-industrial-application/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#lexar-enterprise-2026-02-qlc-nand-150-to-1000-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "crucial-2026-01-new-ssd-unpowered-retention-several-years",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Crucial says a brand-new SSD keeps data unpowered for several years, a period that shortens as the flash wears with writing (Crucial, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "unpowered data retention of a new SSD (maker's qualitative statement: several years)",
      "display_value": "several years",
      "display_label": "Crucial (Micron) support, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker support article)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "New (unworn) SSDs and NAND-flash devices, per Crucial (Micron)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Crucial (Micron Technology)",
      "source_title": "SSDs and SMART data (Crucial support article)",
      "source_url": "https://www.crucial.com/support/articles-faq-ssd/ssds-and-smart-data",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-01-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "When an SSD or other NAND-flash device is brand new, its unpowered data retention will be several years.",
      "locator": "Section on data retention, after the SMART lifetime counter discussion",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same article restates JEDEC's client requirement (one year unpowered at 30 C, 86 F) and adds that as the drive ages 'data retention will continue to degrade, down from one year to six months to three months, and so on. Eventually, long beyond the warrantied life of the drive, any new write will not be retainable at all while unpowered.' Schema datePublished 2026-01-20 (modified 2026-01-23).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2026-01-new-ssd-unpowered-retention-several-years",
      "citation_text": "Crucial says a brand-new SSD keeps data unpowered for several years, a period that shortens as the flash wears with writing (Crucial, 2026). Source: Crucial (Micron Technology), \"SSDs and SMART data (Crucial support article)\" (https://www.crucial.com/support/articles-faq-ssd/ssds-and-smart-data). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#crucial-2026-01-new-ssd-unpowered-retention-several-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "dell-2026-05-enterprise-ssd-power-up-every-2-5-months-for-3-weeks",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Dell recommends powering up enterprise SSDs and NVMe drives that hold data once every **2.5 months**, for at least 3 weeks, so their firmware can refresh the stored charge (Dell, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "Dell recommends powering up stored enterprise SSDs every **2.5 months**, for at least 3 weeks.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.5,
      "unit": "months between recommended power-ups for stored enterprise SSDs (maker guidance)",
      "display_value": "every 2.5 months",
      "display_label": "Dell PowerEdge knowledge base, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker support article)",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs and NVMe drives in Dell PowerEdge servers powered off for long periods",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Dell Technologies",
      "source_title": "PowerEdge: Data Retention Occur with SSD or Nvme Drives Due to Prolonged Power off (Dell knowledge-base article 000198930)",
      "source_url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000198930/ssd-data-retention-considerations-when-powering-off-systems-for-a-prolonged-duration",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-05-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Dell Technologies recommends that based on current technology, SSD/NVMe drives which contain user data are powered-up once every 2.5 months for a minimum duration of 3 weeks to allow background tasks to complete.",
      "locator": "Article body, paragraph beginning 'To prevent data retention concerns'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Enterprise drives only (the JEDEC enterprise class: 3 months at 40 C). The article also says powered-off drives should be stored at no more than 40 C (104 F) and that servers stored off for more than 3 months should have their data backed up. Last modified 14 May 2026 (article first published earlier; date of first publication not shown).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#dell-2026-05-enterprise-ssd-power-up-every-2-5-months-for-3-weeks",
      "citation_text": "Dell recommends powering up enterprise SSDs and NVMe drives that hold data once every **2.5 months**, for at least 3 weeks, so their firmware can refresh the stored charge (Dell, 2026). Source: Dell Technologies, \"PowerEdge: Data Retention Occur with SSD or Nvme Drives Due to Prolonged Power off (Dell knowledge-base article 000198930)\" (https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000198930/ssd-data-retention-considerations-when-powering-off-systems-for-a-prolonged-duration). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#dell-2026-05-enterprise-ssd-power-up-every-2-5-months-for-3-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2023-01-ssd-no-retention-expectation-after-rated-endurance",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Western Digital says that once an SSD has used up its rated endurance there is no longer any expectation that it will keep data for a specific time, and it should not be trusted with important data (Western Digital, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "maker statement (no figure)",
      "display_value": "no retention guarantee after TBW",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker white paper)",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "SSDs that have reached their rated endurance (TBW or DWPD)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "SSD Endurance and HDD Workloads: A comparison of data transfer ratings for HDDs and SSDs (white paper)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/collateral/white-paper/white-paper-ssd-endurance-and-hdd-workloads.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Once the NAND inside the SSD has exhausted its rated endurance there is no longer any expectation that the data will be retained for a specific length of time.",
      "locator": "Page 3, 'Endurance and Data Retention', paragraph after Table 1 (JESD218 data retention specification)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Page 5: endurance ratings are 'mostly unrelated' to MTBF/AFR, which describe the likelihood of failure; a drive past its endurance rating 'may be able to operate without electrical failure for a significant lifetime' but read errors increase. The paper reprints JEDEC's client (1 year at 30 C) and enterprise (3 months at 40 C) retention table. Dated January 2023 on the cover; day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2023-01-ssd-no-retention-expectation-after-rated-endurance",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital says that once an SSD has used up its rated endurance there is no longer any expectation that it will keep data for a specific time, and it should not be trusted with important data (Western Digital, 2023). Source: Western Digital, \"SSD Endurance and HDD Workloads: A comparison of data transfer ratings for HDDs and SSDs (white paper)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/collateral/white-paper/white-paper-ssd-endurance-and-hdd-workloads.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2023-01-ssd-no-retention-expectation-after-rated-endurance."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2023-01-hdd-failure-rates-similar-from-6-to-20-heads",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "Western Digital says its data over many drive generations show failure rates **close to identical** for hard drives from 3 platters and 6 heads up to 10 platters and 20 heads, at a given workload (Western Digital, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "maker statement (no figure)",
      "display_value": "close to identical",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide (maker white paper)",
      "period": "2023 (data over many product generations)",
      "population": "Western Digital hard drives, 6 to 20 heads (3 to 10 platters), at a given host workload",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital",
      "source_title": "SSD Endurance and HDD Workloads: A comparison of data transfer ratings for HDDs and SSDs (white paper)",
      "source_url": "https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/collateral/white-paper/white-paper-ssd-endurance-and-hdd-workloads.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Across a spectrum where a drive has 6 heads and 3 platters up through a drive which has 20 heads and 10 platters, the failure rates for a given host workload are close to identical.",
      "locator": "Page 8, 'Why Doesn't Workload Increase with Capacity?', last paragraph before the takeaway",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Maker's own data, not published in numbers. Same paper (page 7): Ultrastar HDDs are typically rated for 550 TB/yr of data transfer and 60 C maximum; HDD workload ratings are 'a population-level prediction of failure rates', and a drive beyond its workload rating 'is not expected to individually fail simply by being beyond the rating' (page 8). Possible overlap with the HDD-ratings records of this family: dedupe at merge.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2023-01-hdd-failure-rates-similar-from-6-to-20-heads",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital says its data over many drive generations show failure rates **close to identical** for hard drives from 3 platters and 6 heads up to 10 platters and 20 heads, at a given workload (Western Digital, 2023). Source: Western Digital, \"SSD Endurance and HDD Workloads: A comparison of data transfer ratings for HDDs and SSDs (white paper)\" (https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/collateral/white-paper/white-paper-ssd-endurance-and-hdd-workloads.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2023-01-hdd-failure-rates-similar-from-6-to-20-heads."
    },
    {
      "id": "htwingnut-2023-10-unpowered-ssd-test-year-1-no-read-degradation",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "After **one year** unpowered, a worn and a fresh 128 GB SATA SSD in YouTuber HTWingNut's hobbyist test read back about 100 GB of files at 495 and 456 MB/s, with no performance degradation by the tester's judgement (HTWingNut, 2023).",
      "short_statement": "After **one year** unpowered, a worn and a fresh SSD in a hobbyist's test read back their files without slowing.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 495,
      "unit": "MB/s average read speed of the worn drive after 1 year unpowered (hobbyist test)",
      "display_value": "no degradation after 1 year",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one hobbyist)",
      "period": "2022-2023",
      "population": "Hobbyist test: four no-name 'Leven JS-600' 128 GB TLC SATA SSDs (two worn far past their 60 TBW rating, two fresh), each holding about 100 GB of hashed random files, stored unpowered; this check covers one worn and one fresh drive",
      "sample_n": 2,
      "publisher": "HTWingNut (YouTube channel)",
      "source_title": "How Long Can SSD Store Data Unpowered? Year 1 Update (YouTube video description)",
      "source_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igJK5YDb73w",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-10-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSD 1 (Worn): 207 seconds total ~ 495 MB/sec avg read speed SSD 2 (Fresh): 225 seconds total ~ 456 MB/sec avg read speed",
      "locator": "Video description, '1 Year Check' block",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Hobbyist test on a handful of cheap drives, not representative. Drive model, capacity, 60 TBW rating and the worn drives' 280 TB of writes come from Tom's Hardware's restatement (2025), not from the description; the description adds: 'I'd say there is really no degradation in performance so far'. Year 2: see tomshardware-2025-04-restates-htwingnut-unpowered-ssd-year-2-worn-drive-4-corrupt-files.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#htwingnut-2023-10-unpowered-ssd-test-year-1-no-read-degradation",
      "citation_text": "After **one year** unpowered, a worn and a fresh 128 GB SATA SSD in YouTuber HTWingNut's hobbyist test read back about 100 GB of files at 495 and 456 MB/s, with no performance degradation by the tester's judgement (HTWingNut, 2023). Source: HTWingNut (YouTube channel), \"How Long Can SSD Store Data Unpowered? Year 1 Update (YouTube video description)\" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igJK5YDb73w). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#htwingnut-2023-10-unpowered-ssd-test-year-1-no-read-degradation."
    },
    {
      "id": "tomshardware-2025-04-restates-htwingnut-unpowered-ssd-year-2-worn-drive-4-corrupt-files",
      "family": "ratings-endurance-retention",
      "statement": "After two years unpowered, the worn SSD in HTWingNut's hobbyist test had **4 corrupt files** and read 4 times slower, while the fresh drive's data all verified, as Tom's Hardware reported the video (Tom's Hardware, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "corrupt files on the worn drive after 2 years unpowered (hobbyist test, as restated)",
      "display_value": "4 corrupt files",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "United States (one hobbyist)",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "population": "Hobbyist test: 'Leven JS-600' 128 GB TLC SATA SSDs rated 60 TBW; 'worn' drives written 280 TB, 'fresh' drives barely used; about 100 GB of hashed files each; checked after two years unpowered",
      "sample_n": 2,
      "publisher": "Tom's Hardware (Future plc), restating HTWingNut's YouTube video",
      "source_title": "Unpowered SSD endurance investigation finds severe data loss and performance issues (Mark Tyson, Tom's Hardware)",
      "source_url": "https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/storage/unpowered-ssd-endurance-investigation-finds-severe-data-loss-and-performance-issues-reminds-us-of-the-importance-of-refreshing-backups",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-04-16",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The hashing audit eventually revealed that four files were corrupt (hash not matching).",
      "locator": "Section ''Worn' SSD tests'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Restatement record: the original is HTWingNut's 'How Long Can SSD Store Data Unpowered? Year 2 Update' (YouTube, uploaded 2024-11-28, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rx3Y5x6uzKQ), whose results are spoken in the video, not written in its description, so they could not be checked against the original text. Tom's Hardware adds: verification took 42 min 43 s against 10 min 3 s before; uncorrectable sectors rose from 0 to 12; the fresh drive verified 100% but showed over 400 hardware-ECC-recovered events; 'this is a very small test sample'. Headline drift: 'severe data loss' describes 4 files on one drive worn to nearly five times its rating.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#tomshardware-2025-04-restates-htwingnut-unpowered-ssd-year-2-worn-drive-4-corrupt-files",
      "citation_text": "After two years unpowered, the worn SSD in HTWingNut's hobbyist test had **4 corrupt files** and read 4 times slower, while the fresh drive's data all verified, as Tom's Hardware reported the video (Tom's Hardware, 2025). Source: Tom's Hardware (Future plc), restating HTWingNut's YouTube video, \"Unpowered SSD endurance investigation finds severe data loss and performance issues (Mark Tyson, Tom's Hardware)\" (https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/storage/unpowered-ssd-endurance-investigation-finds-severe-data-loss-and-performance-issues-reminds-us-of-the-importance-of-refreshing-backups). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#tomshardware-2025-04-restates-htwingnut-unpowered-ssd-year-2-worn-drive-4-corrupt-files."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-replaced-within-4-years-about-5pct-most-models",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About **5%** of the drives of most flash-drive models in Google's data centres were permanently replaced within four years of deployment, and about 10% for the two worst models (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": "About **5%** of the drives of most SSD models in Google's data centres were replaced within four years.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "% of drives permanently replaced within their first four years in the field (most models)",
      "display_value": "about 5% in 4 years",
      "display_label": "Google data-centre flash drives, FAST '16 field study",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "most models see around 5% of their drives permanently removed from the field within 4 years after being deployed, while the worst models (MLC-B and SLC-B) see around 10% of their drives replaced.",
      "locator": "Section 6.3 'Drive repair and replacement', p. 78 (PDF p. 13); per-model values in Table 5, row 'Drives replaced (%)', p. 77",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2016-ssd-replaced-within-4-years-by-model",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "MLC-A",
          "value": 4.16
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-B",
          "value": 9.82
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-C",
          "value": 4.14
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-D",
          "value": 6.21
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-A",
          "value": 5.02
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-B",
          "value": 10.31
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-C",
          "value": 5.08
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-D",
          "value": 5.55
        },
        {
          "period": "eMLC-A",
          "value": 4.37
        },
        {
          "period": "eMLC-B",
          "value": 3.78
        }
      ],
      "notes": "'Replaced' = sent to repairs and never returned to the fleet. Table 5 per model: 3.78% (eMLC-B) to 10.31% (SLC-B). The paper gives no annual rate (see the derived annual record). For most models fewer than half as many drives were replaced as were sent to repairs. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-replaced-within-4-years-about-5pct-most-models",
      "citation_text": "About **5%** of the drives of most flash-drive models in Google's data centres were permanently replaced within four years of deployment, and about 10% for the two worst models (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-replaced-within-4-years-about-5pct-most-models."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-4-to-10pct-replaced-in-4-years-vs-hdd-2-to-9pct-a-year",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**4% to 10%** of the flash drives in Google's data centres were replaced over four years, while earlier field studies had reported 2% to 9% of hard drives replaced every year (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of drives replaced (SSD: over four years, this study; HDD: per year, earlier studies)",
      "display_value": "4-10% in 4 years vs 2-9% a year",
      "display_label": "Google data-centre flash drives against earlier hard-drive studies, FAST '16",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The annual replacement rates of hard disk drives have previously been reported to be 2-9% [19,20], which is high compared to the 4-10% of flash drives we see being replaced in a 4 year period.",
      "locator": "Section 8 'Comparison with hard disk drives', p. 78 (PDF p. 13)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Not like for like: the 2-9% HDD figures are cited from Pinheiro, Weber and Barroso (FAST '07, Google HDDs) and Schroeder and Gibson (FAST '07, other fleets), older drives in other fleets; those originals belong to hdd-field-studies. The same section says flash drives had 'significantly lower replacement rates (within their rated lifetime)' but 'significantly higher rates of uncorrectable errors than hard disk drives'. Roundups restate this paper as 'SSDs were replaced about 25% less often than HDDs' (n-able, 27 November 2019, linking this paper; Ontrack, July 2020): no 25% figure appears in the paper, and none can be derived from 4-10% in four years against 2-9% a year. See claims-and-restatements ids nable-2019-11-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often and ontrack-2020-07-restates-google-2016-ssds-replaced-25pct-less-often. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-4-to-10pct-replaced-in-4-years-vs-hdd-2-to-9pct-a-year",
      "citation_text": "**4% to 10%** of the flash drives in Google's data centres were replaced over four years, while earlier field studies had reported 2% to 9% of hard drives replaced every year (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-4-to-10pct-replaced-in-4-years-vs-hdd-2-to-9pct-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-annual-replacement-about-1-to-2-5pct-derived",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About **1% to 2.5%** of the flash drives in Google's data centres were replaced per year on average, spreading the 4% to 10% replaced over four years evenly (Schroeder et al., 2016; derived).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of drives replaced per year (derived average over the first four years)",
      "display_value": "about 1-2.5% a year",
      "display_label": "Google data-centre flash drives, derived from FAST '16",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The annual replacement rates of hard disk drives have previously been reported to be 2-9% [19,20], which is high compared to the 4-10% of flash drives we see being replaced in a 4 year period.",
      "locator": "Section 8, p. 78 (PDF p. 13); inputs also in Table 5, p. 77",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "4% / 4 years = 1.0% a year; 10% / 4 years = 2.5% a year (straight division of the four-year share; ignores when in the four years drives failed)",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The paper itself gives only the four-year share. Maneas et al. (FAST '20, NetApp) and Han et al. (FAST '21, Alibaba) both restate Google's SSD rate as '1-2.5%' a year, citing this paper; that annualised range is what later SSD studies compare against. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-annual-replacement-about-1-to-2-5pct-derived",
      "citation_text": "About **1% to 2.5%** of the flash drives in Google's data centres were replaced per year on average, spreading the 4% to 10% replaced over four years evenly (Schroeder et al., 2016; derived). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-annual-replacement-about-1-to-2-5pct-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-20-to-63pct-had-uncorrectable-error-in-4-years",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**20% to 63%** of the first-generation flash drives in Google's data centres hit at least one uncorrectable error (data the drive could not read back) in their first four years, depending on the model (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of drives with at least one uncorrectable error in their first four years (first-generation MLC and SLC models)",
      "display_value": "20-63%",
      "display_label": "Google data-centre flash drives, FAST '16",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Between 20–63% of drives experience at least one uncorrectable error during their first four years in the field, making uncorrectable errors the most common non-transparent error in these drives.",
      "locator": "Section 10 'Summary', first bullet, p. 79 (PDF p. 14); Table 2 row 'uncorrectable error' (fraction of drives), p. 69",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2016-ssd-share-with-uncorrectable-error-by-model",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "MLC-A",
          "value": 26.6
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-B",
          "value": 57.5
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-C",
          "value": 32.4
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-D",
          "value": 32.4
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-A",
          "value": 50.3
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-B",
          "value": 28.4
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-C",
          "value": 20.3
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-D",
          "value": 63.4
        },
        {
          "period": "eMLC-A",
          "value": 86.3
        },
        {
          "period": "eMLC-B",
          "value": 90.5
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Read in the PDF itself: in the Summary the 20-63% range is the share of drives with UNCORRECTABLE errors and matches Table 2's eight first-generation models (20.3% SLC-C to 63.4% SLC-D). Section 3.1 uses the same range for FINAL READ ERRORS ('between 20-63% of drives experience at least one such error'; Table 2: 19.1% to 62.7%), which the paper says are almost all due to bit corruption beyond what ECC can correct. The two newer eMLC models fall outside it: 86.3% and 90.5% within three years (Table 2; Section 4.3 says 'more than 80%'). Section 8 rounds it to 'More than 20% of flash drives develop uncorrectable errors in a four year period'. So summaries that disagree are each quoting a different sentence. An uncorrectable error is one read that fails; with redundancy higher up it need not lose data. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-20-to-63pct-had-uncorrectable-error-in-4-years",
      "citation_text": "**20% to 63%** of the first-generation flash drives in Google's data centres hit at least one uncorrectable error (data the drive could not read back) in their first four years, depending on the model (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-20-to-63pct-had-uncorrectable-error-in-4-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-emlc-ssd-over-80pct-uncorrectable-errors-in-field",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "More than 80% of the newer enterprise-grade eMLC flash drives in Google's data centres developed uncorrectable errors in the field, although none did in Google's accelerated tests before 15,000 program-erase cycles (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 80,
      "unit": "% of eMLC drives with uncorrectable errors in the field (more than)",
      "display_value": "more than 80%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the eMLC models, more than 80% develop uncorrectable errors in the field, while in accelerated tests no device developed uncorrectable errors before 15,000 PE cycles.",
      "locator": "Section 4.3 'RBER in accelerated life tests', p. 73 (PDF p. 8); Table 2, p. 69 (eMLC-A 86.3%, eMLC-B 90.5%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The accelerated tests are Google's own procurement tests. eMLC drives (2 TB, 25 and 32 nm) were observed for three years. Same section: for model MLC-B nearly 60% developed uncorrectable errors and nearly 80% bad blocks in the field, while none of six drives under accelerated test did before three times the rated cycle limit. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-emlc-ssd-over-80pct-uncorrectable-errors-in-field",
      "citation_text": "More than 80% of the newer enterprise-grade eMLC flash drives in Google's data centres developed uncorrectable errors in the field, although none did in Google's accelerated tests before 15,000 program-erase cycles (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-emlc-ssd-over-80pct-uncorrectable-errors-in-field."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-uncorrectable-errors-2-to-6-per-1000-drive-days",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**2 to 6** of every 1,000 days of operation of a Google data-centre flash drive saw an uncorrectable error, depending on the model (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "drive days with an uncorrectable error per 1,000 drive days",
      "display_value": "2-6 per 1,000 drive days",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The most common type of non-transparent errors are uncorrectable errors, which affect 2–6 out of 1,000 drive days.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, last paragraph, p. 69 (PDF p. 4); Table 2 bottom half",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Final write errors were far rarer: 1-4 in 10,000 drive days (Section 3.1). Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-uncorrectable-errors-2-to-6-per-1000-drive-days",
      "citation_text": "**2 to 6** of every 1,000 days of operation of a Google data-centre flash drive saw an uncorrectable error, depending on the model (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-uncorrectable-errors-2-to-6-per-1000-drive-days."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-30-to-80pct-developed-bad-blocks-in-4-years",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**30% to 80%** of the flash drives in Google's data centres developed at least one bad block in their first four years in the field, depending on the model (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of drives that developed at least one bad block in the field within four years",
      "display_value": "30-80%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Bad blocks are common: 30-80% of drives develop at least one in the field.",
      "locator": "Section 6.1.2 closing summary, p. 77 (PDF p. 12); Table 4 row 'Drives w/ bad blocks (%)', p. 76",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "google-2016-ssd-share-with-bad-blocks-by-model",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "MLC-A",
          "value": 31.1
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-B",
          "value": 79.3
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-C",
          "value": 30.7
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-D",
          "value": 32.4
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-A",
          "value": 39
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-B",
          "value": 64.6
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-C",
          "value": 91.5
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-D",
          "value": 64
        },
        {
          "period": "eMLC-A",
          "value": 53.8
        },
        {
          "period": "eMLC-B",
          "value": 61.2
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Table 4 runs from 30.7% (MLC-C) to 91.5% (SLC-C), so one model is above the paper's own 30-80% summary. The median drive with bad blocks had only 2-4 of them. Nearly all drives (over 99% for most models) shipped with factory bad blocks. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-30-to-80pct-developed-bad-blocks-in-4-years",
      "citation_text": "**30% to 80%** of the flash drives in Google's data centres developed at least one bad block in their first four years in the field, depending on the model (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-30-to-80pct-developed-bad-blocks-in-4-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-after-2-to-4-bad-blocks-50pct-chance-of-hundreds-more",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Once 2 to 4 bad blocks had appeared on a flash drive in Google's data centres, there was a 50% chance that hundreds more would follow (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% chance that hundreds of bad blocks follow the first 2-4",
      "display_value": "50%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "after only 2-4 bad blocks on a drive, there is a 50% chance that hundreds of bad blocks will follow.",
      "locator": "Section 6.1.2 closing summary, p. 77 (PDF p. 12); Figure 8, p. 76",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The authors read counts in the hundreds as a likely chip failure, suggesting a handful of bad blocks can predict one. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-after-2-to-4-bad-blocks-50pct-chance-of-hundreds-more",
      "citation_text": "Once 2 to 4 bad blocks had appeared on a flash drive in Google's data centres, there was a 50% chance that hundreds more would follow (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-after-2-to-4-bad-blocks-50pct-chance-of-hundreds-more."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-2-to-7pct-developed-bad-chips-in-4-years",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**2% to 7%** of the flash drives in Google's data centres developed a failed flash chip in their first four years, depending on the model (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of drives that developed at least one bad chip within four years",
      "display_value": "2-7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We observe that around 2-7% of drives develop bad chips during the first four years of their life.",
      "locator": "Section 6.2 'Bad chips', p. 77 (PDF p. 12); Table 5 row 'Drives w/ bad chips (%)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "MLC-A",
          "value": 5.6
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-B",
          "value": 6.5
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-C",
          "value": 6.6
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-D",
          "value": 4.2
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-A",
          "value": 3.8
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-B",
          "value": 2.3
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-C",
          "value": 1.2
        },
        {
          "period": "SLC-D",
          "value": 2.5
        },
        {
          "period": "eMLC-A",
          "value": 1.4
        },
        {
          "period": "eMLC-B",
          "value": 1.6
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Table 5: 1.2% (SLC-C) to 6.6% (MLC-C). Google's drives map out a bad chip and keep running with less capacity; the paper says that without this these drives would need repair or return to the vendor. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-2-to-7pct-developed-bad-chips-in-4-years",
      "citation_text": "**2% to 7%** of the flash drives in Google's data centres developed a failed flash chip in their first four years, depending on the model (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-2-to-7pct-developed-bad-chips-in-4-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-6-to-9pct-needed-repair-worst-models-26-to-30pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**6% to 9%** of the flash drives of most models in Google's data centres needed a technician's repair at some point in their first four years, and 26% to 30% of the two worst models (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of drives that entered repairs within four years",
      "display_value": "6-9% (most models)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "While for most drive models 6-9% of their population at some point required repairs, there are some drive models, e.g. SLC-B and SLC-C, that enter repairs at significantly higher rates of 30% and 26%, respectively.",
      "locator": "Section 6.3 'Drive repair and replacement', p. 77 (PDF p. 12); Table 5 row 'Drives w/ repair (%)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Table 5 range 6.2% (eMLC-B) to 30.8% (SLC-B). Mean time between repairs from about 2,364 to 14,492 drive days. 96% of drives sent to repairs went only once. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-6-to-9pct-needed-repair-worst-models-26-to-30pct",
      "citation_text": "**6% to 9%** of the flash drives of most models in Google's data centres needed a technician's repair at some point in their first four years, and 26% to 30% of the two worst models (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-6-to-9pct-needed-repair-worst-models-26-to-30pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-slc-ssd-not-replaced-less-often-than-mlc",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Google's enterprise-grade SLC flash drives were not repaired or replaced less often than its cheaper MLC drives, and did not typically have fewer errors that reached the user (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "comparison of repair and replacement rates by flash type",
      "display_value": "SLC no better than MLC",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SLC drives don't have lower repair or replacement rates, and don't typically have lower rates of non-transparent errors.",
      "locator": "Section 7 'Comparison of MLC, eMLC, and SLC drives', p. 78 (PDF p. 13)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "SLC drives did have raw bit error rates orders of magnitude lower (Table 3), but that did not translate into fewer replacements. Maneas et al. (FAST '20, NetApp) found the same for SLC against eMLC. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-slc-ssd-not-replaced-less-often-than-mlc",
      "citation_text": "Google's enterprise-grade SLC flash drives were not repaired or replaced less often than its cheaper MLC drives, and did not typically have fewer errors that reached the user (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-slc-ssd-not-replaced-less-often-than-mlc."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-mlc-ssd-used-18-to-32pct-of-rated-pe-cycles-derived",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Google's MLC data-centre flash drives had used on average **18% to 32%** of their rated program-erase cycles (529 to 949 of 3,000), and its SLC and eMLC drives less than 7% (Schroeder et al., 2016; derived).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "average program-erase cycles used as % of the rated limit, by model",
      "display_value": "18-32% of rated wear (MLC)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Avg. PE cycles 730 949 529 544 860 504 457 185 607 377",
      "locator": "Table 1 'Overview of drive models', rows 'PE cycle limit' and 'Avg. PE cycles', p. 68 (PDF p. 3)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Average PE cycles / rated PE cycle limit (Table 1): MLC-A 730/3,000 = 24.3%; MLC-B 949/3,000 = 31.6%; MLC-C 529/3,000 = 17.6%; MLC-D 544/3,000 = 18.1%; SLC-A to SLC-D 860, 504, 457, 185 of 100,000 = 0.2% to 0.9%; eMLC-A 607/10,000 = 6.1%; eMLC-B 377/10,000 = 3.8%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Averages at the end of data collection, after up to six years in service. Some individual MLC drives went past their 3,000-cycle limit (Figure 2 runs past 3,000; model MLC-D is discussed past its limit). Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-mlc-ssd-used-18-to-32pct-of-rated-pe-cycles-derived",
      "citation_text": "Google's MLC data-centre flash drives had used on average **18% to 32%** of their rated program-erase cycles (529 to 949 of 3,000), and its SLC and eMLC drives less than 7% (Schroeder et al., 2016; derived). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-mlc-ssd-used-18-to-32pct-of-rated-pe-cycles-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-no-error-spike-past-rated-pe-cycle-limit",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Flash drives in Google's data centres showed no sudden jump in errors after passing the maker's rated program-erase cycle limit; errors grew roughly linearly with wear (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "error growth past the rated wear limit",
      "display_value": "No spike past the rated limit",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "there are no sudden spikes once a drive exceeds the vendor's PE cycle limit, within the PE cycle ranges we observe in the field.",
      "locator": "Section 10 'Summary', fifth bullet, p. 79 (PDF p. 14); Sections 4.2.1 and 5.3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Both raw bit error rates and uncorrectable errors grew linearly, not exponentially, with program-erase cycles. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-no-error-spike-past-rated-pe-cycle-limit",
      "citation_text": "Flash drives in Google's data centres showed no sudden jump in errors after passing the maker's rated program-erase cycle limit; errors grew roughly linearly with wear (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-no-error-spike-past-rated-pe-cycle-limit."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-errors-rose-sharply-at-about-3x-rated-pe-limit-in-tests",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "In Google's accelerated life tests, flash drives' raw bit error rates rose sharply only at about three times the maker's rated program-erase cycle limit, suggesting the limits are set very conservatively (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "multiple of the vendor's rated program-erase cycle limit",
      "display_value": "about 3x the rated limit",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "accelerated life tests for the devices showed a rapid increase in RBER at around 3X the vendor's PE cycle limit, so vendors PE cycle limits seem to be chosen very conservatively.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2.1 'RBER and wear-out', last paragraph, p. 71 (PDF p. 6)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Lab result from Google's procurement tests, not field data; the field data showed other errors (uncorrectable errors, bad blocks) that the accelerated tests did not reproduce (Section 4.3). Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-errors-rose-sharply-at-about-3x-rated-pe-limit-in-tests",
      "citation_text": "In Google's accelerated life tests, flash drives' raw bit error rates rose sharply only at about three times the maker's rated program-erase cycle limit, suggesting the limits are set very conservatively (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-errors-rose-sharply-at-about-3x-rated-pe-limit-in-tests."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-age-raises-errors-independently-of-wear",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Time in the field raised the raw bit error rate of Google's data-centre flash drives independently of wear from writing, so an SSD ages with time as well as with use (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "effect of drive age on raw bit error rate, controlling for program-erase cycles",
      "display_value": "Age matters, not just writes",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We conclude that age, as measured by days in the field, has a significant effect on RBER, independently of cell wear-out due to PE cycles.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2.2 'RBER and age (beyond PE cycles)', p. 72 (PDF p. 7)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Correlation between age and RBER of 0.2 to 0.4 for every model after binning by PE cycles; the authors suggest other ageing mechanisms 'such as silicon aging'. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-age-raises-errors-independently-of-wear",
      "citation_text": "Time in the field raised the raw bit error rate of Google's data-centre flash drives independently of wear from writing, so an SSD ages with time as well as with use (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-age-raises-errors-independently-of-wear."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-30pct-chance-of-uncorrectable-error-month-after-one",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "A Google data-centre flash drive had a nearly 30% chance of an uncorrectable error in the month after one, against a 2% chance in a random month (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "% chance of an uncorrectable error in the month after an uncorrectable error",
      "display_value": "nearly 30% vs 2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the chance of experiencing an uncorrectable error in a month following another uncorrectable error is nearly 30%, compared to only a 2% chance of seeing an uncorrectable error in a random month.",
      "locator": "Section 5.6 'Other types of errors versus UEs', p. 76 (PDF p. 11); Figure 7",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Final write, meta and erase errors also raised the monthly chance of an uncorrectable error by more than five times. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-30pct-chance-of-uncorrectable-error-month-after-one",
      "citation_text": "A Google data-centre flash drive had a nearly 30% chance of an uncorrectable error in the month after one, against a 2% chance in a random month (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-30pct-chance-of-uncorrectable-error-month-after-one."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-ssd-no-significant-infant-mortality",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Flash drives in Google's data centres showed no significant infant mortality in uncorrectable errors, unlike Facebook's fleet, perhaps because the two companies burn in new drives differently (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "presence of early-life failures (infant mortality)",
      "display_value": "No infant mortality seen",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "They observe significant infant mortality (which they refer to as early detection and early failure), while we don't.",
      "locator": "Section 9 'Related work', pp. 78-79 (PDF pp. 13-14)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'They' = Meza et al. (Facebook, SIGMETRICS '15). The authors also note the Facebook data was a close-up of drives' early life, while Google's spans whole lifecycles. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-no-significant-infant-mortality",
      "citation_text": "Flash drives in Google's data centres showed no significant infant mortality in uncorrectable errors, unlike Facebook's fleet, perhaps because the two companies burn in new drives differently (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-ssd-no-significant-infant-mortality."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2016-02-two-thirds-of-failed-flash-chips-beyond-vendor-spec",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About two thirds of the flash chips declared bad in Google's data-centre drives had more than 5% of their blocks fail, beyond the chip makers' guarantee of at most 2% within the rated program-erase cycles (Schroeder et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "share of bad chips that exceeded the vendors' bad-block guarantee",
      "display_value": "two thirds",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Google data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of production use ending by 2015 (calendar years not stated in the paper)",
      "population": "Flash drives in Google's data centres: custom-built PCIe SSDs of ten models with MLC, eMLC and SLC flash from four flash vendors (480 GB to 2 TB), each model with millions of drive days; fleet size confidential",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google",
      "source_title": "Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the two thirds of bad chips that saw more than 5% of their blocks fail are chips that violate vendor specs.",
      "locator": "Section 6.2 'Bad chips', p. 77 (PDF p. 12)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The other third were retired after exceeding a threshold on days with errors. Fleet: ten models of custom PCIe flash drives (MLC, eMLC, SLC; 480 GB to 2 TB) over six years in Google's data centres; Google treats the fleet size as confidential (footnote 1).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-two-thirds-of-failed-flash-chips-beyond-vendor-spec",
      "citation_text": "About two thirds of the flash chips declared bad in Google's data-centre drives had more than 5% of their blocks fail, beyond the chip makers' guarantee of at most 2% within the rated program-erase cycles (Schroeder et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Toronto and Google, \"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected (Bianca Schroeder, Raghav Lagisetty, Arif Merchant; FAST '16, pp. 67-80)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-schroeder.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2016-02-two-thirds-of-failed-flash-chips-beyond-vendor-spec."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-4-to-34pct-reported-uncorrectable-errors",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**4.2% to 34.1%** of the flash SSDs in Facebook's servers had reported at least one uncorrectable error by November 2014, depending on the server platform (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of SSDs per platform that reported at least one uncorrectable error over their life",
      "display_value": "4.2-34.1%",
      "display_label": "Facebook server SSDs, SIGMETRICS '15",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We find that SSD failures are relatively common events with between 4.2% and 34.1% of the SSDs in the platforms we examine reporting uncorrectable errors.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2 'SSD Failure Rate and Error Count', PDF p. 4; Figure 2 (top)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Platform B: 27.3% (Section 3.3, PDF p. 5). Older platforms (A and B, 720 GB, 2.4 +/- 1.0 years) had more errors than younger ones; platforms C and E were much lower, which the authors tie to aggressive thermal throttling. Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-4-to-34pct-reported-uncorrectable-errors",
      "citation_text": "**4.2% to 34.1%** of the flash SSDs in Facebook's servers had reported at least one uncorrectable error by November 2014, depending on the server platform (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-4-to-34pct-reported-uncorrectable-errors."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-failure-rate-not-bathtub-curve",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Failure rates of Facebook's server SSDs did not rise steadily with wear: they rose, fell, then rose again as more data was written (early detection, early failure, useful life and wear-out), unlike the classic bathtub curve (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "shape of failure rate against data written",
      "display_value": "Not a bathtub curve",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSD failure rates do not increase monotonically with flash chip wear; instead they go through several distinct periods corresponding to how failures emerge and are subsequently detected",
      "locator": "Abstract, observation (1), PDF p. 1; Section 4.1 and Figures 4-5, PDF pp. 5-6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The authors explain the early peak with a 'two-pool' model: a pool of weak blocks fails quickly and is retired, then the stronger blocks wear out slowly. Google's FAST '16 study did not see this infant mortality. Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-failure-rate-not-bathtub-curve",
      "citation_text": "Failure rates of Facebook's server SSDs did not rise steadily with wear: they rose, fell, then rose again as more data was written (early detection, early failure, useful life and wear-out), unlike the classic bathtub curve (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-failure-rate-not-bathtub-curve."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-early-to-wearout-failure-rate-differs-81-7pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Failure rates of one platform of Facebook's server SSDs differed by up to 81.7% between the early-life period and the wear-out period (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 81.7,
      "unit": "% difference in failure rate between lifecycle periods (Platform A)",
      "display_value": "up to 81.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For SSDs in Platform A, we observe up to an 81.7% difference between the failure rates of SSDs in the early detection period and SSDs in the wearout period of the lifecycle.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Data Written to Flash Cells', PDF p. 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Platform A: 720 GB PCIe v1 SSDs, 2.4 +/- 1.0 years old, 27.2 TB written per SSD on average (Table 1). Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-early-to-wearout-failure-rate-differs-81-7pct",
      "citation_text": "Failure rates of one platform of Facebook's server SSDs differed by up to 81.7% between the early-life period and the wear-out period (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-early-to-wearout-failure-rate-differs-81-7pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-early-failure-phase-ends-after-3-to-10-tb-written",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "The early-life rise in failures of Facebook's server SSDs ended after **about 3 TB to 10 TB** had been written: 3 TB for 720 GB and 1.2 TB drives, 10 TB for 3.2 TB drives (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "TB written to flash when the early detection period ended (720 GB and 1.2 TB SSDs)",
      "display_value": "about 3 TB (10 TB for 3.2 TB drives)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "while the early detection period ends after around 3 TB of data written for 720 GB and 1.2TB SSDs (in Platforms A, B, C, and D), it ends after around 10 TB of data written for 3.2 TB SSDs",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Data Written to Flash Cells', PDF p. 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The following early failure period ended after about 15 TB (720 GB SSDs), 28 TB (1.2 TB) and 75 TB (3.2 TB) written; larger drives spread wear over more cells. Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-early-failure-phase-ends-after-3-to-10-tb-written",
      "citation_text": "The early-life rise in failures of Facebook's server SSDs ended after **about 3 TB to 10 TB** had been written: 3 TB for 720 GB and 1.2 TB drives, 10 TB for 3.2 TB drives (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-server-ssd-early-failure-phase-ends-after-3-to-10-tb-written."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-top-10pct-of-ssds-had-over-80pct-of-errors",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "The 10% of Facebook's server SSDs with the most errors accounted for over **80%** of all uncorrectable errors on every platform (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 80,
      "unit": "% of a platform's uncorrectable errors on the 10% most error-prone SSDs (over)",
      "display_value": "over 80%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For every platform, we observe that the top 10% of SSDs with the most errors have over 80% of all uncorrectable errors seen for that platform.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, PDF p. 4; Figure 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "On platforms B, C, E and F the top 10% held over 95% of errors; the error counts follow a Weibull distribution with shape 0.3. Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-top-10pct-of-ssds-had-over-80pct-of-errors",
      "citation_text": "The 10% of Facebook's server SSDs with the most errors accounted for over **80%** of all uncorrectable errors on every platform (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-top-10pct-of-ssds-had-over-80pct-of-errors."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-99-8pct-of-ssds-with-errors-had-errors-again-next-week",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "99.8% of Facebook's server SSDs that had an error in one week also had an error the following week (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 99.8,
      "unit": "% of SSDs with an error in week one that also had an error in week two",
      "display_value": "99.8%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "during a recent two weeks, 99.8% of the SSDs that had an error during the first week also had an error during the second week.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, PDF p. 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The authors conclude that an SSD that has had an error is highly likely to keep having them. Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-99-8pct-of-ssds-with-errors-had-errors-again-next-week",
      "citation_text": "99.8% of Facebook's server SSDs that had an error in one week also had an error the following week (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-99-8pct-of-ssds-with-errors-had-errors-again-next-week."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-second-ssd-in-server-failed-in-40-to-60pct-of-cases",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "When one of the two SSDs in a Facebook server failed, the other had also failed in **39.8% to 59.9%** of cases, depending on the platform, against 27.3% expected on one platform if failures were independent (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% conditional probability that both SSDs in a server fail given one failed",
      "display_value": "39.8-59.9%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We find that the conditional probability of both SSDs failing given one SSD has failed is 42.2% for Platform B, 59.9% for Platform D, and 39.8% for Platform F.",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'Correlations Between Different SSDs', PDF p. 5 (page has no text layer; transcribed from the rendered page)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Expected without correlation: the platform's own failure rate, e.g. 27.3% for Platform B; the paper puts the increase at 14.9 points (B), 25.8 (D) and 17.8 (F). PDF page 5 carries no extractable text; transcription saved in raw/ssd-field-studies/meza-sigmetrics15-pages2-5-transcribed.txt. Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-second-ssd-in-server-failed-in-40-to-60pct-of-cases",
      "citation_text": "When one of the two SSDs in a Facebook server failed, the other had also failed in **39.8% to 59.9%** of cases, depending on the platform, against 27.3% expected on one platform if failures were independent (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-second-ssd-in-server-failed-in-40-to-60pct-of-cases."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-hotter-ssds-failed-more-unless-throttled",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Hotter flash SSDs failed more often in Facebook's servers, but drives that throttled themselves when hot largely avoided the effect (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "effect of operating temperature on SSD failure rate",
      "display_value": "Heat raises failures",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "higher temperatures lead to higher failure rates, but techniques that throttle SSD operation appear to greatly reduce the negative reliability impact of higher temperatures",
      "locator": "Abstract, observation (4), PDF p. 1; Section 5.1 'Temperature', Figures 10-11, PDF pp. 9-10",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "At 30-40 C failure rates were similar or rose slightly with temperature; above 40 C platforms A and B (rarely throttled) failed more as they got hotter, C and E (throttled aggressively) were insensitive. The controllers throttle from about 80 C. Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-hotter-ssds-failed-more-unless-throttled",
      "citation_text": "Hotter flash SSDs failed more often in Facebook's servers, but drives that throttled themselves when hot largely avoided the effect (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-hotter-ssds-failed-more-unless-throttled."
    },
    {
      "id": "facebook-2015-06-reading-data-did-not-raise-ssd-failures",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Reading data did not measurably wear out Facebook's server SSDs: the drives that had read the most data showed no statistically significant rise in failures (Meza et al., 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "effect of data read on SSD failure rate",
      "display_value": "Reads did not raise failures",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Facebook data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Drive lifetimes up to nearly four years; snapshot of November 2014",
      "population": "Flash SSDs in Facebook's servers: a majority of the fleet's PCIe MLC flash cards (720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB) on six server platforms, average age 0.5 to 2.4 years, many millions of SSD-days; fleet size not published",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook",
      "source_title": "A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)",
      "source_url": "https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-06-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSDs that have read the most data do not show a statistically significant increase in failure rates.",
      "locator": "Section 1, contribution 2, PDF p. 2 (no text layer; transcribed from the rendered page); Section 4.2 and Figure 6, PDF pp. 6-7",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Read disturbance (errors caused in neighbouring cells by reads) is seen in lab tests of raw chips; in the field the authors found it 'not prevalent'. Google's FAST '16 study found read disturb affects raw bit error rates for some models but not uncorrectable errors. Definition: the paper counts an 'SSD failure' as at least one error the SSD could not correct (the host driver then corrected it); it did not measure replacements or data loss ('Nor did we examine the rate of SSD replacement', Section 6). Fleet: a majority of Facebook's server SSDs, PCIe MLC cards of 720 GB, 1.2 TB and 3.2 TB; DOI 10.1145/2745844.2745848.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-reading-data-did-not-raise-ssd-failures",
      "citation_text": "Reading data did not measurably wear out Facebook's server SSDs: the drives that had read the most data showed no statistically significant rise in failures (Meza et al., 2015). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems; authors from Carnegie Mellon University and Facebook, \"A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field (Justin Meza, Qiang Wu, Sanjeev Kumar, Onur Mutlu; SIGMETRICS '15, pp. 177-190; authors' copy)\" (https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/flash-memory-failures-in-the-field-at-facebook_sigmetrics15.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#facebook-2015-06-reading-data-did-not-raise-ssd-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-ssd-afr-up-to-70pct-above-maker-spec",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Some models of the SSDs in Microsoft's data centres failed up to 70% more often in the field than the annualized failure rate in their makers' specifications (0.61% to 0.73%) (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 70,
      "unit": "% by which field annualized failure rate exceeded the specified AFR (up to)",
      "display_value": "up to 70% above spec",
      "display_label": "Microsoft data-centre SSDs, SYSTOR '16",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The observed Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) in these production datacenters for some models is significantly higher (as much as 70%) than that quoted in SSD specifications",
      "locator": "Section 1, first contribution bullet, PDF p. 2; Section 3.2 and Figure 2, PDF p. 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Section 3.2: specifications give AFRs of 0.61%-0.73% for the consumer-class models; model 1-A was within that range, 1-B and 1-C exceeded it, 1-D was well below. The paper reads this as real workloads affecting failure very differently from makers' test conditions. A specification is a rating, not a measurement. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-ssd-afr-up-to-70pct-above-maker-spec",
      "citation_text": "Some models of the SSDs in Microsoft's data centres failed up to 70% more often in the field than the annualized failure rate in their makers' specifications (0.61% to 0.73%) (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-ssd-afr-up-to-70pct-above-maker-spec."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-ssd-afr-about-0-4-to-1pct-consumer-0-15pct-enterprise-chart-read",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "SSDs in Microsoft's data centres failed at an annualized rate of roughly **0.4% to 1.0%** for four consumer-class models and roughly 0.14% for one enterprise-class model, as read from the study's chart (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (devices with failures per device-year), read from a bar chart",
      "display_value": "about 0.4-1.0% (consumer), 0.15% (enterprise)",
      "display_label": "Microsoft data-centre SSDs, SYSTOR '16 (read from chart)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Model 2-A (an enterprise class SSD) has much lower AFR compared to the other consumer class models.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, Figure 2 'AFR vs. SSD models', PDF p. 4",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "Bar heights read from Figure 2 (page rendered at 220 dpi, y-axis 0 to 1.2%): 1-A about 0.63%, 1-B about 1.0%, 1-C about 0.94%, 1-D about 0.42%, 2-A about 0.14%; reading error about +/-0.03 points",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "microsoft-2016-ssd-afr-by-model-chart-read",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "1-A (160 GB, consumer)",
          "value": 0.63
        },
        {
          "period": "1-B (160 GB, consumer)",
          "value": 1
        },
        {
          "period": "1-C (160 GB, consumer)",
          "value": 0.94
        },
        {
          "period": "1-D (480 GB, consumer)",
          "value": 0.42
        },
        {
          "period": "2-A (480 GB, enterprise)",
          "value": 0.14
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The paper prints no per-model numbers. Maneas et al. (FAST '20) restate this study as 'replacement rates between 0.5-1% for their consumer class MLC drives' and 0.1% for the enterprise model, and point out it counts fail-stop events only. AFR here = devices with failures / device years. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-ssd-afr-about-0-4-to-1pct-consumer-0-15pct-enterprise-chart-read",
      "citation_text": "SSDs in Microsoft's data centres failed at an annualized rate of roughly **0.4% to 1.0%** for four consumer-class models and roughly 0.14% for one enterprise-class model, as read from the study's chart (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-ssd-afr-about-0-4-to-1pct-consumer-0-15pct-enterprise-chart-read."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-79pct-of-ssd-tickets-ended-in-replacement-vs-11pct-hdd",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "79% of SSD-related failure tickets in Microsoft's data centres ended in replacing the drive, against 11% of hard-drive-related tickets (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": "**79%** of SSD failure tickets in Microsoft's data centres ended in a new drive, against 11% for hard drives.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 79,
      "unit": "% of failure tickets that resulted in a drive replacement (SSD-related tickets)",
      "display_value": "79% vs 11%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft data-centre servers, SYSTOR '16",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "an SSD-related failure ticket in our dataset results in a replacement 79% of the time compared to 11% for HDD-related tickets",
      "locator": "Section 1 'Introduction', second paragraph, PDF p. 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same servers (each with 0-2 SSDs and 4 HDDs), so a like-for-like comparison of what a ticket leads to, not of how often each drive type fails. The same paragraph says SSDs 'are obviously at an advantage compared to HDDs in terms of failure rates' without giving the HDD rate. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-79pct-of-ssd-tickets-ended-in-replacement-vs-11pct-hdd",
      "citation_text": "79% of SSD-related failure tickets in Microsoft's data centres ended in replacing the drive, against 11% of hard-drive-related tickets (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-79pct-of-ssd-tickets-ended-in-replacement-vs-11pct-hdd."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-38pct-of-failed-ssds-showed-no-smart-warning",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "38% of the SSDs that failed in Microsoft's data centres showed none of the four SMART warning signs beforehand (reallocated sectors, program or erase failures, data errors, interface downshifts) (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": "**38%** of the SSDs that failed in large data centres showed none of four SMART warning signs beforehand (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 38,
      "unit": "% of failed SSDs with no prior SMART symptom",
      "display_value": "38%",
      "display_label": "Microsoft data-centre SSDs, SYSTOR '16",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "However, 38% of the failed devices did not experience any such symptom.",
      "locator": "Section 3.4 'Failures vs. SMART Symptoms', 'Symptoms and Prognosis', PDF p. 6; Figure 8",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": true,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Around 62% of failed devices showed at least one of the four symptoms. Sector reallocation was also common among healthy drives; data errors were seen on only about 1% of healthy drives but about 12% of failed ones. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-38pct-of-failed-ssds-showed-no-smart-warning",
      "citation_text": "38% of the SSDs that failed in Microsoft's data centres showed none of the four SMART warning signs beforehand (reallocated sectors, program or erase failures, data errors, interface downshifts) (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-38pct-of-failed-ssds-showed-no-smart-warning."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-smart-symptoms-raise-ssd-afr-3x-to-20x",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "SSDs in Microsoft's data centres that showed a SMART warning sign failed **3 to 20 times** as often as those that did not, with data errors the strongest sign (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20,
      "unit": "multiple of the annualized failure rate of drives without the symptom (up to)",
      "display_value": "3x to 20x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The presence of any of these symptoms increases AFR consistently by as much as 3X to 20X.",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'SSD Failure Symptoms', PDF p. 4; Figure 3, PDF p. 5",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Data errors: up to 20X; reallocations and SATA downshift: 4X; program/erase failures: 2.75X. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-smart-symptoms-raise-ssd-afr-3x-to-20x",
      "citation_text": "SSDs in Microsoft's data centres that showed a SMART warning sign failed **3 to 20 times** as often as those that did not, with data errors the strongest sign (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-smart-symptoms-raise-ssd-afr-3x-to-20x."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-8-to-22pct-of-ssds-failed-within-9-months-of-data-error",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**8% to 22%** of Microsoft's data-centre SSDs failed within nine months of first reporting a data error, depending on the model (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% of SSDs failing within nine months after their first data error",
      "display_value": "8-22% within 9 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Nearly 22% and 8% of devices from models 1-C and 1-D respectively fail within a window of 9 months after this symptom was exhibited.",
      "locator": "Section 3.4, 'Impact of Symptom Occurrence', PDF p. 5; Figure 4c",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Model 1-C: older 160 GB consumer drives; model 1-D: newer 480 GB consumer drives. Among high-intensity cases (top 20% of symptom counts), 36% of model 1-C drives failed within nine months of a data error. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-8-to-22pct-of-ssds-failed-within-9-months-of-data-error",
      "citation_text": "**8% to 22%** of Microsoft's data-centre SSDs failed within nine months of first reporting a data error, depending on the model (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-8-to-22pct-of-ssds-failed-within-9-months-of-data-error."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-heavily-written-older-ssds-failed-2x-to-4x-as-often",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Older SSD models in Microsoft's data centres failed **2 to 4 times** as often when written heavily as when written lightly, while a newer, larger model showed no clear link with writes (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "multiple of annualized failure rate across write-rate buckets",
      "display_value": "2x to 4x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "we observe a 2X to 4X increase in AFR as the average writes per day increases for the older models of 1-A, 1-B and 1-C",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.1 'Device Level Factors', Host Writes, PDF p. 6; Figure 9",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The newer 480 GB model 1-D 'is still far from its quoted endurance rating'. Reads showed little correlation with failures. Drives with very high or very low (below 1, compression) write amplification failed more. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-heavily-written-older-ssds-failed-2x-to-4x-as-often",
      "citation_text": "Older SSD models in Microsoft's data centres failed **2 to 4 times** as often when written heavily as when written lightly, while a newer, larger model showed no clear link with writes (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-heavily-written-older-ssds-failed-2x-to-4x-as-often."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-same-ssd-model-failed-14x-as-often-in-one-server-design",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "The same SSD model failed 14 times as often in one Microsoft server design as in another, showing that the server around a drive affects its failure rate (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 14,
      "unit": "ratio of annualized failure rates of one SSD model between two rack SKUs",
      "display_value": "14x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "is 14X as high as that in SKU S2-1. This indicates that factors external to SSDs also play a role in determining the failure rates",
      "locator": "Section 3.5.3 'Datacenter Level Factors', Rack SKU, PDF p. 8; Figure 13",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Model 1-A in rack SKU S1-1 against S2-1 (different server vendors). Two SKUs differing only in HDD capacity showed a 2X difference in SSD AFR; the SKUs also host different workloads. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-same-ssd-model-failed-14x-as-often-in-one-server-design",
      "citation_text": "The same SSD model failed 14 times as often in one Microsoft server design as in another, showing that the server around a drive affects its failure rate (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-same-ssd-model-failed-14x-as-often-in-one-server-design."
    },
    {
      "id": "microsoft-2016-06-ssds-cost-4x-to-40x-more-per-gb-than-hdds",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "SSDs cost **4 to 40 times** as much per gigabyte as hard drives in Microsoft's data centres in 2016, depending on the grade, which the authors say outweighed their lower failure rates (Narayanan et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "ratio of SSD to HDD price per GB",
      "display_value": "4x to 40x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Microsoft data centres (five large and several edge facilities; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Nearly three years (34-month observation window, analysis of the first 30 months), ending by 2016",
      "population": "SATA MLC SSDs in Microsoft's data-centre servers: over half a million drives of five models, four consumer-class models from one vendor (160 GB and 480 GB) and one enterprise-class 480 GB model, mean ages 1.8 to 3.3 years",
      "sample_n": 500000,
      "publisher": "ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)",
      "source_url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-06-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSDs are between 4X-40X costlier per GB than HDDs, depending on their grade",
      "locator": "Section 1 'Introduction', second paragraph, PDF p. 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A 2016 data-centre price ratio given in passing, not a market measurement; storage-market holds price and shipment figures. The full sentence: '(neutralizing, and in fact out-weighing the lower failure rate advantage)'. Definition: a failure is a fail-stop event, an SSD problem that took its server down for intervention; nearly 80% of the fail-stopped SSDs were replaced (footnote 2). sample_n is the paper's 'over half a million'. DOI 10.1145/2928275.2928278.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-ssds-cost-4x-to-40x-more-per-gb-than-hdds",
      "citation_text": "SSDs cost **4 to 40 times** as much per gigabyte as hard drives in Microsoft's data centres in 2016, depending on the grade, which the authors say outweighed their lower failure rates (Narayanan et al., 2016). Source: ACM, Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR '16); authors from Pennsylvania State University and Microsoft, \"SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why? (Iyswarya Narayanan, Di Wang, Myeongjae Jeon, Bikash Sharma, Laura Caulfield, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Ben Cutler, Jie Liu, Badriddine Khessib, Kushagra Vaid; SYSTOR '16, article 7)\" (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/a7-narayanan.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#microsoft-2016-06-ssds-cost-4x-to-40x-more-per-gb-than-hdds."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-annual-replacement-rate-0-22pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "0.22% of the enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems were replaced per year on average between 2017 and 2019, ranging from 0.07% to nearly 1.2% by drive model (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": "**0.22%** of enterprise SSDs at one storage maker's customers were replaced a year, 2017 to 2019 (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.22,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate (drive failures per drive-year), whole population",
      "display_value": "0.22%",
      "display_label": "NetApp enterprise storage SSDs, FAST '20",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average ARR across the entire population is 0.22%, but rates vary widely depending on the drive model, from as little as 0.07% to nearly 1.2%.",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'High-level observations', first bullet, p. 138 (PDF p. 3); per-model ARR in Table 1, last column, p. 139",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": true,
      "series": "netapp-2020-enterprise-ssd-arr-by-model",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Table 1 actually runs from 0.06% (II-L, 100 GB SLC) to 1.13% (II-C, 15.3 TB 3D-TLC). The unweighted mean of the 40 model rows is 0.24% and the median 0.175%; Lu et al. (ATC '22) compute '0.26% and 0.18%' from this table. Drives sit in RAID groups in customer systems, mostly young (median power-on years 0.4 to 6.0). Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-annual-replacement-rate-0-22pct",
      "citation_text": "0.22% of the enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems were replaced per year on average between 2017 and 2019, ranging from 0.07% to nearly 1.2% by drive model (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-annual-replacement-rate-0-22pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-worst-enterprise-ssd-1-2pct-below-google-1-to-2-5pct-and-hdd-2-to-9pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Even the worst enterprise SSD model in NetApp's storage systems was replaced at 1.2% a year, at the low end of the 1% to 2.5% reported for Google's data-centre SSDs and below the 2% to 9% reported for hard drives (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.2,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate of the worst model",
      "display_value": "1.2% (worst model)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "even the worst model in our study (ARR of 1.2%) is at the low end of the range reported for SSDs in Google's data centers (range of 1-2.5% [29]).",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'High-level observations', first bullet, p. 138 (PDF p. 3)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The comparison figures are other studies' numbers, not measured on NetApp's fleet: '1-2.5%' is the authors' annualisation of Google's 4-10% replaced in four years (Schroeder et al., FAST '16, which one of these authors co-wrote); '2-9%' for hard drives is cited from Pinheiro et al. and Schroeder and Gibson (FAST '07); the next sentence reads 'The rates are also significantly lower than common numbers reported for hard disk drives (i.e., 2-9% [26, 28])'. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-worst-enterprise-ssd-1-2pct-below-google-1-to-2-5pct-and-hdd-2-to-9pct",
      "citation_text": "Even the worst enterprise SSD model in NetApp's storage systems was replaced at 1.2% a year, at the low end of the 1% to 2.5% reported for Google's data-centre SSDs and below the 2% to 9% reported for hard drives (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-worst-enterprise-ssd-1-2pct-below-google-1-to-2-5pct-and-hdd-2-to-9pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-under-2pct-of-rated-life-used-in-2-to-3-years",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Enterprise SSDs that had been in NetApp's storage systems for two to three years had used less than 2% of their rated program-erase cycles on average (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "% of rated life (program-erase cycle limit) used, average (less than)",
      "display_value": "under 2% of rated wear",
      "display_label": "NetApp enterprise storage SSDs, FAST '20",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Even for models where most drives have been in the field for 2-3 years, less than two percent of the rated life is consumed on average.",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'High-level observations', fourth bullet, p. 139 (PDF p. 4); Table 1 'Rated Life Used (%)'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same bullet: 'Even the drives in the 99th and 99.9th percentile of rated life used have consumed only 15% and 33% of their rated life, respectively. Hence, for the vast majority of drives, early death due to wear-out after prematurely reaching the PE cycle limit is unlikely.' Section 8 adds '99% of systems use at most 15% of the rated life of their drives' but also '99% of drives do not even use up 1% of their PE cycle limit', which does not square with the 99th percentile of 15%: an internal inconsistency in the paper. Rated limits: 10,000 cycles for most MLC and TLC models, 30,000 for some eMLC, 100,000 for SLC. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-under-2pct-of-rated-life-used-in-2-to-3-years",
      "citation_text": "Enterprise SSDs that had been in NetApp's storage systems for two to three years had used less than 2% of their rated program-erase cycles on average (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-under-2pct-of-rated-life-used-in-2-to-3-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-ssd-replacements-one-third-severe-scsi-errors-one-third-predictive",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "One third of enterprise SSD replacements in NetApp's storage systems followed severe SCSI errors and another third were preventive, triggered by predictions of failure; only 0.6% followed a drive going completely dead (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 33,
      "unit": "% of SSD replacements by reason (SCSI errors about one third; predictive about one third)",
      "display_value": "1/3 severe, 1/3 preventive",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "One third of replacements are associated with one of the most severe reason types (i.e., SCSI errors), but on the other hand, one third of drive replacements are merely preventative based on predictions.",
      "locator": "Section 4 'Reasons for replacements', Finding 1, p. 141 (PDF p. 6); Table 2, p. 140",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Table 2 shares (normalised for the 40% of events without a reason): SCSI error 32.78%, unresponsive drive 0.60%, lost writes 13.54%, aborted commands 13.56%, disk ownership I/O errors 3.27%, command timeouts 1.81%, predictive failures 12.78%, threshold exceeded 12.73%, disk copy zero recommended 8.93%. Lost writes may come from firmware or other layers of the stack. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-ssd-replacements-one-third-severe-scsi-errors-one-third-predictive",
      "citation_text": "One third of enterprise SSD replacements in NetApp's storage systems followed severe SCSI errors and another third were preventive, triggered by predictions of failure; only 0.6% followed a drive going completely dead (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-ssd-replacements-one-third-severe-scsi-errors-one-third-predictive."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-infant-mortality-lasts-12-to-15-months",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems showed rising failure rates for their first **12 to 15 months**, then 6 to 12 months of slowly falling rates before levelling off, so infant mortality took 20% to 40% of a typical five-year life (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "months of rising failure rates after deployment",
      "display_value": "12-15 months",
      "display_label": "NetApp enterprise storage SSDs, FAST '20",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "we observe for both 3D-TLC and eMLC drives, a long period (12–15 months) of increasing failure rates, followed by a lengthy period (another 6–12 months) of slowly decreasing failure rates, before rates finally stabilize.",
      "locator": "Section 5.1 'Usage and Age', pp. 141-142 (PDF pp. 6-7); Figure 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Next sentence: 'That means that, given typical drive lifetimes of 5 years, drives spend 20-40% of their life in infant mortality.' Figure 2 plots the monthly conditional probability of failure up to 60 months (peaks about 0.10% a month for 3D-TLC); numbers are not tabulated. Alibaba's NVMe study (Lu et al., ATC '22) found no notable infant mortality in its NVMe drives. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-infant-mortality-lasts-12-to-15-months",
      "citation_text": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems showed rising failure rates for their first **12 to 15 months**, then 6 to 12 months of slowly falling rates before levelling off, so infant mortality took 20% to 40% of a typical five-year life (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-infant-mortality-lasts-12-to-15-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-infant-failure-rates-2-to-3x-later-life",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "During infant mortality, enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems failed at **2 to 3 times** the rate they showed later in life, and no rise in failures appeared towards the end of life (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "ratio of failure rate in the infant-mortality period to later in life",
      "display_value": "2-3x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We observe a very drawn-out period of infant mortality, which can last more than a year and see failure rates 2-3X larger than later in life.",
      "locator": "Section 5.1, Finding 2, p. 142 (PDF p. 7); Section 8 'Lessons learned'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same section: 'we do not observe an increase in ARR for drives towards the end of their life', because few drives come near their program-erase limit. Section 8: for 3D-TLC drives the failure rate at the peak of infant mortality is 2.5X that later in life, and correlated infant-mortality failures in a RAID group are 'likely to be a bigger threat' than correlated wear-out. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-infant-failure-rates-2-to-3x-later-life",
      "citation_text": "During infant mortality, enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems failed at **2 to 3 times** the rate they showed later in life, and no rise in failures appeared towards the end of life (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-infant-failure-rates-2-to-3x-later-life."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-barely-used-emlc-ssds-1-25x-more-likely-replaced",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Enterprise MLC SSDs in NetApp's storage systems that had used less than 1% of their rated life were **1.25 times** as likely to be replaced as those that had used more (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.25,
      "unit": "ratio of replacement rates, drives under 1% rated life used against over 1%",
      "display_value": "1.25x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "for eMLC drives, the drives with less than 1% rated life used are more likely (1.25X) to be replaced than those with more than 1% of rated life used",
      "locator": "Section 5.1 'Usage and Age', p. 141 (PDF p. 6); Figure 1b",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Estimated mean replacement rates 0.168% against 0.126% (p = 6.3e-45): evidence of infant mortality rather than wear-out. Heavily used drives (over 50% of rated cycles) were more often replaced through predictive failures and never for lost writes. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-barely-used-emlc-ssds-1-25x-more-likely-replaced",
      "citation_text": "Enterprise MLC SSDs in NetApp's storage systems that had used less than 1% of their rated life were **1.25 times** as likely to be replaced as those that had used more (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-barely-used-emlc-ssds-1-25x-more-likely-replaced."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-3d-tlc-ssd-replaced-1-5x-as-often-as-emlc",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "3D-TLC enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems were replaced about 1.5 times as often as enterprise MLC SSDs with similar use, and had used 10 to 15 times as much of their spare blocks (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": "Denser 3D-TLC SSDs in NetApp's systems were replaced about **1.5 times** as often as enterprise MLC drives with similar use.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.5,
      "unit": "ratio of annual replacement rates, 3D-TLC against eMLC at similar usage",
      "display_value": "about 1.5x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Figure 1 indicates that ARRs for 3D-TLC drives are around 1.5X higher than for eMLC drives, when comparing similar levels of usage.",
      "locator": "Section 5.2 'Flash and drive type', p. 142 (PDF p. 7); Figure 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "'Also, we observe that 3D-TLC drives have consumed 10-15X more of their spare blocks.' But Figure 4: newer V3 3D-TLC drives were comparable to 2xnm eMLC and better than 1xnm eMLC, so lithography and generation mattered more than flash type alone (Finding 3). Lu et al. (ATC '22) found the reverse order for NVMe drives at Alibaba (3D-TLC slightly lower than MLC). Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-3d-tlc-ssd-replaced-1-5x-as-often-as-emlc",
      "citation_text": "3D-TLC enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems were replaced about 1.5 times as often as enterprise MLC SSDs with similar use, and had used 10 to 15 times as much of their spare blocks (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-3d-tlc-ssd-replaced-1-5x-as-often-as-emlc."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-denser-1xnm-emlc-ssd-almost-twice-replacement-rate-of-2xnm",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Denser 1x-nm enterprise MLC SSDs in NetApp's storage systems were replaced almost twice as often as 2x-nm drives, while for 3D-TLC the older, lower-density V2 generation fared worse than V3 (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "ratio of annual replacement rates, 1xnm against 2xnm eMLC (almost)",
      "display_value": "almost 2x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We observe that the higher density 1xnm drives experience almost twice the replacement rate of 2xnm drives",
      "locator": "Section 5.4 'Lithography', p. 144 (PDF p. 9); Figure 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Finding 5: 'In contrast to previous work, higher density drives do not always see higher replacement rates.' The 1xnm eMLC drives had also used more spare blocks and logged more bad sectors despite being younger. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-denser-1xnm-emlc-ssd-almost-twice-replacement-rate-of-2xnm",
      "citation_text": "Denser 1x-nm enterprise MLC SSDs in NetApp's storage systems were replaced almost twice as often as 2x-nm drives, while for 3D-TLC the older, lower-density V2 generation fared worse than V3 (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-denser-1xnm-emlc-ssd-almost-twice-replacement-rate-of-2xnm."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-15tb-ssds-always-replaced-more-than-smaller-same-family",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "The 15 TB SSDs in NetApp's storage systems were **always replaced more often** than smaller drives of the same family, and their failures were more often sudden and severe (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "annual replacement rate by capacity within a drive family",
      "display_value": "Biggest drives fail most",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The 15TB drives always have higher ARR than the other drives in the same family.",
      "locator": "Section 5.3 'Capacity', p. 143 (PDF p. 8); Figure 3; Finding 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Finding 4: 'Drives with very large capacities not only see a higher replacement rate overall, but also see more severe failures and fewer of the (more benign) predictive failures.' From 200 GB to 1.6 TB, ARR showed no clear relationship with capacity; the authors suspect the larger DRAM footprint of big drives. Bad sectors grew with capacity in every family. Lu et al. (ATC '22) saw the same in NVMe drives at Alibaba. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-15tb-ssds-always-replaced-more-than-smaller-same-family",
      "citation_text": "The 15 TB SSDs in NetApp's storage systems were **always replaced more often** than smaller drives of the same family, and their failures were more often sudden and severe (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-15tb-ssds-always-replaced-more-than-smaller-same-family."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-similar-15tb-ssd-models-0-53pct-vs-1-13pct-arr",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Two 15 TB 3D-TLC enterprise SSD models from the same maker had annual replacement rates of 0.53% and **1.13%** in NetApp's storage systems, so near-identical specifications did not mean equal reliability (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.13,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate (II-C 15.3 TB; II-G 15 TB at 0.53%)",
      "display_value": "0.53% vs 1.13%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "ARR can vary dramatically, e.g., 0.53% for II-G 15TB drives versus 1.13% for II-C 15.3TB drives.",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'High-level observations', second bullet, p. 138 (PDF p. 3); Table 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The II-G drives were younger (0.46 median power-on years against 1.21), which the bullet groups under 'same manufacturer, flash technology, capacity, age'. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-similar-15tb-ssd-models-0-53pct-vs-1-13pct-arr",
      "citation_text": "Two 15 TB 3D-TLC enterprise SSD models from the same maker had annual replacement rates of 0.53% and **1.13%** in NetApp's storage systems, so near-identical specifications did not mean equal reliability (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-similar-15tb-ssd-models-0-53pct-vs-1-13pct-arr."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-earliest-ssd-firmware-up-to-10x-higher-replacement-rate",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems running a model's earliest firmware could be replaced **up to ten times** as often as the same model on later firmware, yet 70% of drives stayed on one firmware version throughout (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 10,
      "unit": "ratio of annual replacement rates, earliest against later firmware versions (up to an order of magnitude)",
      "display_value": "up to 10x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the earliest versions can have an order of magnitude higher ARR than later versions.",
      "locator": "Section 5.5 'Firmware Version', p. 144 (PDF p. 9); Figure 5; Section 8 for the 70%",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Examples: family I-B more than 2X lower from FV1 to FV2, II-A 8X lower from FV2 to FV3, II-F more than 10X lower from FV2 to FV3; the effect holds for drives that never changed firmware, so it is not just age. Some later versions were worse (II-J FV5). Section 8: '70% of drives in our study remain at the same firmware version throughout the length of our study.' Field-study firmware effects stay here; specific firmware bugs and recalls belong to failure-events-and-firmware. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-earliest-ssd-firmware-up-to-10x-higher-replacement-rate",
      "citation_text": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems running a model's earliest firmware could be replaced **up to ten times** as often as the same model on later firmware, yet 70% of drives stayed on one firmware version throughout (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-earliest-ssd-firmware-up-to-10x-higher-replacement-rate."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-raid-group-9-39pct-chance-of-second-replacement-within-week",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "After one SSD was replaced in a NetApp RAID group, there was a 9.39% chance of another replacement in the same group within a week, over 180 times the chance in a random week (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 9.39,
      "unit": "% probability of a further replacement in the RAID group within a week",
      "display_value": "9.39% (over 180x normal)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The probability is equal to 9.39%, that is, more than a factor of 180X increase compared to the probability that a drive replacement will occur within a random week.",
      "locator": "Section 6 'Correlations between drive failures', p. 146 (PDF p. 11)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Random-week probability: 0.0504%. 46% of consecutive replacements in a RAID group came within one day of the previous one and 52% within a week (Figure 7). The authors suggest rebuild load and shared environment (heat, power) as causes, and warn single-parity RAID-5 may be exposed. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-raid-group-9-39pct-chance-of-second-replacement-within-week",
      "citation_text": "After one SSD was replaced in a NetApp RAID group, there was a 9.39% chance of another replacement in the same group within a week, over 180 times the chance in a random week (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-raid-group-9-39pct-chance-of-second-replacement-within-week."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-with-unrecoverable-error-replaced-more-often",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems that had logged even one unrecoverable block error were **replaced significantly more often** than the 99.04% of drives that had logged none (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 99.04,
      "unit": "% of drives with an empty defect list (no unrecoverable block error logged)",
      "display_value": "99.04% had none",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We observe that drives that have experienced at least one unrecoverable error (i.e., they have a non-empty g-list) have significantly higher replacement rates.",
      "locator": "Section 5.9 'Number of bad blocks', p. 145 (PDF p. 10); Figure 6; Finding 7",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Figure 6a shows replacement rates up to about 4% a year for drives with a non-empty defect list in some families (read from the chart, not tabulated). The link holds for non-predictive replacement reasons too. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-with-unrecoverable-error-replaced-more-often",
      "citation_text": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp's storage systems that had logged even one unrecoverable block error were **replaced significantly more often** than the 99.04% of drives that had logged none (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-enterprise-ssd-with-unrecoverable-error-replaced-more-often."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2020-02-99pct-of-systems-used-at-most-15pct-of-rated-ssd-life",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "99% of NetApp's enterprise storage systems had used at most **15%** of their SSDs' rated write endurance, so the authors saw no wear-out risk for most users in moving to lower-endurance QLC flash (Maneas et al., 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 15,
      "unit": "% of rated life (program-erase cycles) used, 99th percentile of systems (at most)",
      "display_value": "at most 15%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "30 months of telemetry, January 2017 to May 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems (all-flash arrays and SSD caches in front of hard drives) at customer sites: almost 1.4 million SAS and SATA drives from three manufacturers, 18 models, 100 GB to 15.3 TB, SLC, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC and 3D-TLC flash, protected by RAID",
      "sample_n": 1400000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-02-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "a move towards QLC's PE cycle limits poses no risks, as 99% of systems use at most 15% of the rated life of their drives.",
      "locator": "Section 8 'Lessons learned', p. 147 (PDF p. 12)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A projection from usage, not a QLC field measurement. See the FAST '22 follow-up (Maneas et al., 2022) for the NAND usage rate per year. Definition: ARR (annual replacement rate) = drive failures / drive years; the paper uses replacement and failure interchangeably. Fleet: almost 1.4 million SSDs (the paper's 'almost'), a sample of NetApp's SSD population, telemetry snapshots January 2017 to May 2019; replacement reasons missing for 40% of events and normalised.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-99pct-of-systems-used-at-most-15pct-of-rated-ssd-life",
      "citation_text": "99% of NetApp's enterprise storage systems had used at most **15%** of their SSDs' rated write endurance, so the authors saw no wear-out risk for most users in moving to lower-endurance QLC flash (Maneas et al., 2020). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '20); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"A Study of SSD Reliability in Large Scale Enterprise Storage Deployments (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '20, pp. 137-149)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast20-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2020-02-99pct-of-systems-used-at-most-15pct-of-rated-ssd-life."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2022-02-60pct-of-ssds-use-under-1pct-of-rated-wear-a-year",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "60% of the SSDs in NetApp's enterprise storage systems used less than 1% of their rated program-erase cycles a year, a pace at which they would last more than 100 years before wearing out (Maneas et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": "**60%** of the enterprise SSDs in NetApp's systems used less than 1% of their rated wear a year.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 60,
      "unit": "% of drives using under 1% of their rated program-erase cycles per year",
      "display_value": "60%",
      "display_label": "NetApp enterprise storage SSDs, FAST '22",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Telemetry over 4+ years, January 2017 to March 2021",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems at customer sites (all-flash arrays and SSD write-back caches in front of hard drives): almost 2 million SAS and NVMe drives from three manufacturers, 20 families, 200 GB to 30 TB, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC, 3D-TLC and 3D-eTLC flash, more than one billion drive days",
      "sample_n": 2000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "indicating that they use less than 1% of their PE cycle limit per year. At this rate, these SSDs will last for more than 100 years in production without wearing out.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1.2 'NAND Usage Rates', first bullet, p. 169 (PDF p. 6); Figure 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 60% share is in the same sentence: 'The majority of drives (60% across the entire population) report a NAND usage rate of zero' (the rate is reported as a truncated integer, so zero means under 1% a year). Two drive families (I-C, I-D) wore much faster because of background rewriting (see the write amplification record). The 100-year figure is an extrapolation of wear alone; drives fail for other reasons long before. This FAST '22 paper measures how drives are used and worn (writes, write amplification, wear levelling); it reports no replacement or failure rates (those are in the FAST '20 paper on the same fleet). sample_n is the paper's 'almost 2 million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-60pct-of-ssds-use-under-1pct-of-rated-wear-a-year",
      "citation_text": "60% of the SSDs in NetApp's enterprise storage systems used less than 1% of their rated program-erase cycles a year, a pace at which they would last more than 100 years before wearing out (Maneas et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-60pct-of-ssds-use-under-1pct-of-rated-wear-a-year."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2022-02-95pct-of-ssds-could-have-been-qlc-without-wearing-out",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 95% of the SSDs in NetApp's enterprise storage systems could have been QLC drives rated for only 1,000 program-erase cycles without wearing out within a typical five-year life (Maneas et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 95,
      "unit": "% of drives whose observed wear would fit a 1,000-cycle QLC limit over five years (approximately)",
      "display_value": "about 95%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Telemetry over 4+ years, January 2017 to March 2021",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems at customer sites (all-flash arrays and SSD write-back caches in front of hard drives): almost 2 million SAS and NVMe drives from three manufacturers, 20 families, 200 GB to 30 TB, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC, 3D-TLC and 3D-eTLC flash, more than one billion drive days",
      "sample_n": 2000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the vast majority of our population (~95% of drives when excluding the two outlier models I-C and I-D) could have used QLC drives without wearing them out prematurely.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1.2, 'Projections for next generation drives', p. 169 (PDF p. 6); Table 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A projection, assuming QLC's limit drops to 1K cycles and a 'typical drive lifetime of 5 years'; excludes two outlier families with very high write amplification. This FAST '22 paper measures how drives are used and worn (writes, write amplification, wear levelling); it reports no replacement or failure rates (those are in the FAST '20 paper on the same fleet). sample_n is the paper's 'almost 2 million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-95pct-of-ssds-could-have-been-qlc-without-wearing-out",
      "citation_text": "About 95% of the SSDs in NetApp's enterprise storage systems could have been QLC drives rated for only 1,000 program-erase cycles without wearing out within a typical five-year life (Maneas et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-95pct-of-ssds-could-have-been-qlc-without-wearing-out."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2022-02-median-enterprise-ssd-writes-0-36-drive-writes-per-day",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "The median SSD in NetApp's enterprise storage systems was written 0.36 times its capacity per day (0.36 drive writes per day), well below the 1 to 3 that typical enterprise drives are rated for (Maneas et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.36,
      "unit": "drive writes per day (host writes / capacity), median",
      "display_value": "0.36 DWPD",
      "display_label": "NetApp enterprise storage SSDs, FAST '22",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Telemetry over 4+ years, January 2017 to March 2021",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems at customer sites (all-flash arrays and SSD write-back caches in front of hard drives): almost 2 million SAS and NVMe drives from three manufacturers, 20 families, 200 GB to 30 TB, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC, 3D-TLC and 3D-eTLC flash, more than one billion drive days",
      "sample_n": 2000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the median DWPD of the population is only 0.36, well below the limit that today's drives can sustain.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1.1 'Host Write Rates', first bullet, p. 168 (PDF p. 5); Figure 1a",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same section: 'Typical DWPD numbers in drive datasheets are 1 and 3'; DWPD = 'the average number of times a drive's entire capacity can be written per day over its lifetime without wearing out prematurely'. Smaller drives saw far higher DWPD (median 6 against 0.05 for the largest, in cache systems). This FAST '22 paper measures how drives are used and worn (writes, write amplification, wear levelling); it reports no replacement or failure rates (those are in the FAST '20 paper on the same fleet). sample_n is the paper's 'almost 2 million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-median-enterprise-ssd-writes-0-36-drive-writes-per-day",
      "citation_text": "The median SSD in NetApp's enterprise storage systems was written 0.36 times its capacity per day (0.36 drive writes per day), well below the 1 to 3 that typical enterprise drives are rated for (Maneas et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-median-enterprise-ssd-writes-0-36-drive-writes-per-day."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2022-02-7pct-of-ssds-exceed-3-drive-writes-per-day-2pct-exceed-10",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "More than 7% of the SSDs in NetApp's enterprise storage systems were written more than 3 times their capacity a day, above what many drives are rated for, and 2% more than 10 times (Maneas et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7,
      "unit": "% of drives above 3 drive writes per day (more than)",
      "display_value": "over 7% above 3 DWPD",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Telemetry over 4+ years, January 2017 to March 2021",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems at customer sites (all-flash arrays and SSD write-back caches in front of hard drives): almost 2 million SAS and NVMe drives from three manufacturers, 20 families, 200 GB to 30 TB, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC, 3D-TLC and 3D-eTLC flash, more than one billion drive days",
      "sample_n": 2000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "More than 7% of drives see DWPD above 3, higher than what many of today's drive models guarantee to support. Finally, 2% of drives see DWPD above 10",
      "locator": "Section 3.1.1 'Host Write Rates', first bullet, p. 168 (PDF p. 5)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "SSDs used as caches in front of hard drives were written far harder: 'Only 1.8% of AFF drives see DWPD above 3 compared to a quarter of all WBC drives'; their 99th and 99.9th percentiles were 40 and 79 DWPD. Yet thanks to lower write amplification, cache drives did not wear their NAND faster. This FAST '22 paper measures how drives are used and worn (writes, write amplification, wear levelling); it reports no replacement or failure rates (those are in the FAST '20 paper on the same fleet). sample_n is the paper's 'almost 2 million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-7pct-of-ssds-exceed-3-drive-writes-per-day-2pct-exceed-10",
      "citation_text": "More than 7% of the SSDs in NetApp's enterprise storage systems were written more than 3 times their capacity a day, above what many drives are rated for, and 2% more than 10 times (Maneas et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-7pct-of-ssds-exceed-3-drive-writes-per-day-2pct-exceed-10."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2022-02-some-ssd-families-rewrite-data-to-avoid-retention-errors-waf-about-100",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Some enterprise SSD families in NetApp's systems wrote about 100 times as much to their flash as the host sent (median write amplification around 100), mostly by rewriting stored data in the background before it could fade (Maneas et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "median write amplification factor of the two outlier drive families (around)",
      "display_value": "about 100x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Telemetry over 4+ years, January 2017 to March 2021",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems at customer sites (all-flash arrays and SSD write-back caches in front of hard drives): almost 2 million SAS and NVMe drives from three manufacturers, 20 families, 200 GB to 30 TB, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC, 3D-TLC and 3D-eTLC flash, more than one billion drive days",
      "sample_n": 2000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "due to aggressive rewriting of blocks to avoid retention problems, where stored data is (periodically) remapped before the corresponding flash cells accumulate more retention errors than what can be corrected",
      "locator": "Section 3.2 'Write Amplification Factor (WAF)', 'WAF and the FTL', p. 170 (PDF p. 7); Table 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Families I-C and I-D had median WAF around 100 ('!' in the paper) and I-E was also an order of magnitude above the rest; the drives did this whenever idle, consuming program-erase cycles. Field evidence that SSD firmware actively refreshes data to fight charge loss (retention errors). Across all drives WAF ran from 2 (10th percentile) to 480 (99th percentile); 98.8% of drives exceeded the 1.3 reported in an earlier finance-only study. This FAST '22 paper measures how drives are used and worn (writes, write amplification, wear levelling); it reports no replacement or failure rates (those are in the FAST '20 paper on the same fleet). sample_n is the paper's 'almost 2 million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-some-ssd-families-rewrite-data-to-avoid-retention-errors-waf-about-100",
      "citation_text": "Some enterprise SSD families in NetApp's systems wrote about 100 times as much to their flash as the host sent (median write amplification around 100), mostly by rewriting stored data in the background before it could fade (Maneas et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-some-ssd-families-rewrite-data-to-avoid-retention-errors-waf-about-100."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2022-02-5pct-of-ssds-wear-some-blocks-6x-faster-than-average",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "In 5% of the SSDs in NetApp's enterprise storage systems, the most-erased block had been erased more than six times as often as the average block, so wear levelling was far from perfect (Maneas et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "% of drives with a max-to-average block erase ratio above 6",
      "display_value": "5%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Telemetry over 4+ years, January 2017 to March 2021",
      "population": "Enterprise SSDs in NetApp storage systems at customer sites (all-flash arrays and SSD write-back caches in front of hard drives): almost 2 million SAS and NVMe drives from three manufacturers, 20 families, 200 GB to 30 TB, consumer-class MLC, enterprise MLC, 3D-TLC and 3D-eTLC flash, more than one billion drive days",
      "sample_n": 2000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp",
      "source_title": "Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "5% of the drives have an erase ratio larger than 6 meaning their maximum block wears out 6× faster than the average",
      "locator": "Section 3.3 'Wear Leveling', first bullet, pp. 171-172 (PDF pp. 8-9); Figure 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Median erase ratio 1.55 (the most-erased block had 55% more erases than average). For the 5% above 6, when the worst block reaches end of life the average block has used only 16% of its limit. Wear-levelling quality varied strongly by maker. This FAST '22 paper measures how drives are used and worn (writes, write amplification, wear levelling); it reports no replacement or failure rates (those are in the FAST '20 paper on the same fleet). sample_n is the paper's 'almost 2 million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-5pct-of-ssds-wear-some-blocks-6x-faster-than-average",
      "citation_text": "In 5% of the SSDs in NetApp's enterprise storage systems, the most-erased block had been erased more than six times as often as the average block, so wear levelling was far from perfect (Maneas et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '22); authors from the University of Toronto and NetApp, \"Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study (Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, Bianca Schroeder; FAST '22, pp. 165-180)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast22-maneas.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2022-02-5pct-of-ssds-wear-some-blocks-6x-faster-than-average."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-07-ssd-5-6pct-of-hardware-failure-tickets-hdd-22-1pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "SSD-related failures made up 5.6% of the more than 150,000 hardware failure tickets in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems, against 22.1% for hard drives and 34.0% for network components (Xu et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5.6,
      "unit": "% of hardware failure tickets tagged SSD-related",
      "display_value": "5.6% vs 22.1% (HDD)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres (7 sites; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Three years of deployment, ending by 2019 (calendar years not stated)",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems: about 450,000 MLC drives of five models from three vendors (480 GB and 800 GB, 16-20 nm), in nodes holding 1 to 18 SSDs, some alongside 12 to 36 hard drives; over 150,000 hardware failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 450000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "storage components (i.e., HDD and SSD combined) contribute to 27.7% (i.e., 22.1% + 5.6%) of all hardware-related failure events. RASR failures alone account for 5.6%.",
      "locator": "Section 3.1 'Overview of Failure Tickets', p. 964 (PDF p. 5); Table 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Shares of tickets, not failure rates: the paper does not give how many hard drives the systems held (hybrid nodes have 2 SSDs and 12-36 HDDs), so this does not show SSDs failing less per drive. Other shares: memory 8.5%, motherboard 5.4%, CPU 0.7%, unknown 23.7%. The authors call this consistent with SSDs being 'a relatively reliable component'. Definition: RASR failures are failure tickets 'Reported As SSD-Related' by monitoring daemons (about 10,000 of over 150,000 hardware tickets); the paper gives shares and per-model 'affected rates', not annual failure rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-ssd-5-6pct-of-hardware-failure-tickets-hdd-22-1pct",
      "citation_text": "SSD-related failures made up 5.6% of the more than 150,000 hardware failure tickets in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems, against 22.1% for hard drives and 34.0% for network components (Xu et al., 2019). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group, \"Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-ssd-5-6pct-of-hardware-failure-tickets-hdd-22-1pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-07-34-4pct-of-ssd-related-failures-not-caused-by-ssd",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "34.4% of the failures reported as SSD-related in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems were not caused by the SSD itself (Xu et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 34.4,
      "unit": "% of SSD-related failure tickets not caused by the SSD",
      "display_value": "34.4%",
      "display_label": "Alibaba Cloud storage systems, ATC '19",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres (7 sites; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Three years of deployment, ending by 2019 (calendar years not stated)",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems: about 450,000 MLC drives of five models from three vendors (480 GB and 800 GB, 16-20 nm), in nodes holding 1 to 18 SSDs, some alongside 12 to 36 hard drives; over 150,000 hardware failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 450000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "a significant number (34.4%) of RASR failures are not caused by the SSD device.",
      "locator": "Section 1, contribution (1), p. 962 (PDF p. 3); Table 11, p. 970",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Table 11, by the fix that worked: replacing the SSD 31.2%, slot check 20.1%, FSCK 16.5%, replacing the cable 13.9%, rebooting 11.9%, data check 6.0%, mount options 0.4%. The 34.4% counts human mistakes (20.5%) and faulty cables (13.9%); FSCK, data check and reboots are 'undetermined' or transient. Definition: RASR failures are failure tickets 'Reported As SSD-Related' by monitoring daemons (about 10,000 of over 150,000 hardware tickets); the paper gives shares and per-model 'affected rates', not annual failure rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-34-4pct-of-ssd-related-failures-not-caused-by-ssd",
      "citation_text": "34.4% of the failures reported as SSD-related in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems were not caused by the SSD itself (Xu et al., 2019). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group, \"Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-34-4pct-of-ssd-related-failures-not-caused-by-ssd."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-07-human-mistakes-caused-20-5pct-of-ssd-related-failures",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Human mistakes, mostly plugging drives into the wrong slot, caused 20.5% of the SSD-related failures in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems, and faulty cables another 13.9% (Xu et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 20.5,
      "unit": "% of SSD-related failures caused by human mistakes",
      "display_value": "20.5%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres (7 sites; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Three years of deployment, ending by 2019 (calendar years not stated)",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems: about 450,000 MLC drives of five models from three vendors (480 GB and 800 GB, 16-20 nm), in nodes holding 1 to 18 SSDs, some alongside 12 to 36 hard drives; over 150,000 hardware failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 450000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "human mistakes contribute 20.5% of RASR failures, including plugging the device to the wrong slot",
      "locator": "Section 6 'Lessons & Actions for System Admins', p. 970 (PDF p. 11); Table 11",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Wrong slot 20.1%, incorrect mount configuration 0.4%. Alibaba moved system drives to U.2/M.2 interfaces so they could no longer be plugged into storage slots. Definition: RASR failures are failure tickets 'Reported As SSD-Related' by monitoring daemons (about 10,000 of over 150,000 hardware tickets); the paper gives shares and per-model 'affected rates', not annual failure rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-human-mistakes-caused-20-5pct-of-ssd-related-failures",
      "citation_text": "Human mistakes, mostly plugging drives into the wrong slot, caused 20.5% of the SSD-related failures in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems, and faulty cables another 13.9% (Xu et al., 2019). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group, \"Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-human-mistakes-caused-20-5pct-of-ssd-related-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-07-only-31-2pct-of-ssd-related-failures-fixed-by-replacing-ssd",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Only 31.2% of the failures reported as SSD-related in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems were fixed by replacing the SSD; the rest were fixed by rebooting, file-system checks, reseating or new cables (Xu et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 31.2,
      "unit": "% of SSD-related failures fixed by replacing the SSD",
      "display_value": "31.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres (7 sites; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Three years of deployment, ending by 2019 (calendar years not stated)",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems: about 450,000 MLC drives of five models from three vendors (480 GB and 800 GB, 16-20 nm), in nodes holding 1 to 18 SSDs, some alongside 12 to 36 hard drives; over 150,000 hardware failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 450000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "although \"Replacing SSD\" accounts for the most (31.2%) of RASR failures",
      "locator": "Section 6, p. 970 (PDF p. 11); Table 11",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Replacement is tried last because of cost; all unresolved failures are eventually fixed by replacing the SSD. Definition: RASR failures are failure tickets 'Reported As SSD-Related' by monitoring daemons (about 10,000 of over 150,000 hardware tickets); the paper gives shares and per-model 'affected rates', not annual failure rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-only-31-2pct-of-ssd-related-failures-fixed-by-replacing-ssd",
      "citation_text": "Only 31.2% of the failures reported as SSD-related in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems were fixed by replacing the SSD; the rest were fixed by rebooting, file-system checks, reseating or new cables (Xu et al., 2019). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group, \"Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-only-31-2pct-of-ssd-related-failures-fixed-by-replacing-ssd."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-07-ssd-not-found-53-7pct-of-ssd-related-failure-symptoms",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "The most common sign of an SSD-related failure in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems was the drive vanishing from the system (53.7%), ahead of media errors (19.0%) and buffer I/O errors (17.3%) (Xu et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 53.7,
      "unit": "% of SSD-related failures with the 'Drive Unfound' symptom",
      "display_value": "53.7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres (7 sites; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Three years of deployment, ending by 2019 (calendar years not stated)",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems: about 450,000 MLC drives of five models from three vendors (480 GB and 800 GB, 16-20 nm), in nodes holding 1 to 18 SSDs, some alongside 12 to 36 hard drives; over 150,000 hardware failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 450000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the Drive Unfound type, which means the device cannot be found by the system software, is the dominant one (i.e., accounts for 53.7%).",
      "locator": "Section 3.2 'Symptoms of RASR Failures', p. 964 (PDF p. 5); Table 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Other symptoms: file system unmountable 7.4%, node unbootable 2.6%. Per-model 'affected rates' (Table 5) ranged from 0.07 per thousand SSDs (M5, node unbootable) to 11.51 per thousand (M4, drive unfound), with no statistically significant difference between models. Alibaba's NVMe drives (Lu et al., ATC '22) showed a different mix. Definition: RASR failures are failure tickets 'Reported As SSD-Related' by monitoring daemons (about 10,000 of over 150,000 hardware tickets); the paper gives shares and per-model 'affected rates', not annual failure rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-ssd-not-found-53-7pct-of-ssd-related-failure-symptoms",
      "citation_text": "The most common sign of an SSD-related failure in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems was the drive vanishing from the system (53.7%), ahead of media errors (19.0%) and buffer I/O errors (17.3%) (Xu et al., 2019). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group, \"Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-ssd-not-found-53-7pct-of-ssd-related-failure-symptoms."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-07-passive-heating-57pct-more-ssd-errors-after-128-hours",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Idle SSDs heated by up to 28 °C by busy neighbouring drives in Alibaba's racks showed **57%** more device errors after 128 hours in Alibaba's tests (Xu et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 57,
      "unit": "% more device errors after 128 hours of passive heating",
      "display_value": "57% more errors",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres (7 sites; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Three years of deployment, ending by 2019 (calendar years not stated)",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems: about 450,000 MLC drives of five models from three vendors (480 GB and 800 GB, 16-20 nm), in nodes holding 1 to 18 SSDs, some alongside 12 to 36 hard drives; over 150,000 hardware failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 450000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "resulting in 57% more device errors after 128 hours of passive heating.",
      "locator": "Section 1, contribution (2), p. 962 (PDF p. 3); Section 4.1-4.2, pp. 966-967",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same sentence: 'the poor rack architecture can increase the temperature of idle SSDs by up to 28' degrees C (the degree sign does not extract cleanly from the PDF). A controlled experiment on an 8-node test cluster, prompted by more media errors in one data centre where nodes held 18 SSDs; not a fleet rate. Scanning drives every 4 hours to trigger the controller's read refresh offset most of the effect. Definition: RASR failures are failure tickets 'Reported As SSD-Related' by monitoring daemons (about 10,000 of over 150,000 hardware tickets); the paper gives shares and per-model 'affected rates', not annual failure rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-passive-heating-57pct-more-ssd-errors-after-128-hours",
      "citation_text": "Idle SSDs heated by up to 28 °C by busy neighbouring drives in Alibaba's racks showed **57%** more device errors after 128 hours in Alibaba's tests (Xu et al., 2019). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group, \"Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-passive-heating-57pct-more-ssd-errors-after-128-hours."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2019-07-overused-ssds-up-to-18-7pct-higher-failure-rate",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "The most heavily used 15% to 20% of SSDs in one Alibaba Cloud storage service had up to 77.3% more device errors and an up to **18.7%** higher failure rate than evenly used drives (Xu et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 18.7,
      "unit": "% higher device failure rate for overly used SSDs (up to)",
      "display_value": "up to 18.7% higher",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba Cloud data centres (7 sites; locations not stated)",
      "period": "Three years of deployment, ending by 2019 (calendar years not stated)",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba Cloud's storage systems: about 450,000 MLC drives of five models from three vendors (480 GB and 800 GB, 16-20 nm), in nodes holding 1 to 18 SSDs, some alongside 12 to 36 hard drives; over 150,000 hardware failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 450000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-07-10",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "15-20% SSDs are overly used, which causes up to 77.3% more device errors and up to 18.7% higher device failure rate.",
      "locator": "Section 1, contribution (3), p. 962 (PDF p. 3); Section 5.1, Figure 5",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Caused by the Block service's data placement; a log-structured allocation cut the usage imbalance (coefficient of variation from 24.9% to 5.2%). Definition: RASR failures are failure tickets 'Reported As SSD-Related' by monitoring daemons (about 10,000 of over 150,000 hardware tickets); the paper gives shares and per-model 'affected rates', not annual failure rates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-overused-ssds-up-to-18-7pct-higher-failure-rate",
      "citation_text": "The most heavily used 15% to 20% of SSDs in one Alibaba Cloud storage service had up to 77.3% more device errors and an up to **18.7%** higher failure rate than evenly used drives (Xu et al., 2019). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '19); authors from Ohio State University, Iowa State University and Alibaba Group, \"Lessons and Actions: What We Learned from 10K SSD-Related Storage System Failures (Erci Xu, Mai Zheng, Feng Qin, Yikang Xu, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '19, pp. 961-976)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-xu_0.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2019-07-overused-ssds-up-to-18-7pct-higher-failure-rate."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2021-02-sata-ssd-annualized-failure-rate-1-16pct-2018-2019",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "1.16% of the nearly one million SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres failed per year on average in 2018 and 2019 (Han et al., 2021).",
      "short_statement": "Nearly one million SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres failed at **1.16%** a year in 2018 and 2019.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.16,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (failed drives per drive-year), all models",
      "display_value": "1.16%",
      "display_label": "Alibaba data-centre SATA SSDs, 2018-2019 (FAST '21)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2018 to December 2019",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: nearly one million drives of 11 models from three vendors (nine enterprise-class MLC models, 240 GB to 1,920 GB; two 3D-TLC models, 960 GB and 1,920 GB) in 200,000 nodes and 30,000 racks; about 19,000 failed drives in two years",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The overall AFR of all SSDs in our dataset is 1.16%.",
      "locator": "Section 2.2 'Summary of Statistics', p. 419 (PDF p. 4); per-model AFR in Table 3, p. 420",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "alibaba-2021-sata-ssd-afr-by-model",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "A1",
          "value": 0.16
        },
        {
          "period": "A2",
          "value": 0.46
        },
        {
          "period": "A3",
          "value": 2.36
        },
        {
          "period": "A4",
          "value": 0.64
        },
        {
          "period": "A5",
          "value": 0.45
        },
        {
          "period": "A6",
          "value": 0.49
        },
        {
          "period": "B1",
          "value": 0.21
        },
        {
          "period": "B2",
          "value": 0.71
        },
        {
          "period": "B3",
          "value": 2.52
        },
        {
          "period": "C1",
          "value": 3.29
        },
        {
          "period": "C2",
          "value": 3.92
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Per model 0.16% (A1) to 3.92% (C2); unweighted mean of the 11 models 1.38%, median 0.64%. The two 3D-TLC models make up 23% of drives and pull the average up (see the MLC and 3D-TLC records). Definition: AFR = failed SSDs in validated trouble tickets / drive-days of operation x 365; failures are whole-drive failures (inaccessible or all data lost) and partial failures (some data inaccessible and unrecoverable). sample_n is the paper's 'nearly one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-sata-ssd-annualized-failure-rate-1-16pct-2018-2019",
      "citation_text": "1.16% of the nearly one million SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres failed per year on average in 2018 and 2019 (Han et al., 2021). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group, \"An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-sata-ssd-annualized-failure-rate-1-16pct-2018-2019."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2021-02-mlc-sata-ssd-afr-0-55pct-range-0-16-to-2-52pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**0.55%** a year was the overall failure rate of Alibaba's enterprise-class MLC data-centre SSDs in 2018 and 2019, from 0.16% to 2.52% by model, which the authors called slightly lower than the 1% to 2.5% reported for Google's SSDs (Han et al., 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.55,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate, MLC models combined",
      "display_value": "0.55%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2018 to December 2019",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: nearly one million drives of 11 models from three vendors (nine enterprise-class MLC models, 240 GB to 1,920 GB; two 3D-TLC models, 960 GB and 1,920 GB) in 200,000 nodes and 30,000 racks; about 19,000 failed drives in two years",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The overall AFR of all MLC SSDs (A1 to A6 and B1 to B3) is 0.55%, and their AFRs range from 0.16% to 2.52%, slightly lower than those reported for SSDs in Google's data centers (1-2.5%) [27].",
      "locator": "Section 2.2 'Summary of Statistics', p. 419 (PDF p. 4); Table 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The Google '1-2.5%' is an annualisation of Schroeder et al.'s 4-10% replaced in four years (FAST '16), not a figure printed there. MLC drives here had 2.1 to 5.5 average power-on years. Definition: AFR = failed SSDs in validated trouble tickets / drive-days of operation x 365; failures are whole-drive failures (inaccessible or all data lost) and partial failures (some data inaccessible and unrecoverable). sample_n is the paper's 'nearly one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-mlc-sata-ssd-afr-0-55pct-range-0-16-to-2-52pct",
      "citation_text": "**0.55%** a year was the overall failure rate of Alibaba's enterprise-class MLC data-centre SSDs in 2018 and 2019, from 0.16% to 2.52% by model, which the authors called slightly lower than the 1% to 2.5% reported for Google's SSDs (Han et al., 2021). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group, \"An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-mlc-sata-ssd-afr-0-55pct-range-0-16-to-2-52pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2021-02-3d-tlc-sata-ssd-afr-above-3pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Alibaba's two 3D-TLC data-centre SSD models failed at more than 3% a year (3.29% and 3.92%) in 2018 and 2019, several times the 0.55% of its MLC SSDs (Han et al., 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate of 3D-TLC models (higher than)",
      "display_value": "over 3% (3.29%, 3.92%)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2018 to December 2019",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: nearly one million drives of 11 models from three vendors (nine enterprise-class MLC models, 240 GB to 1,920 GB; two 3D-TLC models, 960 GB and 1,920 GB) in 200,000 nodes and 30,000 racks; about 19,000 failed drives in two years",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In contrast, the AFRs of 3D-TLC SSDs (C1 and C2) are higher than 3%.",
      "locator": "Section 2.2 'Summary of Statistics', p. 419 (PDF p. 4); Table 3 (C1 3.29%, C2 3.92%)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Confounded by age: the 3D-TLC drives were the youngest (1.4 and 2.0 average power-on years, first-generation 'V1' 3D NAND, one vendor), so infant mortality may inflate their rate. NetApp (FAST '20) also found 3D-TLC replaced about 1.5x as often as eMLC; Alibaba's NVMe study (ATC '22) found 3D-TLC slightly lower than MLC. Definition: AFR = failed SSDs in validated trouble tickets / drive-days of operation x 365; failures are whole-drive failures (inaccessible or all data lost) and partial failures (some data inaccessible and unrecoverable). sample_n is the paper's 'nearly one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-3d-tlc-sata-ssd-afr-above-3pct",
      "citation_text": "Alibaba's two 3D-TLC data-centre SSD models failed at more than 3% a year (3.29% and 3.92%) in 2018 and 2019, several times the 0.55% of its MLC SSDs (Han et al., 2021). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group, \"An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-3d-tlc-sata-ssd-afr-above-3pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2021-02-sata-ssd-used-2-to-27pct-of-rated-erase-cycles",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Alibaba's data-centre SATA SSDs had used on average **2% to 27%** of their rated erase cycles after 1.4 to 5.5 years powered on, depending on the model (Han et al., 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "mean % of rated erase cycles used, by model",
      "display_value": "2-27% of rated wear",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2018 to December 2019",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: nearly one million drives of 11 models from three vendors (nine enterprise-class MLC models, 240 GB to 1,920 GB; two 3D-TLC models, 960 GB and 1,920 GB) in 200,000 nodes and 30,000 racks; about 19,000 failed drives in two years",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "A5 5.7% 3.3% MLC 16 nm 480 GB 7% 3.2 27.0 (±0.28)",
      "locator": "Table 3 'Summary of statistics of collected dataset', columns 'Power-on years' and 'Rated life used (%)', p. 420 (PDF p. 5)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "A1",
          "value": 17.8
        },
        {
          "period": "A2",
          "value": 17.2
        },
        {
          "period": "A3",
          "value": 25.9
        },
        {
          "period": "A4",
          "value": 8.8
        },
        {
          "period": "A5",
          "value": 27
        },
        {
          "period": "A6",
          "value": 24.7
        },
        {
          "period": "B1",
          "value": 6.4
        },
        {
          "period": "B2",
          "value": 2
        },
        {
          "period": "B3",
          "value": 3.6
        },
        {
          "period": "C1",
          "value": 4.3
        },
        {
          "period": "C2",
          "value": 2
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Quote is model A5's row (27.0% used after 3.2 power-on years, the highest); lowest 2.0% (B2, 3.3 years; C2, 1.4 years). Even the oldest model (A3, 5.5 years) had used 25.9%. No model was near its rated limit, so wear-out was not what killed these drives. Definition: AFR = failed SSDs in validated trouble tickets / drive-days of operation x 365; failures are whole-drive failures (inaccessible or all data lost) and partial failures (some data inaccessible and unrecoverable). sample_n is the paper's 'nearly one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-sata-ssd-used-2-to-27pct-of-rated-erase-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Alibaba's data-centre SATA SSDs had used on average **2% to 27%** of their rated erase cycles after 1.4 to 5.5 years powered on, depending on the model (Han et al., 2021). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group, \"An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-sata-ssd-used-2-to-27pct-of-rated-erase-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2021-02-12-9pct-of-ssd-failures-correlated-in-same-node",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "12.9% of SSD failures in Alibaba's data centres came within 30 minutes of another failure in the same server, and 18.3% within 30 minutes of another in the same rack (Han et al., 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 12.9,
      "unit": "% of SSD failures that were intra-node failures (within 30 minutes)",
      "display_value": "12.9% (node), 18.3% (rack)",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2018 to December 2019",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: nearly one million drives of 11 models from three vendors (nine enterprise-class MLC models, 240 GB to 1,920 GB; two 3D-TLC models, 960 GB and 1,920 GB) in 200,000 nodes and 30,000 racks; about 19,000 failed drives in two years",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "12.9% (18.3%) of failures are intra-node (intra-rack) failures.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Correlations among Failures', Finding 1, p. 420 (PDF p. 5)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Even within one minute: 10.0% (node) and 14.4% (rack). Allowing a month between failures: 29.2% and 63.0%. Groups of failures could exceed what common redundancy schemes tolerate. Facebook (2015) and NetApp (2020) also found failures cluster. Definition: AFR = failed SSDs in validated trouble tickets / drive-days of operation x 365; failures are whole-drive failures (inaccessible or all data lost) and partial failures (some data inaccessible and unrecoverable). sample_n is the paper's 'nearly one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-12-9pct-of-ssd-failures-correlated-in-same-node",
      "citation_text": "12.9% of SSD failures in Alibaba's data centres came within 30 minutes of another failure in the same server, and 18.3% within 30 minutes of another in the same rack (Han et al., 2021). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group, \"An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-12-9pct-of-ssd-failures-correlated-in-same-node."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2021-02-analytics-and-nas-apps-3-2pct-of-ssds-9-5pct-of-failures",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Data-analytics and network-storage applications ran on 3.2% of Alibaba's data-centre SSDs but accounted for **9.5%** of failed SSDs in 2018 and 2019 (Han et al., 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 9.5,
      "unit": "% of failed SSDs (on 3.2% of all SSDs)",
      "display_value": "3.2% of drives, 9.5% of failures",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres (locations not stated)",
      "period": "January 2018 to December 2019",
      "population": "SATA SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: nearly one million drives of 11 models from three vendors (nine enterprise-class MLC models, 240 GB to 1,920 GB; two 3D-TLC models, 960 GB and 1,920 GB) in 200,000 nodes and 30,000 racks; about 19,000 failed drives in two years",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group",
      "source_title": "An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "DAE and NAS have 3.2% of all SSDs, while covering 9.5% of all failed SSDs.",
      "locator": "Section 2.1 'Applications', p. 419 (PDF p. 4); Table 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "By contrast, SQL, database and web-proxy services had 10.8% of SSDs but 5.0% of failures. The paper finds write-dominant applications see more correlated failures than read-dominant ones. Definition: AFR = failed SSDs in validated trouble tickets / drive-days of operation x 365; failures are whole-drive failures (inaccessible or all data lost) and partial failures (some data inaccessible and unrecoverable). sample_n is the paper's 'nearly one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-analytics-and-nas-apps-3-2pct-of-ssds-9-5pct-of-failures",
      "citation_text": "Data-analytics and network-storage applications ran on 3.2% of Alibaba's data-centre SSDs but accounted for **9.5%** of failed SSDs in 2018 and 2019 (Han et al., 2021). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '21); authors from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Alibaba Group, \"An In-Depth Study of Correlated Failures in Production SSD-Based Data Centers (Shujie Han, Patrick P. C. Lee, Fan Xu, Yi Liu, Cheng He, Jiongzhou Liu; FAST '21, pp. 417-429)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-han.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2021-02-analytics-and-nas-apps-3-2pct-of-ssds-9-5pct-of-failures."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-annual-replacement-rate-0-98pct-median-0-69pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Alibaba's enterprise NVMe SSDs were replaced at 0.98% a year on average across models (median 0.69%) in 2019-2020, about 2.8 times the rates of the SATA and SAS SSDs in NetApp's storage systems (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.98,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, mean of model-capacity groups",
      "display_value": "0.98% (median 0.69%)",
      "display_label": "Alibaba data-centre NVMe SSDs, 2019-2020 (ATC '22)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average and median ARR of our NVMe SSD are 0.98% and 0.69%, which are 2.77 × and 2.83× higher than those of SATA/SAS SSD respectively",
      "locator": "Section 3.2 'High Level Observations', 'NVMe SSD vs. SATA/SAS SSD', p. 1008 (PDF p. 5); per-model ARR in Table 2, p. 1007",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "alibaba-2022-nvme-ssd-arr-by-model",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "0.98% and 0.69% are the unweighted mean and median of the 22 model-capacity rows of Table 2 (checked: 0.982 and 0.69), not a fleet-wide rate. The SATA/SAS comparison (0.26% and 0.18%) is computed by the authors from NetApp's FAST '20 Table 1: different owners, workloads (enterprise arrays with RAID against cloud nodes without RAID) and definitions, so the gap is not purely NVMe against SATA. Same trend against Alibaba's SATA SSDs (Han et al., FAST '21) except two models. Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-annual-replacement-rate-0-98pct-median-0-69pct",
      "citation_text": "Alibaba's enterprise NVMe SSDs were replaced at 0.98% a year on average across models (median 0.69%) in 2019-2020, about 2.8 times the rates of the SATA and SAS SSDs in NetApp's storage systems (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-annual-replacement-rate-0-98pct-median-0-69pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-arr-mlc-0-34-to-2-34pct-3d-tlc-0-26-to-2-31pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Alibaba's MLC NVMe SSDs were replaced at **0.34% to 2.34%** a year and its 3D-TLC NVMe SSDs at 0.26% to 2.31% in 2019-2020, so TLC was slightly better on average, the reverse of NetApp's SATA and SAS fleet (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate range by NAND type",
      "display_value": "MLC 0.34-2.34%, 3D-TLC 0.26-2.31%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The ARR of our MLC drives varies from 0.34% to 2.34%, while that of 3D-TLC SSD is from 0.26% to 2.31%.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, 'NAND type', p. 1008 (PDF p. 5); Table 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Drives with the novel 'NEW' NAND (family II-E) had about 1.61x and 1.87x the average ARR of MLC and 3D-TLC drives, mostly from I/O and boot failures. Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-arr-mlc-0-34-to-2-34pct-3d-tlc-0-26-to-2-31pct",
      "citation_text": "Alibaba's MLC NVMe SSDs were replaced at **0.34% to 2.34%** a year and its 3D-TLC NVMe SSDs at 0.26% to 2.31% in 2019-2020, so TLC was slightly better on average, the reverse of NetApp's SATA and SAS fleet (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-arr-mlc-0-34-to-2-34pct-3d-tlc-0-26-to-2-31pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-no-notable-infant-mortality",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Alibaba's enterprise NVMe SSDs showed no notable infant mortality: for nearly all models the failure rate in the first three months of service was the same as or lower than later (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "early-life failure rate compared with later periods",
      "display_value": "No infant mortality",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For nearly all of our models, the failure rate in the first three months is equivalent to or even less than that from later periods.",
      "locator": "Section 1, first finding, p. 1005 (PDF p. 2); Section 4.1 'Infant Mortality', Finding 1, Figure 1, pp. 1008-1009",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The authors rule out pre-deployment stress tests (usually up to a week) as the reason and credit better controller error handling; SMART error counts still peaked early. Contrasts with NetApp's SATA/SAS fleet (12-15 months of rising failures, FAST '20) and Facebook's PCIe fleet (SIGMETRICS '15). Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-no-notable-infant-mortality",
      "citation_text": "Alibaba's enterprise NVMe SSDs showed no notable infant mortality: for nearly all models the failure rate in the first three months of service was the same as or lower than later (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-no-notable-infant-mortality."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-model-i-a-monthly-failure-0-02pct-first-3-months-0-35pct-recent",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "For one model of Alibaba's NVMe SSDs, the monthly chance of failure was 0.02% in the first three months of service, 0.05% in months 4 to 12 and 0.35% in the most recent three months (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.02,
      "unit": "% average monthly failure conditional probability, months 1-3",
      "display_value": "0.02% a month at first, 0.35% later",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "in I-A, the first three months yield an average FCP of 0.02%, whereas the average FCPs of the next 9 months (months 4-12) and most recent three months are 0.05% and 0.35%, respectively.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Infant Mortality', p. 1009 (PDF p. 6); Figure 1 (panel I-A)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "alibaba-2022-nvme-ssd-i-a-failure-probability-by-age",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "months 1-3 of service",
          "value": 0.02
        },
        {
          "period": "months 4-12 of service",
          "value": 0.05
        },
        {
          "period": "most recent three months (drives about 3 years old)",
          "value": 0.35
        }
      ],
      "notes": "FCP = drives replaced that month / drives surviving that month. I-A is 15 nm MLC (800 GB to 3.84 TB) with about 3 years average power-on time; its curve rises with age, consistent with ageing rather than infant failures. 'Most recent three months' is the end of the observation window, so the drives' ages then are not printed (Figure 1 runs to about month 40). Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-model-i-a-monthly-failure-0-02pct-first-3-months-0-35pct-recent",
      "citation_text": "For one model of Alibaba's NVMe SSDs, the monthly chance of failure was 0.02% in the first three months of service, 0.05% in months 4 to 12 and 0.35% in the most recent three months (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-model-i-a-monthly-failure-0-02pct-first-3-months-0-35pct-recent."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-larger-nvme-ssd-higher-arr-0-26-to-1-12pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Larger NVMe SSDs of the same family were replaced more often at Alibaba: in one family the annual rate rose from 0.26% for 960 GB drives to **1.12%** for 3.84 TB drives (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.12,
      "unit": "% annual replacement rate, 3.84 TB model (0.26% at 960 GB)",
      "display_value": "0.26% to 1.12%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "in the II-D drive family, as the capacity increases, the average P/E error rises from 0.38 to 0.66 and the ARR surges from 0.26% to 1.12%.",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, 'Drive capacity', p. 1008 (PDF p. 5); Table 2",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The authors' reading: larger drives are accessed more, so meet more program errors. NetApp (FAST '20) also found the largest drives replaced most. Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-larger-nvme-ssd-higher-arr-0-26-to-1-12pct",
      "citation_text": "Larger NVMe SSDs of the same family were replaced more often at Alibaba: in one family the annual rate rose from 0.26% for 960 GB drives to **1.12%** for 3.84 TB drives (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-larger-nvme-ssd-higher-arr-0-26-to-1-12pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-low-write-amplification-nvme-ssds-2-19x-replacement-rate",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Alibaba's NVMe SSDs whose flash took fewer writes than the host sent (write amplification of 1 or less, from compression) were replaced about 2.2 times as often as other drives (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2.19,
      "unit": "ratio of annual replacement rates, write amplification of 1 or less against others",
      "display_value": "2.19x",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "NVMe SSD with low WAF (WAF≤1) exhibits 2.19× higher ARR than high-WAF ones.",
      "locator": "Section 1, second finding, p. 1005 (PDF p. 2); Section 4.2, Figure 3, pp. 1009-1010",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The paper states the baseline two ways: 'than high-WAF ones' (Section 1) and 'than average' (Section 4.2). Such drives are rare (0.09% of family III-B, where they were 6.18x as likely to fail). Unlike SATA drives at Microsoft (SYSTOR '16), high write amplification above 2 no longer went with more failures. Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-low-write-amplification-nvme-ssds-2-19x-replacement-rate",
      "citation_text": "Alibaba's NVMe SSDs whose flash took fewer writes than the host sent (write amplification of 1 or less, from compression) were replaced about 2.2 times as often as other drives (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-low-write-amplification-nvme-ssds-2-19x-replacement-rate."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-nvme-failures-mostly-io-errors-49-55pct-drive-lost-5-65pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Half (49.55%) of Alibaba's NVMe SSD failures showed up as read or write errors and only 5.65% as the drive vanishing, against 53.7% vanishing among its earlier SATA SSDs (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 49.55,
      "unit": "% of NVMe SSD failures with the I/O error symptom",
      "display_value": "49.55% I/O errors",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "I/O error becomes far more prevalent in NVMe SSD (accounting for 49.55%) while Lost error (i.e., drive unfound) is no longer dominant (i.e., 5.65% in NVMe SSD vs. 53.7% in SATA SSD).",
      "locator": "Section 3.2, 'NVMe SSD vs. SATA/SAS SSD', p. 1008 (PDF p. 5); Table 3",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Table 3 (about 35% of tickets carry an error code): I/O 49.55%, boot 19.59%, SMART threshold 14.15%, link 11.07%, lost 5.65%. The SATA figure is from Xu et al. (ATC '19). Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-failures-mostly-io-errors-49-55pct-drive-lost-5-65pct",
      "citation_text": "Half (49.55%) of Alibaba's NVMe SSD failures showed up as read or write errors and only 5.65% as the drive vanishing, against 53.7% vanishing among its earlier SATA SSDs (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-failures-mostly-io-errors-49-55pct-drive-lost-5-65pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-fail-slow-1-41pct-in-4-months-vs-hdd-0-20pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "1.41% of Alibaba's enterprise NVMe SSDs turned 'fail-slow' (at least twice as slow as their neighbours for 5 minutes or more) during four months of monitoring, against 0.20% of its hard drives (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": "**1.41%** of Alibaba's NVMe SSDs turned slow in four months, against 0.20% of its hard drives.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.41,
      "unit": "% of drives identified as fail-slow in four months (5-minute definition)",
      "display_value": "1.41% vs 0.20% (HDD)",
      "display_label": "Alibaba data-centre NVMe SSDs and HDDs, ATC '22",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "slow drives are 6.05× (i.e., 1.41% to 0.20% in the 5-min quadrant) to 51× (0.52% to 0.01% in the 60-min quadrant) more common in SSDs.",
      "locator": "Section 5.2.2 'SSD vs. HDD', Finding 4, p. 1013 (PDF p. 10); Table 5, p. 1012",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A like-for-like comparison of a different failure kind: performance faults, not breakdowns, in the same clusters, from iostat traces of more than half a million NVMe SSDs and more than 4 million HDDs, 3 hours a day (9 pm to midnight) for four months, heavy-traffic drives excluded. A slowed NVMe drive still averaged about 160 microseconds, roughly SATA SSD speed; the slowest 1% of events reached about 22 ms. The authors expect the annual rate to be higher. Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-fail-slow-1-41pct-in-4-months-vs-hdd-0-20pct",
      "citation_text": "1.41% of Alibaba's enterprise NVMe SSDs turned 'fail-slow' (at least twice as slow as their neighbours for 5 minutes or more) during four months of monitoring, against 0.20% of its hard drives (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-ssd-fail-slow-1-41pct-in-4-months-vs-hdd-0-20pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-fail-slow-nvme-ssds-rarely-fail-outright-0-22pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Only about 0.22% of Alibaba's fail-slow NVMe SSDs (10 drives) went on to fail outright within the following months, so a slow SSD is rarely a dying one (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.22,
      "unit": "% of fail-slow drives later replaced after a fail-stop failure (around)",
      "display_value": "about 0.22%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "only 10 drives exhibit fail-slow failures before fail-stop failures, yielding a relatively small population in both slow (around 0.22%) and replaced (around 0.23%) drives.",
      "locator": "Section 5.4 'Transition to Failures', Finding 10, pp. 1015-1016 (PDF pp. 12-13); Table 7",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Mean and median time from fail-slow to fail-stop for those 10 drives: 73 and 67 days. The fail-slow failures also did not correlate with SMART attributes. Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-fail-slow-nvme-ssds-rarely-fail-outright-0-22pct",
      "citation_text": "Only about 0.22% of Alibaba's fail-slow NVMe SSDs (10 drives) went on to fail outright within the following months, so a slow SSD is rarely a dying one (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-fail-slow-nvme-ssds-rarely-fail-outright-0-22pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "alibaba-2022-07-nvme-fail-slow-rises-with-age-only-after-41-months",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Slow-downs in Alibaba's enterprise NVMe SSDs became strongly more common with age only once drives had been powered on for more than **41 months** (Lu et al., 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 41,
      "unit": "months of power-on time after which fail-slow incidence correlated with age",
      "display_value": "after 41 months",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Alibaba data centres worldwide (multiple Internet data centres; locations not stated)",
      "period": "November 2019 to November 2020 (failure tickets and SMART logs); drives deployed from May 2015 to July 2019",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Alibaba's data centres: over one million drives of 11 families from three vendors (planar MLC, 3D-TLC of 32 to 64 layers and one new cell type; 370 GB to 4 TB), 12 per all-flash storage node, not RAIDed; about 20,000 failure tickets",
      "sample_n": 1000000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba",
      "source_title": "NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-07-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Fail-slow drive population and event frequency are strongly correlated with age, but only for old (power-on time > 41 months) NVMe SSDs.",
      "locator": "Section 5.3.1 'Drive Age', Finding 7, p. 1014 (PDF p. 11); Figure 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Performance faults, not breakdowns. Manufacturer was the dominant factor in fail-slow incidence (Finding 5): from 4.44% of one maker's 2 TB model to 0.06% of another's 4 TB model in four months. Definition: ARR = device failures / device years, from validated fail-stop failure tickets; drive models with under 1,000 drives excluded. sample_n is the paper's 'over one million'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-fail-slow-rises-with-age-only-after-41-months",
      "citation_text": "Slow-downs in Alibaba's enterprise NVMe SSDs became strongly more common with age only once drives had been powered on for more than **41 months** (Lu et al., 2022). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC '22); authors from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PDL, Xiamen University, Zhejiang Normal University and Alibaba, \"NVMe SSD Failures in the Field: the Fail-Stop and the Fail-Slow (Ruiming Lu, Erci Xu, Yiming Zhang, Zhaosheng Zhu, Mengtian Wang, Zongpeng Zhu, Guangtao Xue, Minglu Li, Jiesheng Wu; USENIX ATC '22, pp. 1005-1020)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-lu.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#alibaba-2022-07-nvme-fail-slow-rises-with-age-only-after-41-months."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2019-11-ssd-6-95-to-14-3pct-swapped-at-least-once-in-6-years",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "**6.95% to 14.3%** of the MLC flash drives of three models in a Google data centre failed and were swapped out at least once over six years, 11.29% overall (Alter et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 11.29,
      "unit": "% of drives that failed (were swapped) at least once in the six-year trace, all three models",
      "display_value": "11.3% (6.95-14.3%)",
      "display_label": "Google data-centre MLC SSDs, SC '19",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "One Google data centre (location not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of daily logs (calendar years not stated; the same Google trace as Schroeder et al., FAST '16)",
      "population": "Google data-centre flash drives: about 30,000 custom PCIe SSDs of three MLC models from one vendor (480 GB, about 50 nm, rated 3,000 program-erase cycles), over 40 million daily drive reports; a 'failure' is a swap, a failure that sent the drive to repair",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)",
      "source_url": "https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "a whole 14.3% of MLC-B drives have failed at least once, followed by 12.5% of MLC-D drives and 6.95% of MLC-A ones.",
      "locator": "Section 3 'Drive Swap and Repair', Table 3 'High-level failure incidence statistics', PDF p. 4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [
        {
          "period": "MLC-A",
          "value": 6.95
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-B",
          "value": 14.3
        },
        {
          "period": "MLC-D",
          "value": 12.5
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Table 3: MLC-A 734 failures (6.95%), MLC-B 1,565 (14.3%), MLC-D 1,580 (12.5%), all 3,879 (11.29%). 89.6% of drives that failed did so only once; some failed up to four times. The authors call this frequency 'a large pressure in terms of maintenance costs'. Compare Schroeder et al.'s figures for the same models: 8.8%-17.1% entered repairs and 4.2%-9.8% were permanently replaced within four years. DOI 10.1145/3295500.3356172. Several pages of this PDF have no text layer; those passages were transcribed from the rendered pages (raw/ssd-field-studies/alter-sc19-pages3-7-transcribed.txt), and the same sentences appear as text in the authors' journal version (Pinciroli et al., IEEE TDSC 2023, raw/ssd-field-studies/pinciroli-tdsc2023.txt). The models are MLC-A, MLC-B and MLC-D of Schroeder et al. (FAST '16).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-ssd-6-95-to-14-3pct-swapped-at-least-once-in-6-years",
      "citation_text": "**6.95% to 14.3%** of the MLC flash drives of three models in a Google data centre failed and were swapped out at least once over six years, 11.29% overall (Alter et al., 2019). Source: ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google, \"SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)\" (https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-ssd-6-95-to-14-3pct-swapped-at-least-once-in-6-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2019-11-ssd-25pct-of-failures-in-first-90-days-15pct-first-30",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "15% of the SSD failures in a Google data centre came in the drives' first 30 days and **25%** in their first 90 days; after that infancy the failure rate stayed roughly flat over six years (Alter et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 25,
      "unit": "% of observed failures that occurred on drives less than 90 days old",
      "display_value": "25% in the first 90 days",
      "display_label": "Google data-centre MLC SSDs, SC '19",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "One Google data centre (location not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of daily logs (calendar years not stated; the same Google trace as Schroeder et al., FAST '16)",
      "population": "Google data-centre flash drives: about 30,000 custom PCIe SSDs of three MLC models from one vendor (480 GB, about 50 nm, rated 3,000 program-erase cycles), over 40 million daily drive reports; a 'failure' is a swap, a failure that sent the drive to repair",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)",
      "source_url": "https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In fact, 15% of observed failures occur on drives less than 30 days old and 25% occur on drives less than 90 days old.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Age and Device Wear', Figure 6, PDF p. 6 (no text layer; transcribed)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The monthly failure rate 'evens out after the third month', so the infancy period is about 90 days. The authors found new drives were not written harder (no burn-in) and blame 'manufacturing malfunctions not caught by drive testing'. This contradicts Schroeder et al. (FAST '16, same Google data), who saw no significant infant mortality in uncorrectable errors: Alter et al. count swaps (failures needing repair), Schroeder et al. counted error incidence. NetApp (FAST '20) saw a much longer infancy (12-15 months); Alibaba's NVMe drives (ATC '22) showed none. DOI 10.1145/3295500.3356172. Several pages of this PDF have no text layer; those passages were transcribed from the rendered pages (raw/ssd-field-studies/alter-sc19-pages3-7-transcribed.txt), and the same sentences appear as text in the authors' journal version (Pinciroli et al., IEEE TDSC 2023, raw/ssd-field-studies/pinciroli-tdsc2023.txt). The models are MLC-A, MLC-B and MLC-D of Schroeder et al. (FAST '16).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-ssd-25pct-of-failures-in-first-90-days-15pct-first-30",
      "citation_text": "15% of the SSD failures in a Google data centre came in the drives' first 30 days and **25%** in their first 90 days; after that infancy the failure rate stayed roughly flat over six years (Alter et al., 2019). Source: ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google, \"SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)\" (https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-ssd-25pct-of-failures-in-first-90-days-15pct-first-30."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2019-11-ssd-failure-rate-flat-after-90-days-oldest-no-worse",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Past their first 90 days, the oldest MLC SSDs in a Google data centre failed about as often as younger ones over six years, so age alone did not make them more likely to fail (Alter et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "change in monthly failure rate with age after 90 days",
      "display_value": "Flat after 90 days",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "One Google data centre (location not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of daily logs (calendar years not stated; the same Google trace as Schroeder et al., FAST '16)",
      "population": "Google data-centre flash drives: about 30,000 custom PCIe SSDs of three MLC models from one vendor (480 GB, about 50 nm, rated 3,000 program-erase cycles), over 40 million daily drive reports; a 'failure' is a swap, a failure that sent the drive to repair",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)",
      "source_url": "https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Beyond the 90-day mark, we observe that the failure rate is roughly constant, suggesting that, even as drives become very old, they are not any more prone to failure.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Age and Device Wear', PDF p. 6; Observation #7, PDF p. 7 (no text layer; transcribed)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Observation #7: 'Beyond the infancy period, age does not seem to have an important part to play in failure rate. The oldest drives seem to fail with roughly the same frequency as young, non-infant drives.' Drives observed up to about six years; over half had data spanning 4 to 6 years. Schroeder et al. (FAST '16) found age raises raw bit error rates, a different measure. DOI 10.1145/3295500.3356172. Several pages of this PDF have no text layer; those passages were transcribed from the rendered pages (raw/ssd-field-studies/alter-sc19-pages3-7-transcribed.txt), and the same sentences appear as text in the authors' journal version (Pinciroli et al., IEEE TDSC 2023, raw/ssd-field-studies/pinciroli-tdsc2023.txt). The models are MLC-A, MLC-B and MLC-D of Schroeder et al. (FAST '16).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-ssd-failure-rate-flat-after-90-days-oldest-no-worse",
      "citation_text": "Past their first 90 days, the oldest MLC SSDs in a Google data centre failed about as often as younger ones over six years, so age alone did not make them more likely to fail (Alter et al., 2019). Source: ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google, \"SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)\" (https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-ssd-failure-rate-flat-after-90-days-oldest-no-worse."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2019-11-ssd-98pct-of-failures-before-half-rated-pe-cycles",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Almost 98% of the SSD failures in a Google data centre came before the drives had used 1,500 of their rated 3,000 program-erase cycles, and drives run past their rated limit rarely failed (Alter et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": "Almost **98%** of SSD failures in a data centre came before half the rated write cycles were used (Alter et al., 2019).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 98,
      "unit": "% of failures occurring before 1,500 program-erase cycles (almost)",
      "display_value": "almost 98%",
      "display_label": "Google data-centre MLC SSDs, SC '19",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "One Google data centre (location not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of daily logs (calendar years not stated; the same Google trace as Schroeder et al., FAST '16)",
      "population": "Google data-centre flash drives: about 30,000 custom PCIe SSDs of three MLC models from one vendor (480 GB, about 50 nm, rated 3,000 program-erase cycles), over 40 million daily drive reports; a 'failure' is a swap, a failure that sent the drive to repair",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)",
      "source_url": "https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The CDF illustrates that almost 98% of failures occur before the drive sees 1500 P/E cycles.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Age and Device Wear', Figure 8, PDF p. 6 (no text layer; transcribed); Observation #8, PDF p. 7",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": true,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Next sentence: 'This is surprising, considering that the manufacturer guarantees satisfactory drive performance up until 3000 P/E cycles.' Observation #8: 'The vast majority of drive failures happen well before the P/E cycle limit is reached. Furthermore, drives operating beyond their P/E cycle limit have very low rates of failure.' The paper finds no link between program-erase cycles and failure: wear-out was not what retired these drives. DOI 10.1145/3295500.3356172. Several pages of this PDF have no text layer; those passages were transcribed from the rendered pages (raw/ssd-field-studies/alter-sc19-pages3-7-transcribed.txt), and the same sentences appear as text in the authors' journal version (Pinciroli et al., IEEE TDSC 2023, raw/ssd-field-studies/pinciroli-tdsc2023.txt). The models are MLC-A, MLC-B and MLC-D of Schroeder et al. (FAST '16).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-ssd-98pct-of-failures-before-half-rated-pe-cycles",
      "citation_text": "Almost 98% of the SSD failures in a Google data centre came before the drives had used 1,500 of their rated 3,000 program-erase cycles, and drives run past their rated limit rarely failed (Alter et al., 2019). Source: ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google, \"SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)\" (https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-ssd-98pct-of-failures-before-half-rated-pe-cycles."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2019-11-26pct-of-failed-ssds-had-no-prior-errors-or-bad-blocks",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "26% of the SSDs that failed in a Google data centre had shown no user-visible errors and developed no bad blocks beforehand (Alter et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 26,
      "unit": "% of failures on drives with no prior non-transparent errors and no bad blocks",
      "display_value": "26%",
      "display_label": "Google data-centre MLC SSDs, SC '19",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "One Google data centre (location not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of daily logs (calendar years not stated; the same Google trace as Schroeder et al., FAST '16)",
      "population": "Google data-centre flash drives: about 30,000 custom PCIe SSDs of three MLC models from one vendor (480 GB, about 50 nm, rated 3,000 program-erase cycles), over 40 million daily drive reports; a 'failure' is a swap, a failure that sent the drive to repair",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)",
      "source_url": "https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "we find that 26% of failures happen to drives which have experienced no non-transparent errors and which have developed no bad blocks.",
      "locator": "Section 4.2 'Error Incidence', PDF p. 7 (no text layer; transcribed); Figure 10",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same paragraph: about 80% of drives that did not fail never logged an uncorrectable error, against 68% of drives that failed young and 45% of those that failed old. Microsoft's SYSTOR '16 study found 38% of failed SSDs showed none of four SMART warning signs. DOI 10.1145/3295500.3356172. Several pages of this PDF have no text layer; those passages were transcribed from the rendered pages (raw/ssd-field-studies/alter-sc19-pages3-7-transcribed.txt), and the same sentences appear as text in the authors' journal version (Pinciroli et al., IEEE TDSC 2023, raw/ssd-field-studies/pinciroli-tdsc2023.txt). The models are MLC-A, MLC-B and MLC-D of Schroeder et al. (FAST '16).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-26pct-of-failed-ssds-had-no-prior-errors-or-bad-blocks",
      "citation_text": "26% of the SSDs that failed in a Google data centre had shown no user-visible errors and developed no bad blocks beforehand (Alter et al., 2019). Source: ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google, \"SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)\" (https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-26pct-of-failed-ssds-had-no-prior-errors-or-bad-blocks."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-2019-11-only-half-of-failed-ssds-repaired-and-returned",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Only about half of the SSDs swapped out after failing in a Google data centre were repaired and returned to service within the six years observed (Alter et al., 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% of swapped drives that re-entered service (about half)",
      "display_value": "about half",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "One Google data centre (location not stated)",
      "period": "Six years of daily logs (calendar years not stated; the same Google trace as Schroeder et al., FAST '16)",
      "population": "Google data-centre flash drives: about 30,000 custom PCIe SSDs of three MLC models from one vendor (480 GB, about 50 nm, rated 3,000 program-erase cycles), over 40 million daily drive reports; a 'failure' is a swap, a failure that sent the drive to repair",
      "sample_n": 30000,
      "publisher": "ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google",
      "source_title": "SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)",
      "source_url": "https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-11-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "only half of failed drives are seen to successfully complete the repairs process and re-enter the field.",
      "locator": "Section 3, Observation #4, PDF p. 5 (no text layer; transcribed); Table 5, PDF p. 6",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Table 5 (share of swapped drives back in service, ever): MLC-A 53.4%, MLC-B 43.9%, MLC-D 57.6%; within 30 days only 5.0%-9.4%. Roughly 20% of failed drives were removed within a day and 80% within 7 days, but about 8% stayed in a failed state for over 100 days. DOI 10.1145/3295500.3356172. Several pages of this PDF have no text layer; those passages were transcribed from the rendered pages (raw/ssd-field-studies/alter-sc19-pages3-7-transcribed.txt), and the same sentences appear as text in the authors' journal version (Pinciroli et al., IEEE TDSC 2023, raw/ssd-field-studies/pinciroli-tdsc2023.txt). The models are MLC-A, MLC-B and MLC-D of Schroeder et al. (FAST '16).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-only-half-of-failed-ssds-repaired-and-returned",
      "citation_text": "Only about half of the SSDs swapped out after failing in a Google data centre were repaired and returned to service within the six years observed (Alter et al., 2019). Source: ACM / IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC '19); authors from the College of William & Mary and NetApp, trace provided by Google, \"SSD Failures in the Field: Symptoms, Causes, and Prediction Models (Jacob Alter, Ji Xue, Alma Dimnaku, Evgenia Smirni; SC '19; NSF Public Access Repository copy)\" (https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10172650). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#google-2019-11-only-half-of-failed-ssds-repaired-and-returned."
    },
    {
      "id": "pinciroli-2023-ssd-11-29pct-vs-hdd-7-01pct-failed-at-least-once-6-years",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "11.29% of the Google data-centre SSDs in one study failed at least once over six years, against 7.01% of the Backblaze hard drives it compared them with, although the two fleets were run and counted differently (Pinciroli et al., 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 11.29,
      "unit": "% of drives that failed at least once in six years (SSDs; HDDs 7.01%)",
      "display_value": "11.3% (SSD) vs 7.0% (HDD)",
      "display_label": "Google SSDs against Backblaze HDDs, IEEE TDSC 2023",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "One Google data centre (SSDs) and Backblaze data centres (HDDs)",
      "period": "Six years each: SSD trace years not stated; HDDs 17 January 2014 to 31 December 2019",
      "population": "Two fleets compared: about 30,000 Google data-centre PCIe MLC SSDs of three models (480 GB) and over 100,000 Seagate hard drives of five models in Backblaze's storage servers (3 TB to 12 TB)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "IEEE, Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 20, no. 1 (January/February 2023), pp. 256-270; authors from the College of William & Mary",
      "source_title": "Lifespan and Failures of SSDs and HDDs: Similarities, Differences, and Prediction Models (Riccardo Pinciroli, Lishan Yang, Jacob Alter, Evgenia Smirni; IEEE TDSC 20(1), 2023; NSF Public Access Repository copy)",
      "source_url": "https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10486306",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Recall that Table 5 shows that, among the drives represented in the datasets, 11.29% of SSDs and 7.01% of HDDs fail at least once.",
      "locator": "Section 4.1 'Age and Device Wear', p. 262 (PDF p. 7); Table 5, p. 260 (PDF p. 5)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Not like for like: different owners, workloads and definitions (an SSD 'failure' is a swap to repair in Google's logs; an HDD failure is Backblaze's failure flag), HDDs observed for shorter spans (over half 2-5 years, SSDs 4-6), and SSDs could fail up to four times while HDDs failed at most twice; the authors note differences 'may be due to different replacement strategies adopted by the owners of the two datasets'. The paper's summary rounds the shares to '14% of SSDs and 7% of HDDs', but 14% is the worst SSD model (MLC-B 14.3%), not the average. HDD per model (Table 5): ST3000DM001 31.89%, ST4000DM000 10.21%, ST12000NM0007 3.76%, ST8000DM002 3.47%, ST8000NM0055 2.91%. The paper also says 'generally HDDs have a shorter lifespan than SSDs' only because the HDD logs cover a shorter window, which is not a lifespan measurement. Published online 2021 (DOI 10.1109/TDSC.2021.3131571); arXiv preprint 2012.12373 (December 2020); issue dated January/February 2023, day set to 01. Backblaze's own HDD figures belong to backblaze-drive-stats; this record is the cross-fleet comparison.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pinciroli-2023-ssd-11-29pct-vs-hdd-7-01pct-failed-at-least-once-6-years",
      "citation_text": "11.29% of the Google data-centre SSDs in one study failed at least once over six years, against 7.01% of the Backblaze hard drives it compared them with, although the two fleets were run and counted differently (Pinciroli et al., 2023). Source: IEEE, Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 20, no. 1 (January/February 2023), pp. 256-270; authors from the College of William & Mary, \"Lifespan and Failures of SSDs and HDDs: Similarities, Differences, and Prediction Models (Riccardo Pinciroli, Lishan Yang, Jacob Alter, Evgenia Smirni; IEEE TDSC 20(1), 2023; NSF Public Access Repository copy)\" (https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10486306). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pinciroli-2023-ssd-11-29pct-vs-hdd-7-01pct-failed-at-least-once-6-years."
    },
    {
      "id": "pinciroli-2023-half-of-failed-ssds-vs-7pct-of-failed-hdds-back-in-service",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "About 50% of the failed Google data-centre SSDs in one study were repaired and put back into service, against 7% of failed Backblaze hard drives (Pinciroli et al., 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% of failed drives repaired and returned to production (SSDs; HDDs 7%)",
      "display_value": "50% vs 7%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "One Google data centre (SSDs) and Backblaze data centres (HDDs)",
      "period": "Six years each: SSD trace years not stated; HDDs 17 January 2014 to 31 December 2019",
      "population": "Two fleets compared: about 30,000 Google data-centre PCIe MLC SSDs of three models (480 GB) and over 100,000 Seagate hard drives of five models in Backblaze's storage servers (3 TB to 12 TB)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "IEEE, Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 20, no. 1 (January/February 2023), pp. 256-270; authors from the College of William & Mary",
      "source_title": "Lifespan and Failures of SSDs and HDDs: Similarities, Differences, and Prediction Models (Riccardo Pinciroli, Lishan Yang, Jacob Alter, Evgenia Smirni; IEEE TDSC 20(1), 2023; NSF Public Access Repository copy)",
      "source_url": "https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10486306",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-01-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "only a few of them are repaired and put back into production (i.e., 50% of failed SSDs and 7% of failed HDDs).",
      "locator": "Section 1 'Introduction', summary of findings, p. 257",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Same bullet: 8% of failed SSDs were back in production within a month, while almost all repaired HDDs were back within a day. Reflects the two operators' repair policies more than the drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pinciroli-2023-half-of-failed-ssds-vs-7pct-of-failed-hdds-back-in-service",
      "citation_text": "About 50% of the failed Google data-centre SSDs in one study were repaired and put back into service, against 7% of failed Backblaze hard drives (Pinciroli et al., 2023). Source: IEEE, Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 20, no. 1 (January/February 2023), pp. 256-270; authors from the College of William & Mary, \"Lifespan and Failures of SSDs and HDDs: Similarities, Differences, and Prediction Models (Riccardo Pinciroli, Lishan Yang, Jacob Alter, Evgenia Smirni; IEEE TDSC 20(1), 2023; NSF Public Access Repository copy)\" (https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10486306). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#pinciroli-2023-half-of-failed-ssds-vs-7pct-of-failed-hdds-back-in-service."
    },
    {
      "id": "intel-2011-07-laptop-ssd-afr-0-61pct-vs-hdd-4-85pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "0.61% of the Intel SSDs in Intel employees' laptops failed per year in a study ending in February 2011, against 4.85% of the hard drives in its laptops in 2007, by Intel IT's count (Intel, 2011).",
      "short_statement": "Intel's laptop SSDs failed at **0.61%** a year, against 4.85% for the laptop hard drives it had used before.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.61,
      "unit": "% annualized failure rate (confirmed failures per drive-year), laptop SSDs",
      "display_value": "0.61% vs 4.85%",
      "display_label": "Intel IT's own laptops, 2011 (Intel's data on its own SSDs)",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Intel's own employee laptops (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "SSDs: a yearlong study ending February 2011; HDD baseline: 2007",
      "population": "Laptops (mobile business PCs) used by Intel employees: 45,384 second-generation Intel X25-M and X18-M SATA SSDs (80 GB and 160 GB), average 24.4 weeks in service (1,109,399 drive weeks), against 80,000 laptop hard drives in 2007",
      "sample_n": 45384,
      "publisher": "Intel Corporation (IT@Intel Brief, Intel IT), on Intel's own fleet and Intel's own SSD product",
      "source_title": "Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid-State Drives (IT@Intel Brief, July 2011; Doug DeVetter, Julie Rice)",
      "source_url": "https://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/technology-brief/intel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "we calculated an AFR of 0.61 percent and compared this to the 2007 AFR for HDDs of 4.85 percent.",
      "locator": "'Results' section and Table 1 'Annualized Failure Rate Comparison of Intel Solid-State Drives and Hard Disk Drives', p. 3; Figure 1, p. 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Table 1: SSDs 130 failures in 1,109,399 drive weeks (45,384 drives, 24.4 weeks each on average); HDDs 3,881 failures in 4,160,000 drive weeks (80,000 drives, 2007). Intel states this as an '87 percent reduction in the annualized failure rate'. Caveats: the SSDs averaged under six months of service, so the figure says little about later years; the HDD baseline is four years older and from different laptops; AFR = failed drives / drive weeks x 52. One of very few published client (laptop) field comparisons. The October 2010 IT@Intel white paper 'Accelerating the Deployment of Intel Solid-State Drives throughout the Enterprise' had projected 'possibly 90 percent or better' from early data (raw/ssd-field-studies/intel-it-accelerating.txt). Intel sells SSDs and published this to show their value, so this is a maker's data on its own product. Live URL refuses automated access; read from the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20141231083517/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/technology-brief/intel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf (saved text in raw/ssd-field-studies/intel-it-validating.txt). Month only (July 2011); day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2011-07-laptop-ssd-afr-0-61pct-vs-hdd-4-85pct",
      "citation_text": "0.61% of the Intel SSDs in Intel employees' laptops failed per year in a study ending in February 2011, against 4.85% of the hard drives in its laptops in 2007, by Intel IT's count (Intel, 2011). Source: Intel Corporation (IT@Intel Brief, Intel IT), on Intel's own fleet and Intel's own SSD product, \"Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid-State Drives (IT@Intel Brief, July 2011; Doug DeVetter, Julie Rice)\" (https://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/technology-brief/intel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2011-07-laptop-ssd-afr-0-61pct-vs-hdd-4-85pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "intel-2011-07-laptop-ssd-annualized-return-rate-1-06pct-57pct-confirmed",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "1.06% of the Intel SSDs in Intel employees' laptops were returned per year as suspected failures, and 130 of the 227 returned drives (57%) were confirmed as failed (Intel, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1.06,
      "unit": "% annualized return rate (returned drives per drive-year), laptop SSDs",
      "display_value": "1.06%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Intel's own employee laptops (worldwide; locations not stated)",
      "period": "SSDs: a yearlong study ending February 2011; HDD baseline: 2007",
      "population": "Laptops (mobile business PCs) used by Intel employees: 45,384 second-generation Intel X25-M and X18-M SATA SSDs (80 GB and 160 GB), average 24.4 weeks in service (1,109,399 drive weeks), against 80,000 laptop hard drives in 2007",
      "sample_n": 45384,
      "publisher": "Intel Corporation (IT@Intel Brief, Intel IT), on Intel's own fleet and Intel's own SSD product",
      "source_title": "Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid-State Drives (IT@Intel Brief, July 2011; Doug DeVetter, Julie Rice)",
      "source_url": "https://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/technology-brief/intel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-07-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During the yearlong study, employees returned 227 drives. Using the Total Drive Weeks denominator, we calculated an ARR of 1.06 percent.",
      "locator": "'Results' section, p. 3; Table 1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A returned drive is 'any drive replaced due to suspected logical or physical failure'; drives that passed Intel's diagnostic tools counted as returns but not failures. The gap between return and failure rates (1.06% against 0.61%) is a reminder that 'replacement' and 'failure' rates measure different things. Failure causes named: power-loss issues, NAND cell defects and firmware-related issues. Intel sells SSDs and published this to show their value, so this is a maker's data on its own product. Live URL refuses automated access; read from the Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20141231083517/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/technology-brief/intel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf (saved text in raw/ssd-field-studies/intel-it-validating.txt). Month only (July 2011); day set to 01.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2011-07-laptop-ssd-annualized-return-rate-1-06pct-57pct-confirmed",
      "citation_text": "1.06% of the Intel SSDs in Intel employees' laptops were returned per year as suspected failures, and 130 of the 227 returned drives (57%) were confirmed as failed (Intel, 2011). Source: Intel Corporation (IT@Intel Brief, Intel IT), on Intel's own fleet and Intel's own SSD product, \"Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid-State Drives (IT@Intel Brief, July 2011; Doug DeVetter, Julie Rice)\" (https://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/technology-brief/intel-it-validating-reliability-of-intel-solid-state-drives-brief.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#intel-2011-07-laptop-ssd-annualized-return-rate-1-06pct-57pct-confirmed."
    },
    {
      "id": "tencent-2023-02-samsung-nvme-ssd-failures-under-0-2pct-a-year-derived",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "Fewer than 0.2% a year of the more than 300,000 Samsung PM1733 and PM9A3 enterprise NVMe SSDs in Tencent's cloud had a failure recorded, by a rough count of 409 failure records in nine months (Zhang et al., 2023; derived).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.18,
      "unit": "% of drives with a failure record per year (derived upper bound)",
      "display_value": "under 0.2% a year",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Tencent cloud data centre (China; location not stated)",
      "period": "Nine months (dates not stated; paper published February 2023)",
      "population": "Enterprise NVMe SSDs in Tencent's cloud data centre: more than 300,000 Samsung PM1733 and PM9A3 drives of varying ages, 70 million telemetry logs; 409 failure records",
      "sample_n": 300000,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '23); authors from Samsung Electronics and Tencent",
      "source_title": "Multi-view Feature-based SSD Failure Prediction: What, When, and Why (Yuqi Zhang, Wenwen Hao, Ben Niu, Kangkang Liu, Shuyang Wang, Na Liu, Xing He, Yongwong Gwon, Chankyu Koh; FAST '23, pp. 409-424)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast23-zhang-yuqi.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-02-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The datasets include more than 70 million monitoring logs within nine months from more than 300,000 SSDs with different lifespans in Tencent's data center.",
      "locator": "Section 2.1 'Dataset', p. 410 (PDF p. 3): fleet and period in the quoted sentence; 'There are totally 409 failure records in the lists' in the next paragraph",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "409 failure records / 300,000 SSDs x 12/9 months = 0.18% a year. An upper bound: the fleet was 'more than 300,000', and 'a few' records were failures of other devices such as the server backplane. The paper itself states no failure rate.",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A rare field figure for named current enterprise drives (Samsung PCIe 4.0 NVMe models), from a Samsung and Tencent failure-prediction paper. Failure types recorded: check failed, cancelling I/O, power-loss-protection test failed, SSD drop, fail mode, media error, read only, reliability degradation; 'check failed' drives were almost all replaced within about four days. Treat as an order of magnitude only.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#tencent-2023-02-samsung-nvme-ssd-failures-under-0-2pct-a-year-derived",
      "citation_text": "Fewer than 0.2% a year of the more than 300,000 Samsung PM1733 and PM9A3 enterprise NVMe SSDs in Tencent's cloud had a failure recorded, by a rough count of 409 failure records in nine months (Zhang et al., 2023; derived). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '23); authors from Samsung Electronics and Tencent, \"Multi-view Feature-based SSD Failure Prediction: What, When, and Why (Yuqi Zhang, Wenwen Hao, Ben Niu, Kangkang Liu, Shuyang Wang, Na Liu, Xing He, Yongwong Gwon, Chankyu Koh; FAST '23, pp. 409-424)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast23-zhang-yuqi.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#tencent-2023-02-samsung-nvme-ssd-failures-under-0-2pct-a-year-derived."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2016-02-ssd-slow-0-6pct-of-time-vs-disk-0-2pct",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "SSDs in NetApp's storage systems ran more than twice as slow as the other drives in their RAID group 0.6% of the time, against 0.2% for hard disks in the same kind of systems (Hao et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.6,
      "unit": "% of drive hours an SSD was over 2x slower than its RAID peers (disks 0.2%)",
      "display_value": "0.6% vs 0.2%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Hourly logs over about 87 days per drive (calendar dates not stated; published February 2016)",
      "population": "Drives in NetApp storage systems at customer sites: 458,482 hard disks and 4,069 SSDs (MLC and SLC) in RAID groups; 857 million disk hours and 7 million SSD hours",
      "sample_n": 4069,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Chicago and NetApp",
      "source_title": "The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments (Mingzhe Hao, Gokul Soundararajan, Deepak Kenchammana-Hosekote, Andrew A. Chien, Haryadi S. Gunawi; FAST '16, pp. 263-276)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-hao.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "0.2% of the time, a disk is more than 2x slower than its peer drives in the same RAID group (and 0.6% for SSD).",
      "locator": "Abstract, p. 263 (PDF p. 2); Section 4.1.1",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Precise values: 0.58% of SSD hours and 0.22% of disk hours (Section 1). The paper finds 26% of disks and 29% of SSDs had at least one slowdown, MLC drives slowed more than SLC, and older disks slowed more; over 95% of slowdowns were not explained by workload. Performance instability, not failure. Only 4,069 SSDs against 458,482 disks. Related: Lu et al. (ATC '22) on fail-slow NVMe SSDs at Alibaba. The HDD half is also of interest to hdd-field-studies.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2016-02-ssd-slow-0-6pct-of-time-vs-disk-0-2pct",
      "citation_text": "SSDs in NetApp's storage systems ran more than twice as slow as the other drives in their RAID group 0.6% of the time, against 0.2% for hard disks in the same kind of systems (Hao et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Chicago and NetApp, \"The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments (Mingzhe Hao, Gokul Soundararajan, Deepak Kenchammana-Hosekote, Andrew A. Chien, Haryadi S. Gunawi; FAST '16, pp. 263-276)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-hao.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2016-02-ssd-slow-0-6pct-of-time-vs-disk-0-2pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "netapp-2016-02-29pct-of-ssds-26pct-of-disks-had-a-slowdown",
      "family": "ssd-field-studies",
      "statement": "29% of the SSDs and 26% of the hard disks in NetApp's storage systems had at least one period of running more than twice as slow as their RAID peers in about 87 days of monitoring (Hao et al., 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 29,
      "unit": "% of SSDs with at least one slowdown occurrence (disks 26%)",
      "display_value": "29% vs 26%",
      "display_label": "",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "NetApp storage systems at customer sites (locations not stated)",
      "period": "Hourly logs over about 87 days per drive (calendar dates not stated; published February 2016)",
      "population": "Drives in NetApp storage systems at customer sites: 458,482 hard disks and 4,069 SSDs (MLC and SLC) in RAID groups; 857 million disk hours and 7 million SSD hours",
      "sample_n": 4069,
      "publisher": "USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Chicago and NetApp",
      "source_title": "The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments (Mingzhe Hao, Gokul Soundararajan, Deepak Kenchammana-Hosekote, Andrew A. Chien, Haryadi S. Gunawi; FAST '16, pp. 263-276)",
      "source_url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-hao.pdf",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "our study shows 26% of disks and 29% of SSDs have experienced at least one slowdown occurrence.",
      "locator": "Section 1, finding (iii), p. 263 (PDF p. 2); Section 4.1.4",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "40% of slow disks and 35% of slow SSDs stayed slow for more than one hour; 90% of disk and 85% of SSD slowdowns recurred on the same day as the previous one.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2016-02-29pct-of-ssds-26pct-of-disks-had-a-slowdown",
      "citation_text": "29% of the SSDs and 26% of the hard disks in NetApp's storage systems had at least one period of running more than twice as slow as their RAID peers in about 87 days of monitoring (Hao et al., 2016). Source: USENIX, Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '16); authors from the University of Chicago and NetApp, \"The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments (Mingzhe Hao, Gokul Soundararajan, Deepak Kenchammana-Hosekote, Andrew A. Chien, Haryadi S. Gunawi; FAST '16, pp. 263-276)\" (https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast16/fast16-papers-hao.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#netapp-2016-02-29pct-of-ssds-26pct-of-disks-had-a-slowdown."
    },
    {
      "id": "storagenewsletter-2022-02-hdd-units-record-2010-651-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "651 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2010, the most in any year since the first drives of 1976 (StorageNewsletter compilation of Disk/Trend, IDC and TRENDFOCUS figures, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 651.32,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "651 million",
      "display_label": "StorageNewsletter compilation (Disk/Trend, IDC, TRENDFOCUS), 2010",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2010",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, StorageNewsletter's yearly compilation of Disk/Trend, IDC and TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Perfectly Flat Y/Y in 2021 at 259 Million Units But Record 1.3ZB Capacity",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2022/02/03/hdd-shipments-perfectly-flat-y-y-in-2021-at-259-million-units-but-record-1-3zb-capacity/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Global total is 9,993,685 units - not far from one billion - or 222,082 per year -, with a record of 651,320 in 2010 and then diminishing about each year.",
      "locator": "'Comments' paragraph under the 2021 TRENDFOCUS table; figures in thousands of units (chart 'of HDDs shipped each year since 1976', sources Disk/Trend, IDC and Trendfocus)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Units in thousands in the source (651,320 thousand). The 1976-2021 cumulative total is about 10 billion drives. StorageNewsletter's 2015 article on 2014 says 'the historical yearly record of 651 million HDDs shipped in 2012', an error for 2010 (TRENDFOCUS put 2012 at 579.47 million). Other 2010 estimates: The Information Network about 653.5 million (Digitimes, 2011, not fetched).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#storagenewsletter-2022-02-hdd-units-record-2010-651-million",
      "citation_text": "651 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2010, the most in any year since the first drives of 1976 (StorageNewsletter compilation of Disk/Trend, IDC and TRENDFOCUS figures, 2022). Source: StorageNewsletter, \"HDD Shipments Perfectly Flat Y/Y in 2021 at 259 Million Units But Record 1.3ZB Capacity\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2022/02/03/hdd-shipments-perfectly-flat-y-y-in-2021-at-259-million-units-but-record-1-3zb-capacity/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#storagenewsletter-2022-02-hdd-units-record-2010-651-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2013-02-hdd-units-2012-579-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "579 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2012, down 7% from 2011, the second yearly decline in a row (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 579.47,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "579 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2012",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "WW HDD Shipped Dropped 7% in 2012 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=121371",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For the second consecutive year, annual unit shipments also declined as 2012's shipments dropped 7%, to 579.47 million.",
      "locator": "'HDD Market Summary, CQ4 '12', first paragraph (abstract of TRENDFOCUS CQ4 '12 Quarterly Update and Long-Term Forecast)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). The same abstract's forecast table lists 2012 actual at 579.85 million; TRENDFOCUS then forecast 565.76 million for 2013 and about 560 million a year to 2017 (actual 2017: 403.71 million). A 7% fall implies about 623 million in 2011 (no 2011 TRENDFOCUS annual total located). URL resolves to storagenewsletter.com/2013/02/11/...",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2013-02-hdd-units-2012-579-million",
      "citation_text": "579 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2012, down 7% from 2011, the second yearly decline in a row (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2013). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"WW HDD Shipped Dropped 7% in 2012 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=121371). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2013-02-hdd-units-2012-579-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2014-02-hdd-units-2013-552-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "552 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2013, down nearly 5% from 2012 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 551.96,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "552 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2013",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Decline 5% to 552 Million Units From 2012 to 2013 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=134565",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "2013 HDD Industry Summary: HDD Sales Impacted by Soft PC Sales Unit shipments decline 5% Y/Y to 551.96 Million Total EBs shipped rose 16.0% to 458.26",
      "locator": "Section '2013 HDD Industry Summary' (abstract of TRENDFOCUS SDAS CQ4 '13 Quarterly Update)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). Same section: 458.26 exabytes shipped in 2013 (see the exabytes record).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2014-02-hdd-units-2013-552-million",
      "citation_text": "552 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2013, down nearly 5% from 2012 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2014). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Decline 5% to 552 Million Units From 2012 to 2013 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=134565). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2014-02-hdd-units-2013-552-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-units-2014-564-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "564 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2014, up 2.2% from 2013, the only yearly rise between the 2010 peak and 2024 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 563.94,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "564 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "564 Million HDDs Shipped in 2014 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2015/02/04/564-million-hdds-shipped-in-2014-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-02-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "2014 HDD Shipments Grow 2.2% to 563.94 Million Game Console Refresh Fuels CE HDD Sales",
      "locator": "Heading of the 2014 summary and table 'Number of HDDs Shipped Worldwide in 2013 and 2014', TOTAL row 551.96 / 563.94 (abstract of TRENDFOCUS SDAS CQ4 '14 Quarterly Update, 30 January 2015)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). 'Only yearly rise between the 2010 peak and 2024' is from the series itself (2011-2013 and 2015-2023 all fell; 2024 rose 1.6% by Coughlin Associates' estimate, 'the first increase in HDD annual unit shipments since 2014'). AnandTech (2016) gives 564.1 million for 2014 from Seagate and Western Digital estimates.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-units-2014-564-million",
      "citation_text": "564 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2014, up 2.2% from 2013, the only yearly rise between the 2010 peak and 2024 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2015). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"564 Million HDDs Shipped in 2014 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2015/02/04/564-million-hdds-shipped-in-2014-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-units-2014-564-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-units-2015-469-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "469 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2015, down 17% from 2014 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 468.73,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "469 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2015",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "TOTAL 605.52 468.73 424.07 -9.5% 100%",
      "locator": "Table 'WW HDD shipments in 2016 (units in million)', TOTAL row; columns: exabytes shipped in 2016, units shipped in 2015, units shipped in 2016, Y/Y growth, 2016 share",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "468.73 million (2015) / 563.94 million (2014) - 1 = -16.9% ('down 17%')",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). Down 17% is 468.73 against 563.94 million (2014). AnandTech (Anton Shilov, 2 March 2016) gives 468.9 million from Seagate and Western Digital estimates, 'down from 564.1 million units in 2014, or by 17%'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-units-2015-469-million",
      "citation_text": "469 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2015, down 17% from 2014 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-units-2015-469-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-units-2016-424-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "424 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2016, down 9.5% from 2015 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 424.07,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "424 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "2016 HDD Industry Summary: Solid CQ3 and CQ4 Sales Temper Y/Y Decline Unit Shipments Fall 9.5% Y/Y to 424.07 Million",
      "locator": "Heading '2016 HDD Industry Summary' (abstract of TRENDFOCUS SDAS CQ4 '16 Quarterly Update, 9 February 2017)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). The URL slug says 469 million (the 2015 figure); the headline and text say 424 million for 2016.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-units-2016-424-million",
      "citation_text": "424 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2016, down 9.5% from 2015 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-units-2016-424-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2018-02-hdd-units-2017-404-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "404 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2017, the third yearly decline in a row (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 403.71,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "404 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2017",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Fell to 404 Million in 2017 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=186660",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD shipments fell to 403.71 million, marking the third consecutive year of lower annual shipments.",
      "locator": "Paragraph 'For the year ...' (abstract of TRENDFOCUS SDAS CQ4 '17 Quarterly Update, 14 February 2018)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). URL resolves to storagenewsletter.com/2018/02/23/hdd-shipments-fell-to-404-million-in-2017-trendfocus/. 2018 and 2019 annual TRENDFOCUS totals were not located (only quarterly figures); the 2020 abstract's -18.2% implies about 318 million in 2019.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2018-02-hdd-units-2017-404-million",
      "citation_text": "404 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2017, the third yearly decline in a row (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2018). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Fell to 404 Million in 2017 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=186660). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2018-02-hdd-units-2017-404-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-units-2020-260-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "260 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2020, down 18% from 2019 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 259.81,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "260 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "Final Results of 2020 WW HDD Market",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/05/final-results-of-2020-ww-hdd-market/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "260 million units shipped, -18% fom 2019 ... TOTAL 259.81 -18.2% 1018.32 100%",
      "locator": "Subtitle and table '2020 WW HDD shipments', TOTAL row (units in million, Y/Y growth, exabytes, share); executive summary of TRENDFOCUS information services, 29 January 2021",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). 'fom' is the source's typo. Implied 2019: 259.81 / 0.818 = about 318 million.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-units-2020-260-million",
      "citation_text": "260 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2020, down 18% from 2019 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"Final Results of 2020 WW HDD Market\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/05/final-results-of-2020-ww-hdd-market/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-units-2020-260-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-units-2021-259-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "259 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2021, flat on 2020 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 258.98,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "259 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Perfectly Flat Y/Y in 2021 at 259 Million Units But Record 1.3ZB Capacity",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2022/02/03/hdd-shipments-perfectly-flat-y-y-in-2021-at-259-million-units-but-record-1-3zb-capacity/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Flat at 259 Million Units on Partial Pandemic Recovery ... TOTAL 258.98 -0.3% 100.0% 1,337.97",
      "locator": "'2021 HDD Industry Summary' heading and table '2021 WW HDD shipments', TOTAL row (abstract of TRENDFOCUS SDAS CQ4'21 Quarterly Update, 31 January 2022)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-units-2021-259-million",
      "citation_text": "259 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2021, flat on 2020 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2022). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Perfectly Flat Y/Y in 2021 at 259 Million Units But Record 1.3ZB Capacity\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2022/02/03/hdd-shipments-perfectly-flat-y-y-in-2021-at-259-million-units-but-record-1-3zb-capacity/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-units-2021-259-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2014-02-hdd-exabytes-2013-458eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "458 exabytes of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2013, up 16% from 2012 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 458.26,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "458 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2013",
      "population": "Total capacity of all hard disk drives shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Decline 5% to 552 Million Units From 2012 to 2013 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=134565",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Unit shipments decline 5% Y/Y to 551.96 Million Total EBs shipped rose 16.0% to 458.26",
      "locator": "Section '2013 HDD Industry Summary'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2014-02-hdd-exabytes-2013-458eb",
      "citation_text": "458 exabytes of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2013, up 16% from 2012 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2014). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Decline 5% to 552 Million Units From 2012 to 2013 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=134565). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2014-02-hdd-exabytes-2013-458eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-exabytes-2014-529eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "529 exabytes of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2014, up 15% from 2013 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 528.57,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "529 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Total capacity of all hard disk drives shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "564 Million HDDs Shipped in 2014 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2015/02/04/564-million-hdds-shipped-in-2014-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-02-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "All three HDD companies benefit from solid 2014 market demand – total exabytes increase 15% to 528.57",
      "locator": "Sub-heading of the 2014 summary",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-exabytes-2014-529eb",
      "citation_text": "529 exabytes of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2014, up 15% from 2013 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2015). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"564 Million HDDs Shipped in 2014 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2015/02/04/564-million-hdds-shipped-in-2014-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-exabytes-2014-529eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-exabytes-2016-606eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "606 exabytes of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2016, more than in 2015 although 9.5% fewer drives were sold (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 605.52,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "606 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Total capacity of all hard disk drives shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total Capacity Shipped Climbs to 606EB Due to Richer Product Mix",
      "locator": "Second line of the '2016 HDD Industry Summary' heading; table TOTAL row 605.52",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-exabytes-2016-606eb",
      "citation_text": "606 exabytes of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2016, more than in 2015 although 9.5% fewer drives were sold (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-exabytes-2016-606eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2018-02-hdd-exabytes-2017-689eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "689 exabytes of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2017, and the average drive shipped held 1,706 GB, up nearly 20% in a year (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 688.74,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "689 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2017",
      "population": "Total capacity of all hard disk drives shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Fell to 404 Million in 2017 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=186660",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "drove up exabytes nearly 14% sequentially to 688.74, and the average HDD capacity shot up nearly 20% to 1,706GB",
      "locator": "Paragraph 'For the year, richer product mix ...'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2018-02-hdd-exabytes-2017-689eb",
      "citation_text": "689 exabytes of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2017, and the average drive shipped held 1,706 GB, up nearly 20% in a year (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2018). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Fell to 404 Million in 2017 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=186660). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2018-02-hdd-exabytes-2017-689eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-exabytes-2020-1018eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "1,018 exabytes (about 1 zettabyte) of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2020, 64% of it in enterprise drives (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1018.32,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "1,018 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Total capacity of all hard disk drives shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "Final Results of 2020 WW HDD Market",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/05/final-results-of-2020-ww-hdd-market/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total enterprise 71.88 +1.9% 650.75 63.9% ... TOTAL 259.81 -18.2% 1018.32 100%",
      "locator": "Table '2020 WW HDD shipments', 'Total enterprise' and TOTAL rows (units in million, Y/Y, exabytes, exabyte share)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). In this table the segment share column is the exabyte share (enterprise 63.9%, desktop 11.3%, mobile 12.7%, consumer electronics 12.0%); for the three vendors it is the unit share.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-exabytes-2020-1018eb",
      "citation_text": "1,018 exabytes (about 1 zettabyte) of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2020, 64% of it in enterprise drives (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"Final Results of 2020 WW HDD Market\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/05/final-results-of-2020-ww-hdd-market/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-exabytes-2020-1018eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-exabytes-2021-1338eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "1,338 exabytes (1.3 zettabytes) of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2021, a record and up 31% from 2020 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1337.97,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "1.34 ZB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Total capacity of all hard disk drives shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Perfectly Flat Y/Y in 2021 at 259 Million Units But Record 1.3ZB Capacity",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2022/02/03/hdd-shipments-perfectly-flat-y-y-in-2021-at-259-million-units-but-record-1-3zb-capacity/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD Market Tops 1.3ZB of Capacity Shipped, Up a Sharp 31% Y/Y",
      "locator": "'2021 HDD Industry Summary' heading; table TOTAL row 1,337.97 exabytes",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-exabytes-2021-1338eb",
      "citation_text": "1,338 exabytes (1.3 zettabytes) of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2021, a record and up 31% from 2020 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2022). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Perfectly Flat Y/Y in 2021 at 259 Million Units But Record 1.3ZB Capacity\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2022/02/03/hdd-shipments-perfectly-flat-y-y-in-2021-at-259-million-units-but-record-1-3zb-capacity/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-exabytes-2021-1338eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-unit-share-2014-wdc-44pct-seagate-40pct-toshiba-16pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital shipped 44.2% of the world's hard drives in 2014, Seagate 39.7% and Toshiba 16.1% (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 44.2,
      "unit": "% of worldwide HDD units shipped (Western Digital, including HGST)",
      "display_value": "44.2%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2014",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "564 Million HDDs Shipped in 2014 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2015/02/04/564-million-hdds-shipped-in-2014-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-02-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total 221.89 223.90 0.9% 39.7% ... Total 84.31 90.73 7.6% 16.1% ... Total 245.76 249.31 1.4% 44.2%",
      "locator": "Table 'Number of HDDs Shipped Worldwide in 2013 and 2014', Total rows for Seagate, Toshiba and WDC (2013 units, 2014 units, Y/Y, 2014 share)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-vendor-unit-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). WDC = Western Digital and HGST combined. Seagate 223.90 million units, Toshiba 90.73 million, WDC 249.31 million in 2014.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-unit-share-2014-wdc-44pct-seagate-40pct-toshiba-16pct",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital shipped 44.2% of the world's hard drives in 2014, Seagate 39.7% and Toshiba 16.1% (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2015). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"564 Million HDDs Shipped in 2014 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2015/02/04/564-million-hdds-shipped-in-2014-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2015-02-hdd-unit-share-2014-wdc-44pct-seagate-40pct-toshiba-16pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-unit-share-2016-wdc-41pct-seagate-37pct-toshiba-22pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital shipped 41.4% of the world's hard drives in 2016, Seagate 36.6% and Toshiba 22.1% (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 41.4,
      "unit": "% of worldwide HDD units shipped (Western Digital)",
      "display_value": "41.4%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate 252.63 188.51 155.01 -17.8% 36.6% Toshiba 84.75 75.75 93.55 23.5% 22.1% WDC 268.14 204.47 175.51 -14.2% 41.4%",
      "locator": "Table 'WW HDD shipments in 2016 (units in million)', vendor rows (exabytes 2016, units 2015, units 2016, Y/Y, 2016 share)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-vendor-unit-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). By exabytes in 2016: WDC 268.14, Seagate 252.63, Toshiba 84.75.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-unit-share-2016-wdc-41pct-seagate-37pct-toshiba-22pct",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital shipped 41.4% of the world's hard drives in 2016, Seagate 36.6% and Toshiba 22.1% (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-hdd-unit-share-2016-wdc-41pct-seagate-37pct-toshiba-22pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-unit-share-2020-seagate-43pct-wdc-37pct-toshiba-20pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 42.7% of the world's hard drives in 2020, Western Digital 37.0% and Toshiba 20.3% (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 42.7,
      "unit": "% of worldwide HDD units shipped (Seagate)",
      "display_value": "42.7%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "Final Results of 2020 WW HDD Market",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/05/final-results-of-2020-ww-hdd-market/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate 110.96 -13.9% 479.99 42.7% Toshiba 52.80 -29.1% 116.10 20.3% WDC 96.05 -16.0% 422.23 37.0%",
      "locator": "Table '2020 WW HDD shipments', vendor rows (units in million, Y/Y, exabytes, share)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-vendor-unit-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-unit-share-2020-seagate-43pct-wdc-37pct-toshiba-20pct",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 42.7% of the world's hard drives in 2020, Western Digital 37.0% and Toshiba 20.3% (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"Final Results of 2020 WW HDD Market\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/05/final-results-of-2020-ww-hdd-market/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-hdd-unit-share-2020-seagate-43pct-wdc-37pct-toshiba-20pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-unit-share-2021-seagate-43pct-wdc-36pct-toshiba-21pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 42.6% of the world's hard drives in 2021, Western Digital 36.3% and Toshiba 21.1% (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 42.6,
      "unit": "% of worldwide HDD units shipped (Seagate)",
      "display_value": "42.6%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds (client, consumer-electronics and enterprise) shipped worldwide by the HDD makers, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Perfectly Flat Y/Y in 2021 at 259 Million Units But Record 1.3ZB Capacity",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2022/02/03/hdd-shipments-perfectly-flat-y-y-in-2021-at-259-million-units-but-record-1-3zb-capacity/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate 110.30 -0.6% 42.6% 612.79 Toshiba 54.68 3.6% 21.1% 187.24 WDC 94.00 -2.1% 36.3% 537.94",
      "locator": "Table '2021 WW HDD shipments', vendor rows (units in million, Y/Y, share, exabytes)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-vendor-unit-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS is a storage-industry analyst firm; its SDAS HDD Information Service is a paid subscription, so the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it (the analyst's own report is not public). By exabytes in 2021: Seagate 612.79 (45.8%), WDC 537.94, Toshiba 187.24.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-unit-share-2021-seagate-43pct-wdc-36pct-toshiba-21pct",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 42.6% of the world's hard drives in 2021, Western Digital 36.3% and Toshiba 21.1% (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2022). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Perfectly Flat Y/Y in 2021 at 259 Million Units But Record 1.3ZB Capacity\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2022/02/03/hdd-shipments-perfectly-flat-y-y-in-2021-at-259-million-units-but-record-1-3zb-capacity/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-unit-share-2021-seagate-43pct-wdc-36pct-toshiba-21pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2010-hdd-units-shipped-193-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 193 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2010, up 18% on fiscal 2009 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 193.2,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "193 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2010",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2010 (ended 2 July 2010)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746910007649/a2199925z10-k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-08-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We shipped 193 million units during fiscal year 2010, which represents an 18% growth over the prior fiscal year.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2010 Summary'; table 'Unit Shipments', Total Units Shipped 193.2 (FY2010), 163.8 (FY2009), 182.6 (FY2008)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. FY2008 and FY2009 points in the series come from the same 10-K table (in millions).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2010-hdd-units-shipped-193-million",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 193 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2010, up 18% on fiscal 2009 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2010). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2010 (ended 2 July 2010)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746910007649/a2199925z10-k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2010-hdd-units-shipped-193-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2011-hdd-units-shipped-199-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 199 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2011, up 3% on fiscal 2010 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 199,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "199 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2011",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2011 (ended 1 July 2011)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746911007483/a2205181z10-k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-08-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We shipped 199 million units during fiscal year 2011, which represents 3% growth",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2011 Summary'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2011-hdd-units-shipped-199-million",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 199 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2011, up 3% on fiscal 2010 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2011). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2011 (ended 1 July 2011)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746911007483/a2205181z10-k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2011-hdd-units-shipped-199-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2013-hdd-units-shipped-226-million-185eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 226 million hard drives holding 185 exabytes in its fiscal year 2013, its most in any fiscal year from 2008 to 2016 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 226,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "226 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2013",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2013 (ended 28 June 2013)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746913008213/a2216245z10-k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-08-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total Units Shipped | 226 | 224 | 199 | ASP (per unit) | $ | 63 | $ | 66 | $ | 54 | Exabytes Shipped | 185 | 150 | 110",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), table of volume shipments, ASPs and revenues (columns FY2013, FY2012, FY2011; in millions)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. 'Most in any year' within the 10-K series FY2008-FY2016 (FY2008 182.6, FY2009 163.8, FY2010 193.2, FY2011 199, FY2012 224, FY2013 226, FY2014 220, FY2015 212, FY2016 169 million). Average selling price $63 a drive.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2013-hdd-units-shipped-226-million-185eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 226 million hard drives holding 185 exabytes in its fiscal year 2013, its most in any fiscal year from 2008 to 2016 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2013). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2013 (ended 28 June 2013)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746913008213/a2216245z10-k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2013-hdd-units-shipped-226-million-185eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2014-hdd-units-shipped-220-million-202eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 220 million hard drives holding 202 exabytes in its fiscal year 2014 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 220,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "220 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2014",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2014 (ended 27 June 2014)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746914006770/a2221037z10-k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-08-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During the fiscal year 2014, we shipped 220 million units totaling 202 exabytes",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2014 Summary'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2014-hdd-units-shipped-220-million-202eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 220 million hard drives holding 202 exabytes in its fiscal year 2014 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2014). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2014 (ended 27 June 2014)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746914006770/a2221037z10-k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2014-hdd-units-shipped-220-million-202eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2015-hdd-units-shipped-212-million-228eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 212 million hard drives holding 228 exabytes in its fiscal year 2015 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 212,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "212 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2015",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2015 (ended 3 July 2015)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746915006787/a2225686z10-k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-08-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During the fiscal year 2015, we shipped 212 million units totaling 228 exabytes",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2015 Summary'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2015-hdd-units-shipped-212-million-228eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 212 million hard drives holding 228 exabytes in its fiscal year 2015 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2015). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2015 (ended 3 July 2015)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746915006787/a2225686z10-k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2015-hdd-units-shipped-212-million-228eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2016-hdd-units-shipped-169-million-233eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 169 million hard drives holding 233 exabytes in its fiscal year 2016, 43 million fewer drives than a year earlier but more capacity (Seagate Form 10-K, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 169,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "169 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2016",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2016 (ended 1 July 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746916014732/a2229376z10-k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-08-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During the fiscal year 2016, we shipped 169 million units totaling 233 exabytes",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2016 Summary'; revenue discussion ('a decrease in shipments by 43 million units')",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. The last 10-K in which Seagate reported unit shipments; from fiscal 2017 it reports exabytes only.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2016-hdd-units-shipped-169-million-233eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 169 million hard drives holding 233 exabytes in its fiscal year 2016, 43 million fewer drives than a year earlier but more capacity (Seagate Form 10-K, 2016). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2016 (ended 1 July 2016)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746916014732/a2229376z10-k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2016-hdd-units-shipped-169-million-233eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2017-hdd-exabytes-shipped-263eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 263 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2017 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 263,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "263 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2017",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000119312517248796/d410656d10k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-08-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During the fiscal year 2017, we shipped 263 exabytes, generating revenue of $10.8 billion",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2017 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2017-hdd-exabytes-shipped-263eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 263 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2017 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2017). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000119312517248796/d410656d10k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2017-hdd-exabytes-shipped-263eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2018-hdd-exabytes-shipped-338eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 338 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2018 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 338,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "338 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2018",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000119312518238271/d832608d10k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-08-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2018, we shipped 338 exabytes of HDD storage capacity.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2018 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2018-hdd-exabytes-shipped-338eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 338 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2018 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2018). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2018\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000119312518238271/d832608d10k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2018-hdd-exabytes-shipped-338eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2019-hdd-exabytes-shipped-347eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 347 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2019 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 347,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "347 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2019",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000119312519212028/d733907d10k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-08-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2019, we shipped 347 exabytes of HDD storage capacity.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2019 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2019-hdd-exabytes-shipped-347eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 347 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2019 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2019). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000119312519212028/d733907d10k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2019-hdd-exabytes-shipped-347eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2020-hdd-exabytes-shipped-442eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 442 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2020 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 442,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "442 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2020",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778920000057/stx-20200703.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-08-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2020, we shipped 442 exabytes of HDD storage capacity.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2020 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2020-hdd-exabytes-shipped-442eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 442 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2020 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2020). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778920000057/stx-20200703.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2020-hdd-exabytes-shipped-442eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2021-hdd-exabytes-shipped-535eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 535 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2021 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 535,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "535 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2021",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2021",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778921000049/stx-20210702.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-08-06",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2021, we shipped 535 exabytes of HDD storage capacity.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2021 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2021-hdd-exabytes-shipped-535eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 535 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2021 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2021). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2021\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778921000049/stx-20210702.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2021-hdd-exabytes-shipped-535eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2022-hdd-exabytes-shipped-631eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 631 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2022 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 631,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "631 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2022",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778922000055/stx-20220701.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-08-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2022, we shipped 631 exabytes of HDD storage capacity.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2022 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2022-hdd-exabytes-shipped-631eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 631 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2022 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2022). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2022\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778922000055/stx-20220701.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2022-hdd-exabytes-shipped-631eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2023-hdd-exabytes-shipped-441eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 441 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2023 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 441,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "441 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2023",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778923000049/stx-20230630.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-08-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2023, we shipped 441 exabytes of HDD storage capacity.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2023 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. Down 30% on fiscal 2022 (631 EB): the 2022-2023 storage downturn, when cloud buyers paused purchases.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2023-hdd-exabytes-shipped-441eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 441 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2023 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2023). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2023\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778923000049/stx-20230630.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2023-hdd-exabytes-shipped-441eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2024-hdd-exabytes-shipped-398eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 398 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2024 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 398,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "398 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2024",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2024",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778924000068/stx-20240628.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-08-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2024, we shipped 398 exabytes of HDD storage capacity.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2024 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2024-hdd-exabytes-shipped-398eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 398 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2024 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2024). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2024\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778924000068/stx-20240628.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2024-hdd-exabytes-shipped-398eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2025-hdd-exabytes-shipped-595eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped 595 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2025 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 595,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "595 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2025",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778925000157/stx-20250627.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2025, we shipped 595 exabytes of HDD storage capacity.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2025 Summary' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2025-hdd-exabytes-shipped-595eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped 595 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2025 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778925000157/stx-20250627.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2025-hdd-exabytes-shipped-595eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2026-hdd-exabytes-shipped-789eb-nearline-695eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate shipped **789 exabytes** of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2026, 88% of it (695 exabytes) in nearline drives for data centres (Seagate Form 10-K, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 789,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Seagate in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "789 EB",
      "display_label": "Seagate Form 10-K, fiscal 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2026",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2026 (ended 3 July 2026)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778926000159/stx-20260703.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "During fiscal year 2026, we shipped 789 exabytes of HDD storage capacity. ... HDD Exabytes Shipped | Nearline | 695 | 497 | Non-nearline | 94 | 98 | Total | 789 | 595",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Fiscal Year 2026 Summary' and table of revenues by channel, geography, market and HDD exabytes shipped (FY2026, FY2025)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "695 EB nearline / 789 EB total = 88%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. Derived share: 695 / 789 = 88.1% nearline (FY2025: 497 / 595 = 83.5%). Fiscal 2026 had 53 weeks. Data-centre markets were 80% of Seagate revenue in fiscal 2026 (75% in fiscal 2025).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2026-hdd-exabytes-shipped-789eb-nearline-695eb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate shipped **789 exabytes** of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2026, 88% of it (695 exabytes) in nearline drives for data centres (Seagate Form 10-K, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2026 (ended 3 July 2026)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778926000159/stx-20260703.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2026-hdd-exabytes-shipped-789eb-nearline-695eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2019-hdd-price-per-terabyte-30-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate took **$30** of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2019, down from $41 in fiscal 2017; its later reports restate fiscal 2019 at $28 on a new basis (Seagate Form 10-K, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "US$ of Seagate HDD revenue per terabyte shipped (Seagate's 'HDD price per terabyte')",
      "display_value": "$30 per TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2019",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019 (ended 28 June 2019)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000119312519212028/d733907d10k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-08-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD Price per Terabyte $ | 30 | $ | 33 | $ | 41",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), table of revenue by channel and geography, HDD price per terabyte and HDD exabytes shipped (FY2019, FY2018, FY2017)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-price-per-terabyte-fiscal-2019-basis",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. An average across all of Seagate's drives (revenue divided by capacity), not a shelf price. The FY2020 10-K restated the metric on a new basis: FY2019 $28, FY2018 $31.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2019-hdd-price-per-terabyte-30-usd",
      "citation_text": "Seagate took **$30** of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2019, down from $41 in fiscal 2017; its later reports restate fiscal 2019 at $28 on a new basis (Seagate Form 10-K, 2019). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019 (ended 28 June 2019)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000119312519212028/d733907d10k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2019-hdd-price-per-terabyte-30-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2020-hdd-price-per-terabyte-22-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate took $22 of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2020, down from $31 in fiscal 2018 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2020).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 22,
      "unit": "US$ of Seagate HDD revenue per terabyte shipped (Seagate's 'HDD price per terabyte')",
      "display_value": "$22 per TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2020",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020 (ended 3 July 2020)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778920000057/stx-20200703.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2020-08-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD Price per Terabyte | | $ | 22 | | | $ | 28 | | | $ | 31",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), table of revenues by channel, geography and market and HDD exabytes shipped by market and price per terabyte (FY2020, FY2019, FY2018)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-price-per-terabyte-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. Restated basis (the FY2019 10-K had FY2019 $30, FY2018 $33). An average across all of Seagate's drives, not a shelf price.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2020-hdd-price-per-terabyte-22-usd",
      "citation_text": "Seagate took $22 of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2020, down from $31 in fiscal 2018 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2020). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020 (ended 3 July 2020)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778920000057/stx-20200703.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2020-hdd-price-per-terabyte-22-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2022-hdd-price-per-terabyte-17-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate took $17 of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2022, against $18 in fiscal 2021 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 17,
      "unit": "US$ of Seagate HDD revenue per terabyte shipped (Seagate's 'HDD price per terabyte')",
      "display_value": "$17 per TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2022",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2022 (ended 1 July 2022)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778922000055/stx-20220701.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-08-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD Price per Terabyte | | $ | 17 | | | $ | 18",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), table of revenues and HDD exabytes shipped by market and price per terabyte (FY2022, FY2021)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-price-per-terabyte-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. The FY2021 10-K also gives FY2021 $18, FY2020 $22, FY2019 $28.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2022-hdd-price-per-terabyte-17-usd",
      "citation_text": "Seagate took $17 of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2022, against $18 in fiscal 2021 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2022). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2022 (ended 1 July 2022)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778922000055/stx-20220701.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2022-hdd-price-per-terabyte-17-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2024-hdd-price-per-terabyte-15-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate took $15 of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2024, the same as in fiscal 2023 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 15,
      "unit": "US$ of Seagate HDD revenue per terabyte shipped (Seagate's 'HDD price per terabyte')",
      "display_value": "$15 per TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2024",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2024 (ended 28 June 2024)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778924000068/stx-20240628.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-08-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD Price per Terabyte | $ | 15 | $ | 15",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), table of revenues and HDD exabytes shipped by market and price per terabyte (FY2024, FY2023)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-price-per-terabyte-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2024-hdd-price-per-terabyte-15-usd",
      "citation_text": "Seagate took $15 of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2024, the same as in fiscal 2023 (Seagate Form 10-K, 2024). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2024 (ended 28 June 2024)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778924000068/stx-20240628.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2024-hdd-price-per-terabyte-15-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2025-hdd-price-per-terabyte-14-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate took **$14** of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2025, the last year it reported the measure (Seagate Form 10-K, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 14,
      "unit": "US$ of Seagate HDD revenue per terabyte shipped (Seagate's 'HDD price per terabyte')",
      "display_value": "$14 per TB",
      "display_label": "Seagate Form 10-K, fiscal 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2025",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Seagate Technology worldwide in its fiscal year (all markets: data centre, PC, consumer electronics, branded external drives)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 (ended 27 June 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778925000157/stx-20250627.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD Price per Terabyte | $ | 14 | $ | 15",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), table of revenues and HDD exabytes shipped by market and price per terabyte (FY2025, FY2024)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "$14 (FY2025, FY2025 10-K) / $41 (FY2017, FY2019 10-K, earlier basis) = 0.34 ('a third')",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "seagate-hdd-price-per-terabyte-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Seagate's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K), the company's own count of its shipments. Fiscal 2017's $41 is on the FY2019 10-K's earlier basis (see seagate-10k-fy2019-hdd-price-per-terabyte-30-usd); on the restated basis the fall from FY2018 ($31) to FY2025 ($14) is 55%. The FY2026 10-K no longer reports the metric. An average across all of Seagate's drives, not a shelf price.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2025-hdd-price-per-terabyte-14-usd",
      "citation_text": "Seagate took **$14** of revenue per terabyte of hard-drive capacity it shipped in fiscal 2025, the last year it reported the measure (Seagate Form 10-K, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 (ended 27 June 2025)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778925000157/stx-20250627.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2025-hdd-price-per-terabyte-14-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-10k-fy2010-hdd-units-shipped-194-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital shipped 194 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2010, up from 146 million in fiscal 2009 (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2010).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 194,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Western Digital in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "194 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2010",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Western Digital worldwide in its fiscal year (includes HGST from March 2012)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2010 (ended 2 July 2010)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000095012310077390/a56460e10vk.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2010-08-13",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total hard drive shipments increased to 194 million units as compared to 146 million units for the prior year.",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Net Revenue' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wdc-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Western Digital's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K). Same section: 80 million mobile (notebook) drives in fiscal 2010 against 55 million in fiscal 2009.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2010-hdd-units-shipped-194-million",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital shipped 194 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2010, up from 146 million in fiscal 2009 (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2010). Source: Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2010 (ended 2 July 2010)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000095012310077390/a56460e10vk.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2010-hdd-units-shipped-194-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-10k-fy2013-hdd-units-shipped-242-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital shipped 242 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2013, its first full year with HGST, up from 202 million in fiscal 2012 (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 242,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Western Digital in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "242 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2013",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Western Digital worldwide in its fiscal year (includes HGST from March 2012)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2013 (ended 28 June 2013)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000119312513338607/d547947d10k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-08-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total hard drive shipments in 2013 increased to 242 million units as compared to 202 million units for the prior year. ... 2012 decreased to 202 million units as compared to 207 million units",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Net Revenue' paragraphs for 2013 and 2012; table 'Unit Shipments' (Total units shipped 242 / 202 / 207)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wdc-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Western Digital's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K). WD completed the HGST (Hitachi Global Storage Technologies) acquisition on 8 March 2012.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2013-hdd-units-shipped-242-million",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital shipped 242 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2013, its first full year with HGST, up from 202 million in fiscal 2012 (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2013). Source: Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2013 (ended 28 June 2013)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000119312513338607/d547947d10k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2013-hdd-units-shipped-242-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-10k-fy2016-hdd-units-shipped-185-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital shipped 185 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2016, down from 229 million in fiscal 2015 and 249 million in fiscal 2014 (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 185,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped by Western Digital in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "185 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2016",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Western Digital worldwide in its fiscal year (includes HGST from March 2012)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2016 (ended 1 July 2016)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000010604016000033/wdc-7116x10k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-08-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "on HDD shipments of 185 million units, as compared to $14.6 billion on shipments of 229 million units in 2015 ... Total HDD shipments in 2015 decreased to 229 million units as compared to 249 million units",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), overview and 'Net Revenue' paragraphs; table 'Unit Shipments' (Total units shipped 185 / 229 / 249)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wdc-hdd-units-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Western Digital's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K). WD's last 10-K reporting HDD units; it bought SanDisk (flash) in May 2016 and later 10-Ks report exabytes.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2016-hdd-units-shipped-185-million",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital shipped 185 million hard drives in its fiscal year 2016, down from 229 million in fiscal 2015 and 249 million in fiscal 2014 (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2016). Source: Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2016 (ended 1 July 2016)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000010604016000033/wdc-7116x10k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2016-hdd-units-shipped-185-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-10k-fy2025-hdd-exabytes-shipped-696eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital shipped 696 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2025, up from 443 in fiscal 2024 and 412 in fiscal 2023 (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 696,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped by Western Digital in the fiscal year",
      "display_value": "696 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2025",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Western Digital worldwide in its fiscal year (includes HGST from March 2012)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 (ended 27 June 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000010604025000038/wdc-20250627.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Exabytes shipped | 696 | 443 | 412",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), table of disaggregated revenue (2025, 2024, 2023), last row",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "wdc-hdd-exabytes-fiscal",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Western Digital's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K). Hard drives only: the flash business was separated as Sandisk in February 2025 and is reported as discontinued operations. Cloud (data-centre) revenue was $8,341 million of $9,520 million (88%).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2025-hdd-exabytes-shipped-696eb",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital shipped 696 exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2025, up from 443 in fiscal 2024 and 412 in fiscal 2023 (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2025). Source: Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 (ended 27 June 2025)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000010604025000038/wdc-20250627.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2025-hdd-exabytes-shipped-696eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-10k-fy2026-hdd-exabytes-sold-up-25pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital sold 25% more exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2026 than in fiscal 2025, with cloud customers taking 89% of its revenue (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 25,
      "unit": "% change in HDD exabytes sold by Western Digital, fiscal 2026 against fiscal 2025",
      "display_value": "+25%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2026",
      "population": "Hard disk drives shipped by Western Digital worldwide in its fiscal year (includes HGST from March 2012)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2026 (ended 3 July 2026)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000162828026057139/wdc-20260703.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Net revenue increased by 36% in 2026 compared to 2025, primarily driven by a 25% increase in exabytes sold and an 8% increase in ASPs per exabyte ... Cloud revenue, representing 89% of total net revenue",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), 'Net Revenue' paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Western Digital's fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest 30 June. Company filing (Form 10-K). The FY2026 10-K gives the change, not the exabyte total (25% on 696 EB would be about 870 EB; not stated by WD).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2026-hdd-exabytes-sold-up-25pct",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital sold 25% more exabytes of hard-drive capacity in its fiscal year 2026 than in fiscal 2025, with cloud customers taking 89% of its revenue (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2026). Source: Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2026 (ended 3 July 2026)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000162828026057139/wdc-20260703.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2026-hdd-exabytes-sold-up-25pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-units-2020-333-million-outsold-hdds",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "333 million SSDs were shipped worldwide in 2020 against 260 million hard drives, the first year SSDs outsold HDDs (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021).",
      "short_statement": "**333 million** SSDs shipped in 2020 against 260 million hard drives, the first year SSDs outsold them.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 333.12,
      "unit": "million solid-state drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "333 million",
      "display_label": "TRENDFOCUS via StorageNewsletter, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Solid-state drives of all kinds (client, enterprise, channel) shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "333 Million SSDs Shipped in 2020 Corresponding to 207EB",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/15/333-million-ssds-shipped-in-2020-corresponding-to-207eb/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In 2020 were shipped 28% more SSDs than HDDs but for 5 times less total capacity ... SSDs 333.120 +20.8% 207.39 +50.4% HDDs 259.810 -18% 1.018.32 +13%",
      "locator": "'Comments' and table '2020 Market for HDD and SSDs' (units in million, Y/Y, exabytes, Y/Y; source Trendfocus)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "ssd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS NAND/SSD Information Service is a paid subscription; the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it. TRENDFOCUS counts all SSDs (client, enterprise, channel). 'First year SSDs outsold HDDs' is how the trade press (TechSpot, HEXUS, KitGuru, PC Gamer, February 2021) reported these TRENDFOCUS figures; the abstract itself says 28% more SSDs than HDDs. 2019 implied: 333.12 / 1.208 = about 276 million SSDs against about 318 million HDDs.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-units-2020-333-million-outsold-hdds",
      "citation_text": "333 million SSDs were shipped worldwide in 2020 against 260 million hard drives, the first year SSDs outsold HDDs (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"333 Million SSDs Shipped in 2020 Corresponding to 207EB\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/15/333-million-ssds-shipped-in-2020-corresponding-to-207eb/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-units-2020-333-million-outsold-hdds."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-exabytes-2020-207eb-vs-hdd-1018eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "207 exabytes of SSD capacity were shipped worldwide in 2020, about a fifth of the 1,018 exabytes shipped on hard drives (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 207.39,
      "unit": "exabytes of SSD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "207 EB",
      "display_label": "TRENDFOCUS via StorageNewsletter, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Total capacity of SSDs and of HDDs shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "333 Million SSDs Shipped in 2020 Corresponding to 207EB",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/15/333-million-ssds-shipped-in-2020-corresponding-to-207eb/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSDs 333.120 +20.8% 207.39 +50.4% HDDs 259.810 -18% 1.018.32 +13%",
      "locator": "Table '2020 Market for HDD and SSDs' (units in million, Y/Y, exabytes, Y/Y)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "207.39 EB SSD / 1,018.32 EB HDD = 0.20 ('about a fifth')",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "ssd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS NAND/SSD Information Service is a paid subscription; the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it. TRENDFOCUS counts all SSDs (client, enterprise, channel). Ratio 1,018.32 / 207.39 = 4.9 (derived). The source prints the HDD exabytes as '1.018.32'. Average capacity 2020 (derived): SSD 207.39 EB / 333.12 million = 0.62 TB; HDD 1,018.32 / 259.81 = 3.9 TB.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-exabytes-2020-207eb-vs-hdd-1018eb",
      "citation_text": "207 exabytes of SSD capacity were shipped worldwide in 2020, about a fifth of the 1,018 exabytes shipped on hard drives (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"333 Million SSDs Shipped in 2020 Corresponding to 207EB\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/15/333-million-ssds-shipped-in-2020-corresponding-to-207eb/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-exabytes-2020-207eb-vs-hdd-1018eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2022-02-ssd-units-2021-373-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "373 million SSDs were shipped worldwide in 2021, up 12% from 2020, against 259 million hard drives (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 373.3,
      "unit": "million solid-state drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "373 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2021",
      "population": "Solid-state drives of all kinds (client, enterprise, channel) shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "SSD Shipments Grow 12% to 373 Million Units in 2021 Despite Component Shortages",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=244783",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CQ4'21 SSD Unit Shipments Up 11% to 91.9 Million; 2021 SSD Grow to 373.3 Million Units, Total NAND for Year Reaches 597.8EB",
      "locator": "Executive-summary headline (abstract of TRENDFOCUS NAND/SSD Information Service CQ4 '21 Quarterly Update, 18 February 2022)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "ssd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS NAND/SSD Information Service is a paid subscription; the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it. TRENDFOCUS counts all SSDs (client, enterprise, channel). 597.8 EB is all NAND flash shipped in 2021 (phones, cards and other uses included), not SSD capacity alone; SSD exabytes for 2021 are not in the abstract. HDD figure: trendfocus-2022-02-hdd-units-2021-259-million.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2022-02-ssd-units-2021-373-million",
      "citation_text": "373 million SSDs were shipped worldwide in 2021, up 12% from 2020, against 259 million hard drives (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2022). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"SSD Shipments Grow 12% to 373 Million Units in 2021 Despite Component Shortages\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=244783). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2022-02-ssd-units-2021-373-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2023-02-ssd-units-2022-333-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "333 million SSDs were shipped worldwide in 2022, down 11% from 2021 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 333,
      "unit": "million solid-state drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "333 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Solid-state drives of all kinds (client, enterprise, channel) shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "SSD Units Fall 11% Y/Y to 333 Million in 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=259185",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-02-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "CQ4'22 SSD units inch up 1% to 76 million; 2022 SSD units fall 11% Y/Y to 333 million",
      "locator": "Executive-summary headline (abstract of TRENDFOCUS NAND/SSD Information Service CQ4 '22 Quarterly Update, 17 February 2023)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "ssd-units-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS NAND/SSD Information Service is a paid subscription; the figure is recorded from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of it. TRENDFOCUS counts all SSDs (client, enterprise, channel). Same abstract: '2022 NAND bit shipments ride just 5% to 625EB' (all NAND, not SSDs alone). TrendForce, counting differently, put 2022 SSD shipments at 114 million units (down 10.7%); not comparable.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2023-02-ssd-units-2022-333-million",
      "citation_text": "333 million SSDs were shipped worldwide in 2022, down 11% from 2021 (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2023). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"SSD Units Fall 11% Y/Y to 333 Million in 2022\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=259185). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2023-02-ssd-units-2022-333-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2016-08-notebook-ssd-adoption-2q16-32-33pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "**32-33%** of the notebooks shipped worldwide in the second quarter of 2016 came with an SSD rather than a hard drive (TrendForce, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 32.5,
      "unit": "% of notebook PCs shipped with an SSD (SSD adoption rate, range midpoint)",
      "display_value": "32-33%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2016-Q2",
      "population": "Notebook (laptop) PCs shipped worldwide that come with an SSD rather than a hard drive, TrendForce/DRAMeXchange estimate",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange)",
      "source_title": "TrendForce Anticipates SSD Adoption Rate in Global Notebook Market to Reach 50% in 2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20160829-9502.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-08-29",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "DRAMeXchange's data shows the SSD adoption rate in the notebook market for the second quarter was 32~33%.",
      "locator": "Fourth paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-notebook-ssd-adoption",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange is its memory division) is a Taiwanese market-research firm; this is its own press release. The May 2016 release put 1Q16 at 'around 28~29%' (trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20160527-9398.html, saved as trendforce-2016-05-notebook-ssd.txt).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2016-08-notebook-ssd-adoption-2q16-32-33pct",
      "citation_text": "**32-33%** of the notebooks shipped worldwide in the second quarter of 2016 came with an SSD rather than a hard drive (TrendForce, 2016). Source: TrendForce (DRAMeXchange), \"TrendForce Anticipates SSD Adoption Rate in Global Notebook Market to Reach 50% in 2018\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20160829-9502.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2016-08-notebook-ssd-adoption-2q16-32-33pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2018-03-notebook-ssd-adoption-2017-45pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "45% of the notebooks shipped worldwide in 2017 came with an SSD, below expectations because SSD prices rose (TrendForce, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 45,
      "unit": "% of notebook PCs shipped with an SSD (average SSD adoption rate in the year)",
      "display_value": "45%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2017",
      "population": "Notebook (laptop) PCs shipped worldwide that come with an SSD rather than a hard drive, TrendForce/DRAMeXchange estimate",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange)",
      "source_title": "SSD Price Drop Will Drive the Adoption Rate of SSD in Notebooks to 50%, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20180312-9968.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-03-12",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the average adoption rate of SSD in notebooks was only 45% in 2017, lower than original expectation",
      "locator": "First paragraph, quote of Alan Chen, research director at DRAMeXchange",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-notebook-ssd-adoption",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange is its memory division) is a Taiwanese market-research firm; this is its own press release. Same release: PCIe SSDs were 30% of notebook SSDs in 2017.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2018-03-notebook-ssd-adoption-2017-45pct",
      "citation_text": "45% of the notebooks shipped worldwide in 2017 came with an SSD, below expectations because SSD prices rose (TrendForce, 2018). Source: TrendForce (DRAMeXchange), \"SSD Price Drop Will Drive the Adoption Rate of SSD in Notebooks to 50%, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20180312-9968.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2018-03-notebook-ssd-adoption-2017-45pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2019-05-notebook-ssd-adoption-2018-above-50pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "More than half of the notebooks shipped worldwide in 2018 came with an SSD, and TrendForce expected 60-65% in 2019 (TrendForce, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "% of notebook PCs shipped with an SSD (threshold passed: 'above 50%')",
      "display_value": "over 50%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Notebook (laptop) PCs shipped worldwide that come with an SSD rather than a hard drive, TrendForce/DRAMeXchange estimate",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange)",
      "source_title": "512GB SSDs' Price-per-GB Estimated to Fall Below US$0.1 and Hit an All-time Low This Year End, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20190508-10128.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-05-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSD adoption among notebooks had already come above the 50% threshold in 2018. ... replace their 500GB and 1TB HDDs. SSD adoption rate is expected to land between 60 and 65% in 2019.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-notebook-ssd-adoption",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange is its memory division) is a Taiwanese market-research firm; this is its own press release. Value 50 is the threshold, not a point estimate. Same release: contract prices for 512GB and 1TB SSDs could fall below US$0.10 per GB by the end of 2019.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2019-05-notebook-ssd-adoption-2018-above-50pct",
      "citation_text": "More than half of the notebooks shipped worldwide in 2018 came with an SSD, and TrendForce expected 60-65% in 2019 (TrendForce, 2019). Source: TrendForce (DRAMeXchange), \"512GB SSDs' Price-per-GB Estimated to Fall Below US$0.1 and Hit an All-time Low This Year End, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20190508-10128.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2019-05-notebook-ssd-adoption-2018-above-50pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2022-12-notebook-ssd-attach-2022-92pct-2023-96pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "92% of the notebooks shipped worldwide in 2022 were expected to come with an SSD, and about 96% in 2023 (TrendForce projection, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 92,
      "unit": "% of notebook PCs shipped with a client SSD (attach rate, projection)",
      "display_value": "92%",
      "display_label": "TrendForce, 2022",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Notebook (laptop) PCs shipped worldwide that come with an SSD rather than a hard drive, TrendForce/DRAMeXchange estimate",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange)",
      "source_title": "YoY Growth of NAND Flash Demand Bits Will Stay Under 30% from 2022 to 2025 as Demand Slows for PC Client SSDs, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20221227-11515.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-12-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "TrendForce currently projects that the attach rate of client SSDs among notebook computers will reach 92% in 2022 and around 96% in 2023.",
      "locator": "First paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-notebook-ssd-adoption",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange is its memory division) is a Taiwanese market-research firm; this is its own press release. Projections made in late December 2022. Same release: 'quotes for 512GB SSDs are also near the level for HDDs with the same capacity', and the average client SSD passed 500GB in 2022.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2022-12-notebook-ssd-attach-2022-92pct-2023-96pct",
      "citation_text": "92% of the notebooks shipped worldwide in 2022 were expected to come with an SSD, and about 96% in 2023 (TrendForce projection, 2022). Source: TrendForce (DRAMeXchange), \"YoY Growth of NAND Flash Demand Bits Will Stay Under 30% from 2022 to 2025 as Demand Slows for PC Client SSDs, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20221227-11515.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2022-12-notebook-ssd-attach-2022-92pct-2023-96pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2022-12-512gb-ssd-quotes-near-hdd-price",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "512GB laptop SSDs were quoted **near the price** of 512GB hard drives by the end of 2022, and the average client SSD held more than 500GB (TrendForce, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": null,
      "unit": "price comparison, 512GB client SSD against 512GB HDD (qualitative)",
      "display_value": "near parity",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Contract quotes to PC makers for client SSDs and HDDs of the same capacity, TrendForce",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange)",
      "source_title": "YoY Growth of NAND Flash Demand Bits Will Stay Under 30% from 2022 to 2025 as Demand Slows for PC Client SSDs, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20221227-11515.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-12-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The average NAND Flash content of client SSDs has already surpassed 500GB this year. ... In fact, quotes for 512GB SSDs are also near the level for HDDs with the same capacity.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange is its memory division) is a Taiwanese market-research firm; this is its own press release. Contract (PC-maker) quotes at small capacities; at multi-terabyte capacities hard drives remained far cheaper per terabyte.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2022-12-512gb-ssd-quotes-near-hdd-price",
      "citation_text": "512GB laptop SSDs were quoted **near the price** of 512GB hard drives by the end of 2022, and the average client SSD held more than 500GB (TrendForce, 2022). Source: TrendForce (DRAMeXchange), \"YoY Growth of NAND Flash Demand Bits Will Stay Under 30% from 2022 to 2025 as Demand Slows for PC Client SSDs, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20221227-11515.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2022-12-512gb-ssd-quotes-near-hdd-price."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2025-11-notebook-ssd-attach-100pct-channel-ssd-2024-101-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Close to 100% of new notebooks ship with an SSD (TrendForce: attach rates 'reaching 100%'), and 101 million SSDs were sold through retail and distribution channels in 2024, down 14% (TrendForce, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 100,
      "unit": "% of notebook PCs shipped with an SSD (attach rate)",
      "display_value": "100%",
      "display_label": "TrendForce, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Notebook (laptop) PCs shipped worldwide that come with an SSD rather than a hard drive, TrendForce/DRAMeXchange estimate; channel SSDs = SSDs sold by module makers through retail and distribution, not built into new PCs",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange)",
      "source_title": "Global Channel SSD Shipments Fall 14% in 2024; Market Becomes More Consolidated, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20251107-12774.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-11-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "retail SSD sales face challenges due to ongoing weak consumer electronics demand and notebook SSD attach rates reaching 100%. ... Channel SSD shipments for 2024 are projected at 101 million units, reflecting a 14% YoY decrease.",
      "locator": "First paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-notebook-ssd-adoption",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange is its memory division) is a Taiwanese market-research firm; this is its own press release. 'Reaching 100%' is TrendForce's wording, not a measured 100.0%. Kingston led channel SSD shipments in 2024 (36% per Kingston's release quoting TrendForce, not fetched).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-11-notebook-ssd-attach-100pct-channel-ssd-2024-101-million",
      "citation_text": "Close to 100% of new notebooks ship with an SSD (TrendForce: attach rates 'reaching 100%'), and 101 million SSDs were sold through retail and distribution channels in 2024, down 14% (TrendForce, 2025). Source: TrendForce (DRAMeXchange), \"Global Channel SSD Shipments Fall 14% in 2024; Market Becomes More Consolidated, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20251107-12774.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-11-notebook-ssd-attach-100pct-channel-ssd-2024-101-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2016-05-128gb-ssd-cheaper-than-500gb-hdd-forecast",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "TrendForce forecast in 2016 that 128GB SSDs would cost less than 500GB hard drives by the end of that year, and that 256GB SSDs would cost less than **$5** more than 1TB hard drives (TrendForce, 2016).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "US$ forecast price gap, 256GB SSD against 1TB HDD",
      "display_value": "under $5",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Prices of client SSDs and HDDs offered to notebook makers, TrendForce forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange)",
      "source_title": "SSD Adoption in Notebooks May Hit 40% by Year's End Due to Maturation of TLC Products and Rising HDD Prices, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20160527-9398.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2016-05-27",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Chen forecasts that the prices of 128GB SSDs will be lower than those of 500GB HDDs, while the price difference between 256GB SSDs and 1TB HDDs will be less than US$5.",
      "locator": "First paragraph (Alan Chen, DRAMeXchange senior manager)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (DRAMeXchange is its memory division) is a Taiwanese market-research firm; this is its own press release. A forecast, about the low capacities that went into notebooks; HDD makers were raising prices at the time ('HDD suppliers will continue to raise product prices').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2016-05-128gb-ssd-cheaper-than-500gb-hdd-forecast",
      "citation_text": "TrendForce forecast in 2016 that 128GB SSDs would cost less than 500GB hard drives by the end of that year, and that 256GB SSDs would cost less than **$5** more than 1TB hard drives (TrendForce, 2016). Source: TrendForce (DRAMeXchange), \"SSD Adoption in Notebooks May Hit 40% by Year's End Due to Maturation of TLC Products and Rising HDD Prices, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20160527-9398.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2016-05-128gb-ssd-cheaper-than-500gb-hdd-forecast."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2026-02-hdd-units-2025-124-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "124.3 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2025, up 0.4% from 2024, about a fifth of the 651 million of 2010 (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": "**124.3 million** hard drives shipped worldwide in 2025, about a fifth of the 651 million of 2010 (Coughlin Associates, 2026).",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 124.3,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "124 million",
      "display_label": "Coughlin Associates estimate, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds shipped worldwide by Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total HDD unit shipments in 2025 are estimated at 124.3M, up 0.4% from the prior year.",
      "locator": "Third paragraph; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "124.3 million (2025, Coughlin) / 651.32 million (2010, StorageNewsletter compilation) = 19% ('about a fifth')",
      "headline": true,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual-coughlin",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. Seagate and Western Digital no longer report unit shipments, so unit figures from 2021 on are analyst estimates. Implied 2024: 124.3 / 1.004 = about 123.8 million. 124.3 / 651.32 = 19% of the 2010 peak (StorageNewsletter compilation; different analyst, so the ratio is indicative).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-hdd-units-2025-124-million",
      "citation_text": "124.3 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2025, up 0.4% from 2024, about a fifth of the 651 million of 2010 (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-hdd-units-2025-124-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2026-02-nearline-hdd-units-2025-80-8-million-65pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "80.8 million of the hard drives shipped worldwide in 2025 were nearline drives for data centres, about two in three of all hard drives shipped, up 13.6% in a year (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 80.8,
      "unit": "million nearline (capacity enterprise, data-centre) HDDs shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "80.8 million",
      "display_label": "Coughlin Associates estimate, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds shipped worldwide by Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Estimated nearline HDD shipments were 80.8M, up 13.6% from the prior year.",
      "locator": "Third paragraph; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "80.8 million nearline / 124.3 million total HDDs = 65% ('about two in three')",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. Seagate and Western Digital no longer report unit shipments, so unit figures from 2021 on are analyst estimates. Share derived: 80.8 / 124.3 = 65%. For comparison, TRENDFOCUS counted 41.00 million nearline drives of 424.07 million in 2016 (9.7%).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-nearline-hdd-units-2025-80-8-million-65pct",
      "citation_text": "80.8 million of the hard drives shipped worldwide in 2025 were nearline drives for data centres, about two in three of all hard drives shipped, up 13.6% in a year (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-nearline-hdd-units-2025-80-8-million-65pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2026-02-hdd-exabytes-2025-1621eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "1,621 exabytes (1.6 zettabytes) of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2025, up 22% from 2024 (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1620.95,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "1.62 ZB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Total capacity of all hard disk drives shipped worldwide, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total exabyte shipments for the year were 1,620.95EB (1.61ZB), up 22% from the prior year.",
      "locator": "Third paragraph; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. Seagate and Western Digital no longer report unit shipments, so unit figures from 2021 on are analyst estimates. The column prints 1.61ZB for 1,620.95EB (1.62 ZB). Average capacity per drive derived: 1,620.95 EB / 124.3 million = about 13 TB (TRENDFOCUS 2017: 1.7 TB). Company totals in the same column (Seagate 678.1 EB, Western Digital 761 EB, Toshiba 51.86 EB) sum to about 1,491 EB, not 1,621; the Toshiba figure looks mistyped.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-hdd-exabytes-2025-1621eb",
      "citation_text": "1,621 exabytes (1.6 zettabytes) of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2025, up 22% from 2024 (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-hdd-exabytes-2025-1621eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2026-02-hdd-unit-share-2025-wdc-42pct-seagate-41pct-toshiba-17pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital shipped 42.3% of the world's hard drives in 2025, Seagate 40.8% and Toshiba 17% (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 42.3,
      "unit": "% of worldwide HDD units shipped (Western Digital)",
      "display_value": "42.3%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds shipped worldwide by Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Unit shipment market share estimates are 42.3% for WDC, 40.8% for Seagate and 17% for Toshiba.",
      "locator": "Paragraph under the '2025 Exabyte and Revenue market share' chart; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-vendor-unit-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. Seagate and Western Digital no longer report unit shipments, so unit figures from 2021 on are analyst estimates. Same column, company estimates for 2025: Western Digital 52.6 million HDDs and 761 EB; Seagate 50.6 million and 678.1 EB; Toshiba 21.1 million. Only three companies make hard drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-hdd-unit-share-2025-wdc-42pct-seagate-41pct-toshiba-17pct",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital shipped 42.3% of the world's hard drives in 2025, Seagate 40.8% and Toshiba 17% (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-hdd-unit-share-2025-wdc-42pct-seagate-41pct-toshiba-17pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2026-02-hdd-average-selling-price-cq4-2025-about-200-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "About **$195 to $207** was the average selling price of a hard drive from Seagate and Western Digital in the last quarter of 2025, with industry prices about 25% above their 1998 level because data-centre drives dominate (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 195.28,
      "unit": "US$ estimated average selling price per HDD, Seagate, fourth calendar quarter 2025 (Western Digital about $206.8)",
      "display_value": "about $200",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025-Q4",
      "population": "Hard drives sold by Seagate and Western Digital, Coughlin Associates estimates of average selling price",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-02",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The company shipped about 14M units in the quarter with an ASP I estimate at $195.28. ... HDD ASPs are now at levels about 25% higher than seen at the end of 1998",
      "locator": "Seagate paragraph and ASP paragraph; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. Seagate and Western Digital no longer report unit shipments, so unit figures from 2021 on are analyst estimates. Same column: 'we estimate that their HDD ASP was about $206.8' (Western Digital). An average across data-centre and client drives, not a shelf price. Seagate's average capacity per drive shipped was an estimated 14.0 TB in the quarter.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-hdd-average-selling-price-cq4-2025-about-200-usd",
      "citation_text": "About **$195 to $207** was the average selling price of a hard drive from Seagate and Western Digital in the last quarter of 2025, with industry prices about 25% above their 1998 level because data-centre drives dominate (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2026). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"C4Q 2025 And 2025 Hard Disk Drive Industry Update\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20260203025444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2026/02/02/c4q-2025-and-2025-hard-disk-drive-industry-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2026-02-hdd-average-selling-price-cq4-2025-about-200-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2024-01-hdd-units-2022-172-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "172 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2022, for $20.4 billion of revenue (Coughlin Associates figures quoted by Tom's Hardware, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 172,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "172 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds shipped worldwide by Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Tom's Hardware (quoting Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates)",
      "source_title": "Worldwide HDD revenue charted from 1957 to the present - AI boom expected to halt decline this year",
      "source_url": "https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/storage/worldwide-hdd-revenue-charted-from-1957-to-the-present-ai-boom-expected-to-halt-decline-this-year",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-01-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "“In 2022 HDD total shipments were 172 million units and $20.4 billion,” Coughlin notes. “We estimate that unit shipments in 2023 will total about 127 million units with total revenues less than $14 billion.”",
      "locator": "Paragraph after the revenue and units charts (charts by Tom Gardner with Tom Coughlin)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual-coughlin",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. Seagate and Western Digital no longer report unit shipments, so unit figures from 2021 on are analyst estimates. Coughlin's original is his Forbes column of 2 January 2024 ('Hard Disk Drive Revenue History From 1957 To Today'); Forbes blocks automated fetches and the Wayback capture returned an error, so the quote is recorded from Tom's Hardware. His February 2023 Forbes column put the 2022 fall at 33.4% in units. 2023 'about 127 million' was a forecast; 2024 (123.9 million, +1.6%, coughlin-2025-03-hdd-units-2024-123-9-million-first-rise-since-2014) implies about 122 million in 2023.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2024-01-hdd-units-2022-172-million",
      "citation_text": "172 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2022, for $20.4 billion of revenue (Coughlin Associates figures quoted by Tom's Hardware, 2024). Source: Tom's Hardware (quoting Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates), \"Worldwide HDD revenue charted from 1957 to the present - AI boom expected to halt decline this year\" (https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/storage/worldwide-hdd-revenue-charted-from-1957-to-the-present-ai-boom-expected-to-halt-decline-this-year). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2024-01-hdd-units-2022-172-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2024-01-hdd-revenue-peak-2012-units-peak-2010",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "2012 was the peak year for hard-drive industry revenue and 2010 for unit shipments, a gap Tom's Hardware ties to the 2011 Thailand floods that caused drive shortages (Coughlin Associates figures quoted by Tom's Hardware, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 2012,
      "unit": "year of peak HDD industry revenue",
      "display_value": "2012",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "1957-2023",
      "population": "Worldwide HDD industry revenue and unit shipments, Coughlin Associates and Tom Gardner charts",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Tom's Hardware (quoting Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates)",
      "source_title": "Worldwide HDD revenue charted from 1957 to the present - AI boom expected to halt decline this year",
      "source_url": "https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/storage/worldwide-hdd-revenue-charted-from-1957-to-the-present-ai-boom-expected-to-halt-decline-this-year",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-01-19",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Both charts clearly show peak revenue for the HDD industry was reached in 2012. Coughlin notes that peak shipment volumes for HDDs were seen in 2010. ... the Thai floods in 2011, which caused HDD shortages",
      "locator": "Paragraph under the two charts",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. Seagate and Western Digital no longer report unit shipments, so unit figures from 2021 on are analyst estimates. The link to the Thai floods is the Tom's Hardware writer's explanation, not Coughlin's. Same article: Coughlin says 'HDD prices have been generally increasing' as SSDs displaced HDDs in low-capacity devices.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2024-01-hdd-revenue-peak-2012-units-peak-2010",
      "citation_text": "2012 was the peak year for hard-drive industry revenue and 2010 for unit shipments, a gap Tom's Hardware ties to the 2011 Thailand floods that caused drive shortages (Coughlin Associates figures quoted by Tom's Hardware, 2024). Source: Tom's Hardware (quoting Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates), \"Worldwide HDD revenue charted from 1957 to the present - AI boom expected to halt decline this year\" (https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/storage/worldwide-hdd-revenue-charted-from-1957-to-the-present-ai-boom-expected-to-halt-decline-this-year). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2024-01-hdd-revenue-peak-2012-units-peak-2010."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2023-02-hdd-units-2022-down-33pct-capacity-down-15pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "33.4% fewer hard drives and 14.5% less hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2022 than in 2021, with the biggest drop in data-centre (nearline) drives (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2023).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": -33.4,
      "unit": "% change in worldwide HDD units shipped, 2022 against 2021",
      "display_value": "-33.4%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds shipped worldwide by Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "HDDs Down In 2022 But Expected Recovery Starting In 2023",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240803103737/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2023/02/08/hdds-down-in-2022-but-expected-recovery-starting-in-2023/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2023-02-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Overall HDD unit and shipped storage capacity were 33.4% and 14.5% in 2022 compared to 2021, with the biggest drop in nearline HDD demand.",
      "locator": "Concluding paragraph; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20240803103737/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2023/02/08/hdds-down-in-2022-but-expected-recovery-starting-in-2023/",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. Seagate and Western Digital no longer report unit shipments, so unit figures from 2021 on are analyst estimates. The sentence omits the word 'down'; the column's headline and context make the direction clear. 259 million (2021) less 33.4% is about 172 million, consistent with Coughlin's 172 million. Tom's Hardware's 'HDD Shipments Almost Halved in 2022' (16 January 2023, raw/storage-market/toms-2023-02-hdd-shipments-halved-2022.txt) restated TRENDFOCUS's fourth-quarter year-on-year falls (Seagate -43.7%, industry -42.5%, about 35-36 million units) as if they were full-year figures.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2023-02-hdd-units-2022-down-33pct-capacity-down-15pct",
      "citation_text": "33.4% fewer hard drives and 14.5% less hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2022 than in 2021, with the biggest drop in data-centre (nearline) drives (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2023). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"HDDs Down In 2022 But Expected Recovery Starting In 2023\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20240803103737/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2023/02/08/hdds-down-in-2022-but-expected-recovery-starting-in-2023/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2023-02-hdd-units-2022-down-33pct-capacity-down-15pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "storagenewsletter-2011-09-hdd-capacity-milestones-1956-5mb-to-2011-4tb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "The largest hard drive grew from 5 MB (IBM's 350 RAMAC, 1956) to 1 TB (Hitachi, 2007) and **4 TB** (Seagate, 2011), by first shipment of each capacity (StorageNewsletter and Disk/Trend milestones table, 2011).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 4,
      "unit": "TB, capacity of the largest hard drive first shipped in 2011 (milestones table)",
      "display_value": "5 MB to 4 TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "1956-2011",
      "population": "First hard drive shipped at or above each capacity milestone, any maker (Disk/Trend and StorageNewsletter table; year of first shipment, not announcement)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (table compiled from Disk/Trend)",
      "source_title": "4TB HDD - Record in Industry - by Seagate",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2011/09/08/seagate-4tb-goflex/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2011-09-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "5MB IBM 350 Ramac 1956 ... 1TB HGST 7K1000 2007 ... 2TB WD Caviar Green WD20EADS 2009 ... 3TB Seagate External GoFlex Desk 2010 ... 4TB Seagate External GoFlex Desk 2011",
      "locator": "Table 'MILESTONES IN THE HARD DISK DRIVE INDUSTRY' in the 'Comments' section (footnote: year of actual first shipment, not date of announcement)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-largest-capacity-milestones",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Series values in GB (the CSV header says so). Table rows: 5MB IBM 350 Ramac 1956; 10MB IBM 1301 1962; 100MB IBM 2302-3 1965; 500MB STC 8800 Super Disk 1975; 1GB IBM 3380 1981; 100GB Seagate Barracuda 180 2001; 500GB HGST 7K500 2005; 1TB HGST 7K1000 2007; 1.5TB Seagate Barracuda 7200.11 2008; 2TB WD Caviar Green 2009; 3TB and 4TB Seagate external GoFlex Desk 2010 and 2011. URL resolves from storagenewsletter.com/?p=113586. The 1956 RAMAC held 5 million characters (often given as 5 MB). StorageNewsletter's August 2013 version of the table (raw/storage-market/sn-2013-milestones-hdd-capacity.txt) differs in places: 4TB first in 2012 (Hitachi GST 7K4000, internal) rather than the 2011 external Seagate drive, and 90MB Bryant 4240 in 1961.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#storagenewsletter-2011-09-hdd-capacity-milestones-1956-5mb-to-2011-4tb",
      "citation_text": "The largest hard drive grew from 5 MB (IBM's 350 RAMAC, 1956) to 1 TB (Hitachi, 2007) and **4 TB** (Seagate, 2011), by first shipment of each capacity (StorageNewsletter and Disk/Trend milestones table, 2011). Source: StorageNewsletter (table compiled from Disk/Trend), \"4TB HDD - Record in Industry - by Seagate\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2011/09/08/seagate-4tb-goflex/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#storagenewsletter-2011-09-hdd-capacity-milestones-1956-5mb-to-2011-4tb."
    },
    {
      "id": "hitachi-2007-01-first-terabyte-hard-drive-399-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Hitachi announced the first **1-terabyte** hard drive, the Deskstar 7K1000, in January 2007 at a suggested retail price of $399 (Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, 2007).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1,
      "unit": "TB, capacity of the first terabyte hard drive",
      "display_value": "1 TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2007",
      "population": "Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000 3.5-inch desktop hard drive (retail), Hitachi's launch claim",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (press release)",
      "source_title": "Hitachi Shatters Capacity Record With World's First Terabyte Hard Drive",
      "source_url": "https://www.hitachi.com/en-us/press/archive/01052007/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2007-01-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Hitachi Global Storage Technologies today announced the industry's first terabyte (TB) hard drive. ... The 1TB capacity point will have a suggested retail price of $399 (USD).",
      "locator": "First paragraph and availability paragraph (CES 2007, Las Vegas)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-largest-capacity-launches",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's launch claim ('industry's first', 'highest capacity'), recorded as the maker's own statement. $399 for 1 TB = $0.40 per GB at launch (derived). Shipped to retail in Q1 2007; the release calls it 'a milestone that is 50 years in the making'. HGST was later bought by Western Digital (2012).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hitachi-2007-01-first-terabyte-hard-drive-399-usd",
      "citation_text": "Hitachi announced the first **1-terabyte** hard drive, the Deskstar 7K1000, in January 2007 at a suggested retail price of $399 (Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, 2007). Source: Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (press release), \"Hitachi Shatters Capacity Record With World's First Terabyte Hard Drive\" (https://www.hitachi.com/en-us/press/archive/01052007/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hitachi-2007-01-first-terabyte-hard-drive-399-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-2022-05-first-22tb-cmr-and-26tb-ultrasmr-hdds",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital began sampling the first 22TB conventional (CMR) and **26TB** shingled (UltraSMR) hard drives to cloud customers in May 2022, both with ten platters (Western Digital, 2022).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 26,
      "unit": "TB, capacity of the largest drive announced (UltraSMR)",
      "display_value": "22 TB and 26 TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2022",
      "population": "Western Digital Ultrastar DC HC570 (22TB CMR) and DC HC670 (26TB UltraSMR) data-centre drives, maker's launch claim",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital (press release)",
      "source_title": "Western Digital Unleashes New Era of Growth for Cloud Market With World's First 22TB CMR and 26TB UltraSMR HDDs",
      "source_url": "https://www.westerndigital.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2022-05-09-western-digital-unleashes-new-era-of-growth-for-cloud-market",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2022-05-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "today announced that it is sampling its new industry-leading 22TB 1 and 26TB UltraSMR HDDs to select hyperscale cloud customers",
      "locator": "First paragraph (the '1' is a footnote marker in the release)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-largest-capacity-launches",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's launch claim ('industry's first', 'highest capacity'), recorded as the maker's own statement. 22TB CMR on 2.2TB per platter, ten disks; 26TB UltraSMR at 2.6TB per platter. SMR (shingled) drives store more but rewrite slowly and are sold to data centres that manage them in software.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2022-05-first-22tb-cmr-and-26tb-ultrasmr-hdds",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital began sampling the first 22TB conventional (CMR) and **26TB** shingled (UltraSMR) hard drives to cloud customers in May 2022, both with ten platters (Western Digital, 2022). Source: Western Digital (press release), \"Western Digital Unleashes New Era of Growth for Cloud Market With World's First 22TB CMR and 26TB UltraSMR HDDs\" (https://www.westerndigital.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2022-05-09-western-digital-unleashes-new-era-of-growth-for-cloud-market). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-2022-05-first-22tb-cmr-and-26tb-ultrasmr-hdds."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2024-01-mozaic3-30tb-hamr-shipping-average-datacentre-drive-16tb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate began volume shipments of **30TB** hard drives using heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) in early 2024, when the average drive in large data centres held 16TB (Seagate, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "TB, capacity of the largest drive shipping in volume",
      "display_value": "30 TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Seagate Exos drives on the Mozaic 3+ (HAMR) platform shipped to hyperscale cloud customers, maker's launch claim",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (press release)",
      "source_title": "Seagate's Breakthrough 30TB+ Hard Drives Ramp Volume, Marking an Inflection Point in the Storage Industry",
      "source_url": "https://investors.seagate.com/news/news-details/2024/Seagates-Breakthrough-30TB-Hard-Drives-Ramp-Volume-Marking-an-Inflection-Point-in-the-Storage-Industry/default.aspx",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-01-17",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Exos 30TB+ products are shipping in volume this quarter to hyperscale cloud customers. ... Upgrading from a 16TB conventional perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) drive (the average capacity in large-scale data centers)",
      "locator": "Third and fourth paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-largest-capacity-launches",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's launch claim ('industry's first', 'highest capacity'), recorded as the maker's own statement. '16TB, the average capacity in large-scale data centers' is Seagate's statement, no source given. 3TB+ per platter; roadmap to 4TB+ and 5TB+ per platter.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2024-01-mozaic3-30tb-hamr-shipping-average-datacentre-drive-16tb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate began volume shipments of **30TB** hard drives using heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) in early 2024, when the average drive in large data centres held 16TB (Seagate, 2024). Source: Seagate Technology (press release), \"Seagate's Breakthrough 30TB+ Hard Drives Ramp Volume, Marking an Inflection Point in the Storage Industry\" (https://investors.seagate.com/news/news-details/2024/Seagates-Breakthrough-30TB-Hard-Drives-Ramp-Volume-Marking-an-Inflection-Point-in-the-Storage-Industry/default.aspx). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2024-01-mozaic3-30tb-hamr-shipping-average-datacentre-drive-16tb."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2025-01-exos-m-36tb-samples-32tb-volume",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate began shipping samples of **36TB** hard drives in January 2025, with 32TB drives ramping to volume, on ten platters of 3.6TB each (Seagate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 36,
      "unit": "TB, capacity of the largest drive sampled to customers",
      "display_value": "36 TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Seagate Exos M (Mozaic 3+, HAMR) data-centre drives, maker's launch claim",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (press release)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Introduces Hard Drive Capacities of Up to 36TB, Extending Its HAMR-Based Mozaic 3+ Technology Platform",
      "source_url": "https://investors.seagate.com/news/news-details/2025/Seagate-Introduces-Hard-Drive-Capacities-of-Up-to-36TB-Extending-Its-HAMR-Based-Mozaic-3-Technology-Platform/default.aspx",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-01-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "today announced shipments of Exos M hard drive samples to select customers in industry-leading capacities up to 36 terabytes (TB). ... Seagate is currently ramping Exos M to volume shipments on capacity points up to 32TB",
      "locator": "First paragraph and 'Adopted by Cloud Service Providers' paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-largest-capacity-launches",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's launch claim ('industry's first', 'highest capacity'), recorded as the maker's own statement. 'areal densities of 3.6TB per hard drive platter today, with a pathway to increasing per-platter capacity to 10TB'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-01-exos-m-36tb-samples-32tb-volume",
      "citation_text": "Seagate began shipping samples of **36TB** hard drives in January 2025, with 32TB drives ramping to volume, on ten platters of 3.6TB each (Seagate, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology (press release), \"Seagate Introduces Hard Drive Capacities of Up to 36TB, Extending Its HAMR-Based Mozaic 3+ Technology Platform\" (https://investors.seagate.com/news/news-details/2025/Seagate-Introduces-Hard-Drive-Capacities-of-Up-to-36TB-Extending-Its-HAMR-Based-Mozaic-3-Technology-Platform/default.aspx). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2025-01-exos-m-36tb-samples-32tb-volume."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-2026-03-mozaic4-44tb-shipping-path-to-100tb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Seagate's 44TB hard drives were shipping in volume to two hyperscale cloud providers by March 2026, the largest hard drives on the market, with a roadmap to 100TB (Seagate, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 44,
      "unit": "TB, capacity of the largest hard drive shipping in volume",
      "display_value": "44 TB",
      "display_label": "Seagate, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Seagate Mozaic 4+ (HAMR) data-centre drives shipped to two hyperscale cloud providers, maker's launch claim",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (press release)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Delivers Industry's Highest Capacity Hard Drives with Next-Generation Mozaic 4+",
      "source_url": "https://investors.seagate.com/news/news-details/2026/Seagate-Delivers-Industrys-Highest-Capacity-Hard-Drives-with-Next-Generation-Mozaic-4/default.aspx",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Seagate's Mozaic™ 4+ hard drives supporting capacities up to 44TB are now shipping in volume to two leading hyperscale cloud providers. ... enabling hard drive capacities of up to 100TB",
      "locator": "Availability paragraph and second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-largest-capacity-launches",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's launch claim ('industry's first', 'highest capacity'), recorded as the maker's own statement. Seagate's FY2026 10-K (4 August 2026): 'Our Data Center portfolio includes high-capacity HDDs of up to 44TB'. Western Digital's 40TB ePMR/UltraSMR drive was in qualification in February 2026 and reported (StorageReview, not fetched) as shipping in WD's quarter to 3 July 2026; WD's own release was not retrievable (BusinessWire blocks automated fetches). 44 TB is 44 times the first 1 TB drive of 2007.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-03-mozaic4-44tb-shipping-path-to-100tb",
      "citation_text": "Seagate's 44TB hard drives were shipping in volume to two hyperscale cloud providers by March 2026, the largest hard drives on the market, with a roadmap to 100TB (Seagate, 2026). Source: Seagate Technology (press release), \"Seagate Delivers Industry's Highest Capacity Hard Drives with Next-Generation Mozaic 4+\" (https://investors.seagate.com/news/news-details/2026/Seagate-Delivers-Industrys-Highest-Capacity-Hard-Drives-with-Next-Generation-Mozaic-4/default.aspx). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-2026-03-mozaic4-44tb-shipping-path-to-100tb."
    },
    {
      "id": "avast-2019-01-pc-trends-only-15pct-of-pcs-have-an-ssd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "85% of the consumer PCs in Avast's 2019 PC Trends data stored everything on a hard drive alone; 7.7% had only an SSD and 7.4% had both (Avast, 2019).",
      "short_statement": "**85%** of consumer PCs stored everything on a hard drive alone in a 2019 sample, the last such count.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 84.92,
      "unit": "% of consumer PCs with a hard disk drive only (no SSD)",
      "display_value": "85%",
      "display_label": "Avast PC Trends Report 2019, 163 million devices",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Windows desktop and laptop PCs running Avast or AVG security software (anonymized data from 163 million devices, data for 2018)",
      "sample_n": 163000000,
      "publisher": "Avast",
      "source_title": "Avast PC Trends Report 2019",
      "source_url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/486579/Avast_PC_Trends_Report_2019.pdf",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-01-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD 84.92% SSD 7.69% HDD & SSD 7.38% ... Just 7.7% of users own a PC or laptop with an SSD only. Another 7.4% have a combination",
      "locator": "Section C 'SSD vs. HDD', report page 15 (PDF page 16); methodology section D (163 million devices)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "avast-pcs-hdd-only-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Avast is a security-software vendor; the data are its own, collected from the PCs running its software (vendor data, not a random sample of all PCs). published_at is the date of Avast's press release for the report (BusinessWire, 22 January 2019; not fetched). The report forecasts SSD shipments overtaking HDDs 'by 2021', citing Statista (not a source we use); TRENDFOCUS counted more SSDs than HDDs shipped already in 2020. Same report: the average PC was about six years old.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#avast-2019-01-pc-trends-only-15pct-of-pcs-have-an-ssd",
      "citation_text": "85% of the consumer PCs in Avast's 2019 PC Trends data stored everything on a hard drive alone; 7.7% had only an SSD and 7.4% had both (Avast, 2019). Source: Avast, \"Avast PC Trends Report 2019\" (https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/486579/Avast_PC_Trends_Report_2019.pdf). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#avast-2019-01-pc-trends-only-15pct-of-pcs-have-an-ssd."
    },
    {
      "id": "avast-2017-12-pc-trends-86pct-of-pcs-hdd-only",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "85.9% of the PCs in Avast's 2017 PC Trends data had only a hard drive; 7.4% had an SSD and 6.7% a hybrid of SSD and hard drive (Avast, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 85.9,
      "unit": "% of consumer PCs with a hard disk drive only (no SSD)",
      "display_value": "85.9%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2017",
      "population": "Desktop PCs and laptops of Avast and AVG users (anonymous data from over 155 million desktop users, Q3 2017 PC Trends Report)",
      "sample_n": 155000000,
      "publisher": "Avast (blog)",
      "source_title": "PC Trends Report: Top 7 facts about PCs in 2017",
      "source_url": "https://blog.avast.com/pc-trends-report-top-7-facts-about-pcs-in-2017",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-12-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Out of the millions of users we were able to source, only 7.4% had an SSD, while another 6.7% had a hybrid combo of SSD+HDD in their system. The rest (85.9%) still have to deal with the lags",
      "locator": "Fact '#7 - SSD share surprisingly small: HDD still rules'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "avast-pcs-hdd-only-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Avast is a security-software vendor; the data are its own, collected from the PCs running its software (vendor data, not a random sample of all PCs). Same post: only 10% of PCs had been bought in 2015 or later and nearly 28% were more than eight years old.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#avast-2017-12-pc-trends-86pct-of-pcs-hdd-only",
      "citation_text": "85.9% of the PCs in Avast's 2017 PC Trends data had only a hard drive; 7.4% had an SSD and 6.7% a hybrid of SSD and hard drive (Avast, 2017). Source: Avast (blog), \"PC Trends Report: Top 7 facts about PCs in 2017\" (https://blog.avast.com/pc-trends-report-top-7-facts-about-pcs-in-2017). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#avast-2017-12-pc-trends-86pct-of-pcs-hdd-only."
    },
    {
      "id": "steam-2026-10-hwsurvey-total-drive-space-above-1tb-48-6pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "48.6% of the PCs in Steam's October 2026 hardware survey had more than 1 TB of total drive space, and 25.1% had 750 GB to 999 GB (Valve Steam Hardware and Software Survey, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 48.62,
      "unit": "% of surveyed Steam PCs with total drive space above 1 TB",
      "display_value": "48.6%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026-10",
      "population": "PCs of Steam users who took part in Valve's opt-in monthly survey (gaming PCs; Windows, macOS and Linux)",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Valve (Steam Hardware and Software Survey)",
      "source_title": "Steam Hardware & Software Survey: October 2026",
      "source_url": "https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey/",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-11-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total Hard Drive Space ... 250 GB to 499 GB 18.16% +2.30% 500 GB to 749 GB 2.40% +0.23% 750 GB to 999 GB 25.07% +2.36% Above 1 TB 48.62% -4.68%",
      "locator": "Section 'Total Hard Drive Space' (share, change on the previous month); survey page as served on 2026-11-04",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Valve's survey asks about total and free drive space only; it has no question on SSD against HDD, so it cannot say what kind of drive the average PC has. The 750-999 GB band is mostly 1 TB drives (formatted capacity reads below 1,000 GB). The month-on-month swings (-4.68 points) show sample variation. published_at approximate (the October survey is published at the start of November).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#steam-2026-10-hwsurvey-total-drive-space-above-1tb-48-6pct",
      "citation_text": "48.6% of the PCs in Steam's October 2026 hardware survey had more than 1 TB of total drive space, and 25.1% had 750 GB to 999 GB (Valve Steam Hardware and Software Survey, 2026). Source: Valve (Steam Hardware and Software Survey), \"Steam Hardware & Software Survey: October 2026\" (https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#steam-2026-10-hwsurvey-total-drive-space-above-1tb-48-6pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2025-idc-hard-drives-store-87pct-of-exabytes-in-large-data-centres",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "87% of the exabytes stored in large data centres sit on hard drives, by IDC's 2025 Cloud Infrastructure Index as quoted in Seagate's annual report (IDC via Seagate Form 10-K, 2025).",
      "short_statement": "**87%** of the data stored in large data centres sits on hard drives.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 87,
      "unit": "% of exabytes in large data-centre deployments stored on hard drives",
      "display_value": "87%",
      "display_label": "IDC 2025 Cloud Infrastructure Index, via Seagate 10-K",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Storage capacity installed in large (cloud) data-centre deployments, IDC estimate",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K, quoting IDC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 (ended 27 June 2025)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778925000157/stx-20250627.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "According to IDC's 2025 Cloud Infrastructure Index, hard drives store 87% of exabytes in large data center deployments.",
      "locator": "Item 1 (Business), mass capacity storage paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "IDC's index itself was not located openly; recorded from Seagate's filing, which has an interest in the figure (Seagate makes hard drives). The FY2026 10-K says hard drives support 'the vast majority of exabytes shipped into large data center deployments' without a figure. Implies SSDs (and tape) hold about 13%.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2025-idc-hard-drives-store-87pct-of-exabytes-in-large-data-centres",
      "citation_text": "87% of the exabytes stored in large data centres sit on hard drives, by IDC's 2025 Cloud Infrastructure Index as quoted in Seagate's annual report (IDC via Seagate Form 10-K, 2025). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K, quoting IDC), \"Seagate Technology Holdings Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 (ended 27 June 2025)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000113778925000157/stx-20250627.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2025-idc-hard-drives-store-87pct-of-exabytes-in-large-data-centres."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2025-10-hdd-price-per-gb-up-to-0-015-0-016-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "**$0.015-0.016** per gigabyte (about $15-16 per terabyte) was the average price of hard-drive storage in 2025, up from $0.012-0.013, as makers passed on the cost of the move to HAMR, eroding hard drives' cost advantage over SSDs (TrendForce, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 0.0155,
      "unit": "US$ per GB, average HDD price (range midpoint, after the rise)",
      "display_value": "$0.015-0.016 per GB",
      "display_label": "TrendForce, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Hard drives sold to data-centre and other buyers, average price per GB, TrendForce estimate",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "AI Storage Demand Accelerates HDD Replacement as NAND Flash Suppliers Shift Toward High-Capacity Nearline SSDs, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20251014-12744.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-10-14",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "As a result, the average price per GB has increased from US$0.012–0.013 to US$0.015–0.016, diminishing HDD's main cost advantage.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. The release does not give the period over which the price rose; it is describing 2025. Seagate's own revenue per terabyte was $14 in fiscal 2025 (seagate-10k-fy2025-hdd-price-per-terabyte-14-usd), consistent. Same release: NAND makers are ramping 122TB and 245TB nearline SSDs.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-10-hdd-price-per-gb-up-to-0-015-0-016-usd",
      "citation_text": "**$0.015-0.016** per gigabyte (about $15-16 per terabyte) was the average price of hard-drive storage in 2025, up from $0.012-0.013, as makers passed on the cost of the move to HAMR, eroding hard drives' cost advantage over SSDs (TrendForce, 2025). Source: TrendForce, \"AI Storage Demand Accelerates HDD Replacement as NAND Flash Suppliers Shift Toward High-Capacity Nearline SSDs, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20251014-12744.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-10-hdd-price-per-gb-up-to-0-015-0-016-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2025-09-nearline-hdd-lead-times-over-52-weeks",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "**More than 52 weeks** was the lead time for nearline (data-centre) hard drives in 2025, up from a few weeks, as AI storage demand outran makers that had not added capacity (TrendForce, 2025).",
      "short_statement": "Lead times for data-centre hard drives passed **52 weeks** in 2025 as AI storage demand outran supply.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 52,
      "unit": "weeks, lead time for nearline HDD orders (lower bound, 'over 52 weeks')",
      "display_value": "over 52 weeks",
      "display_label": "TrendForce, 2025",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025",
      "population": "Nearline HDD orders from cloud service providers (CSPs), TrendForce investigation",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "Soaring Inference AI Demand Triggers Severe Nearline HDD Shortages; QLC SSD Shipments Poised for Breakout in 2026, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20250915-12714.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "major HDD manufacturers have not expanded production capacity in recent years ... As a result, lead times for nearline HDDs have ballooned from just a few weeks to over 52 weeks",
      "locator": "Fourth paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. Same release: QLC SSDs use about 30% less power than nearline HDDs; some CSPs were considering SSDs for cold data because of the HDD shortfall.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-09-nearline-hdd-lead-times-over-52-weeks",
      "citation_text": "**More than 52 weeks** was the lead time for nearline (data-centre) hard drives in 2025, up from a few weeks, as AI storage demand outran makers that had not added capacity (TrendForce, 2025). Source: TrendForce, \"Soaring Inference AI Demand Triggers Severe Nearline HDD Shortages; QLC SSD Shipments Poised for Breakout in 2026, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20250915-12714.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-09-nearline-hdd-lead-times-over-52-weeks."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2025-12-nand-wafer-contract-prices-up-20-to-60pct-in-november-2025",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "**20% to more than 60%** was the rise in NAND flash wafer contract prices in a single month, November 2025, across all product categories (TrendForce, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 60,
      "unit": "% month-on-month rise in NAND wafer contract prices, upper end ('over 60%'), November 2025",
      "display_value": "20% to over 60%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025-11",
      "population": "NAND flash wafer contract prices (mainstream wafers sold to module makers), TrendForce survey",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "NAND Flash Wafer Supply Tightens Further, Some Products See Over 60% Contract Price Hikes in November, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20251201-12807.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-12-01",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Monthly average price increases varied from 20% to over 60% across all product categories, with the surge quickly expanding to all density segments.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. Wafer prices feed through to SSD module makers' costs (the brands that sell many retail SSDs). 512Gb TLC wafers rose over 65% month on month.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-12-nand-wafer-contract-prices-up-20-to-60pct-in-november-2025",
      "citation_text": "**20% to more than 60%** was the rise in NAND flash wafer contract prices in a single month, November 2025, across all product categories (TrendForce, 2025). Source: TrendForce, \"NAND Flash Wafer Supply Tightens Further, Some Products See Over 60% Contract Price Hikes in November, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20251201-12807.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-12-nand-wafer-contract-prices-up-20-to-60pct-in-november-2025."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2025-09-nand-contract-prices-4q25-forecast-up-5-10pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise 5-10% in the fourth quarter of 2025 after hard-drive shortages pushed cloud buyers to QLC SSDs, with SanDisk first to announce a 10% price increase (TrendForce forecast, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7.5,
      "unit": "% forecast quarter-on-quarter change in NAND contract prices (range midpoint)",
      "display_value": "+5-10%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025-Q4",
      "population": "NAND flash contract prices (prices agreed between flash makers and large buyers: PC, phone and server makers, module makers), all product categories, TrendForce forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "NAND Flash Prices to Rise 5-10% in 4Q25, Driven by Spillover Demand for QLC Products, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20250925-12736.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-09-25",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HDD shortages and longer lead times have prompted CSPs to quickly redirect storage demand toward QLC enterprise SSDs. ... SanDisk was the first to announce a 10% price increase",
      "locator": "First and second paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-nand-contract-price-forecast-qoq",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. A forecast. Release title uses an en dash ('5–10%').",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-09-nand-contract-prices-4q25-forecast-up-5-10pct",
      "citation_text": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise 5-10% in the fourth quarter of 2025 after hard-drive shortages pushed cloud buyers to QLC SSDs, with SanDisk first to announce a 10% price increase (TrendForce forecast, 2025). Source: TrendForce, \"NAND Flash Prices to Rise 5-10% in 4Q25, Driven by Spillover Demand for QLC Products, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20250925-12736.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-09-nand-contract-prices-4q25-forecast-up-5-10pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2024-12-nand-contract-prices-1q25-forecast-down-10-15pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to fall **10-15%** in the first quarter of 2025, and client SSD prices 13-18%, on high inventories (TrendForce forecast, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": -12.5,
      "unit": "% forecast quarter-on-quarter change in NAND contract prices (range midpoint)",
      "display_value": "-10-15%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025-Q1",
      "population": "NAND flash contract prices (prices agreed between flash makers and large buyers: PC, phone and server makers, module makers), all product categories, TrendForce forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "Rising Inventories and Weak Seasonal Demand May Push 1Q25 NAND Flash Prices Down by Over 10%, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20241231-12427.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-12-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "average contract prices forecast to decline by a QoQ of 10-15%. ... TrendForce forecasts a QoQ drop of 13-18% for contract prices of client SSD in 1Q25.",
      "locator": "First and second paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-nand-contract-price-forecast-qoq",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. A forecast. Shown as the starting point of the 2025-2026 price swing: prices were falling at the start of 2025.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2024-12-nand-contract-prices-1q25-forecast-down-10-15pct",
      "citation_text": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to fall **10-15%** in the first quarter of 2025, and client SSD prices 13-18%, on high inventories (TrendForce forecast, 2024). Source: TrendForce, \"Rising Inventories and Weak Seasonal Demand May Push 1Q25 NAND Flash Prices Down by Over 10%, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20241231-12427.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2024-12-nand-contract-prices-1q25-forecast-down-10-15pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2026-03-nand-contract-prices-1q26-forecast-up-85-90pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "NAND flash prices were forecast to rise **85-90%** in the first quarter of 2026, after TrendForce twice raised its forecast (from 33-38% to 55-60%, then 85-90%) (TrendForce forecast, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 87.5,
      "unit": "% forecast quarter-on-quarter change in NAND prices (range midpoint)",
      "display_value": "+85-90%",
      "display_label": "TrendForce forecast, March 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026-Q1",
      "population": "NAND flash contract prices (prices agreed between flash makers and large buyers: PC, phone and server makers, module makers), all product categories, TrendForce forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "AI Server Storage Demand Surges; Top Five NAND Flash Suppliers Post 23.8% QoQ Revenue Growth in 4Q25, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260303-12943.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "TrendForce has therefore revised its forecast upward, now projecting overall NAND Flash prices to surge 85–90% QoQ in 1Q26",
      "locator": "Third paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-nand-contract-price-forecast-qoq",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. A forecast. Earlier forecasts for the same quarter: 33-38% (January 2026) and 55-60% (2 February 2026, tf-20260202-12911: 'NAND Flash contract prices are now expected to rise from 33–38% to 55–60%'; enterprise SSD prices +53-58%, 'a new record'). Same release: 'severe HDD shortages and extended lead times accelerated a shift in orders toward NAND solutions'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-03-nand-contract-prices-1q26-forecast-up-85-90pct",
      "citation_text": "NAND flash prices were forecast to rise **85-90%** in the first quarter of 2026, after TrendForce twice raised its forecast (from 33-38% to 55-60%, then 85-90%) (TrendForce forecast, 2026). Source: TrendForce, \"AI Server Storage Demand Surges; Top Five NAND Flash Suppliers Post 23.8% QoQ Revenue Growth in 4Q25, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260303-12943.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-03-nand-contract-prices-1q26-forecast-up-85-90pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2026-03-nand-contract-prices-2q26-forecast-up-70-75pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise another **70-75%** in the second quarter of 2026, as makers limited supply to client (PC) SSDs to serve AI data centres (TrendForce forecast, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 72.5,
      "unit": "% forecast quarter-on-quarter change in NAND contract prices (range midpoint)",
      "display_value": "+70-75%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026-Q2",
      "population": "NAND flash contract prices (prices agreed between flash makers and large buyers: PC, phone and server makers, module makers), all product categories, TrendForce forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "AI Server Demand to Drive Memory Contract Price Increases in 2Q26 as CSPs Secure Supply via Long-Term Agreements",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260331-12995.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-31",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Overall, NAND Flash contract prices are expected to rise by 70–75% QoQ in 2Q26. ... by continuing to limit supply to client SSDs.",
      "locator": "Second and third paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-nand-contract-price-forecast-qoq",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. A forecast. Same release: 'A clear shortage is expected in 2026, with meaningful capacity expansion unlikely until late 2027 or 2028.'",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-03-nand-contract-prices-2q26-forecast-up-70-75pct",
      "citation_text": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise another **70-75%** in the second quarter of 2026, as makers limited supply to client (PC) SSDs to serve AI data centres (TrendForce forecast, 2026). Source: TrendForce, \"AI Server Demand to Drive Memory Contract Price Increases in 2Q26 as CSPs Secure Supply via Long-Term Agreements\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260331-12995.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-03-nand-contract-prices-2q26-forecast-up-70-75pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2026-07-nand-contract-prices-3q26-forecast-up-10-15pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise a slower **10-15%** in the third quarter of 2026, with consumer buyers' price tolerance 'at its limit' (TrendForce forecast, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 12.5,
      "unit": "% forecast quarter-on-quarter change in NAND contract prices (range midpoint)",
      "display_value": "+10-15%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026-Q3",
      "population": "NAND flash contract prices (prices agreed between flash makers and large buyers: PC, phone and server makers, module makers), all product categories, TrendForce forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "AI Server Demand Continues to Support Memory Prices in 3Q26, but Gains Moderate as Consumer Demand Weakens and High Base Effects Take Hold, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260703-13134.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "with contract prices already at record highs and consumer demand slowing, price tolerance among consumer customers has reached its limit. As a result, NAND Flash contract prices are projected to increase by 10–15% QoQ",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-nand-contract-price-forecast-qoq",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. A forecast.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-07-nand-contract-prices-3q26-forecast-up-10-15pct",
      "citation_text": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise a slower **10-15%** in the third quarter of 2026, with consumer buyers' price tolerance 'at its limit' (TrendForce forecast, 2026). Source: TrendForce, \"AI Server Demand Continues to Support Memory Prices in 3Q26, but Gains Moderate as Consumer Demand Weakens and High Base Effects Take Hold, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260703-13134.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-07-nand-contract-prices-3q26-forecast-up-10-15pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2026-09-nand-contract-prices-4q26-forecast-up-15-20pct-pc-ssd-capacities-cut",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise **15-20%** in the fourth quarter of 2026, while PC brands cut the SSD capacity of mainstream models to hold down costs (TrendForce forecast, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 17.5,
      "unit": "% forecast quarter-on-quarter change in NAND contract prices (range midpoint)",
      "display_value": "+15-20%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026-Q4",
      "population": "NAND flash contract prices (prices agreed between flash makers and large buyers: PC, phone and server makers, module makers), all product categories, TrendForce forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "AI Server Demand Sustains Memory Contract Price Increases in 4Q26, While Consumer-Side Pressure Persists, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260930-13258.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-09-30",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Overall NAND Flash contract prices are projected to increase 15–20% QoQ. ... PC brands are also reducing SSD capacities in mainstream models to lower BOM costs",
      "locator": "Second paragraph and client SSD paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-nand-contract-price-forecast-qoq",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. A forecast. Same release: enterprise SSD bit demand to grow more than 80% in 2026. Compounding the forecast midpoints from 4Q25 to 4Q26 (1.075 x 1.875 x 1.725 x 1.125 x 1.175) gives about 4.6 times the third-quarter-2025 level; that is arithmetic on forecasts, not a measured price, and should not be published as one.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-09-nand-contract-prices-4q26-forecast-up-15-20pct-pc-ssd-capacities-cut",
      "citation_text": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise **15-20%** in the fourth quarter of 2026, while PC brands cut the SSD capacity of mainstream models to hold down costs (TrendForce forecast, 2026). Source: TrendForce, \"AI Server Demand Sustains Memory Contract Price Increases in 4Q26, While Consumer-Side Pressure Persists, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260930-13258.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-09-nand-contract-prices-4q26-forecast-up-15-20pct-pc-ssd-capacities-cut."
    },
    {
      "id": "gartner-2026-forecast-dram-ssd-prices-up-130pct-pc-prices-up-17pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "A 130% surge in combined DRAM and SSD prices by the end of 2026 was expected to raise PC prices by 17% compared with 2025 levels (Gartner forecast, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 17,
      "unit": "% forecast increase in PC prices in 2026 vs 2025 (Gartner)",
      "display_value": "+17% (forecast)",
      "display_label": "Gartner forecast, February 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "worldwide PC market, Gartner forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Gartner, Inc.",
      "source_title": "Gartner Says Surging Memory Costs Will Reduce Global PC and Smartphone Shipments in 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2026-02-26-gartner-says-surging-memory-costs-will-reduce-global-pc-and-smartphone-shipments-in-2026",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-02-26",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Gartner estimates a 130% surge in combined DRAM and solid-state drive (SSD) prices by the end of 2026, which will increase PC prices by 17% and smartphone prices by 13%, compared to 2025 levels.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "gartner-2026-memory-forecast",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "FORECAST (Gartner, February 2026). Reused id from windows-11-adoption-statistics/pc-market-ewaste.json; re-fetched and re-quoted 2026-11-04.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gartner-2026-forecast-dram-ssd-prices-up-130pct-pc-prices-up-17pct",
      "citation_text": "A 130% surge in combined DRAM and SSD prices by the end of 2026 was expected to raise PC prices by 17% compared with 2025 levels (Gartner forecast, 2026). Source: Gartner, Inc., \"Gartner Says Surging Memory Costs Will Reduce Global PC and Smartphone Shipments in 2026\" (https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2026-02-26-gartner-says-surging-memory-costs-will-reduce-global-pc-and-smartphone-shipments-in-2026). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#gartner-2026-forecast-dram-ssd-prices-up-130pct-pc-prices-up-17pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2025-08-nand-revenue-share-2q25-samsung-33pct-sk-21pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "32.9% of NAND flash revenue went to Samsung in the second quarter of 2025, 21.1% to SK Group (SK hynix and Solidigm) and 13.3% to Micron, with Kioxia third and SanDisk fifth (TrendForce, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 32.9,
      "unit": "% of NAND flash industry revenue (Samsung)",
      "display_value": "32.9%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025-Q2",
      "population": "NAND flash revenue of the top suppliers worldwide (all NAND products, including SSDs and phone storage), TrendForce",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "NAND Flash Revenue Surged Over 20% in 2Q25, SK Group Market Share Jumped to 21%, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20250828-12688.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-08-28",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "lifting Samsung's market share slightly to 32.9% and keeping it firmly in the top spot. ... The group's market share jumped from 16.6% in 1Q25 to 21.1% ... Micron's overall market share dipped slightly to 13.3%",
      "locator": "Paragraphs on Samsung, SK Group and Micron",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "nand-vendor-revenue-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. Revenue: Samsung $5.2 billion, SK Group $3.34 billion, Kioxia $2.14 billion, Micron $2.1 billion, SanDisk $1.9 billion (top five $14.67 billion). NAND flash share covers all flash, not SSDs only.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-08-nand-revenue-share-2q25-samsung-33pct-sk-21pct",
      "citation_text": "32.9% of NAND flash revenue went to Samsung in the second quarter of 2025, 21.1% to SK Group (SK hynix and Solidigm) and 13.3% to Micron, with Kioxia third and SanDisk fifth (TrendForce, 2025). Source: TrendForce, \"NAND Flash Revenue Surged Over 20% in 2Q25, SK Group Market Share Jumped to 21%, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20250828-12688.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-08-nand-revenue-share-2q25-samsung-33pct-sk-21pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2026-03-nand-revenue-share-4q25-samsung-28pct-sk-22pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "28% of NAND flash revenue went to Samsung in the fourth quarter of 2025 and 22.1% to SK Group (SK hynix and Solidigm), ahead of Kioxia and Micron (TrendForce, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 28,
      "unit": "% of NAND flash industry revenue (Samsung)",
      "display_value": "28%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025-Q4",
      "population": "NAND flash revenue of the top suppliers worldwide (all NAND products), TrendForce",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "AI Server Storage Demand Surges; Top Five NAND Flash Suppliers Post 23.8% QoQ Revenue Growth in 4Q25, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260303-12943.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-03-03",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Samsung retained its top position with $6.6 billion in revenue, up 10% QoQ, though its market share slipped to 28%. ... This lifted the company's market share to 22.1%, securing them second place.",
      "locator": "Samsung and SK Group paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "nand-vendor-revenue-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. Revenue: Samsung $6.6 billion, SK Group about $5.21 billion, Kioxia $3.31 billion, Micron almost $3.03 billion; top five $21.17 billion.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-03-nand-revenue-share-4q25-samsung-28pct-sk-22pct",
      "citation_text": "28% of NAND flash revenue went to Samsung in the fourth quarter of 2025 and 22.1% to SK Group (SK hynix and Solidigm), ahead of Kioxia and Micron (TrendForce, 2026). Source: TrendForce, \"AI Server Storage Demand Surges; Top Five NAND Flash Suppliers Post 23.8% QoQ Revenue Growth in 4Q25, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260303-12943.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-03-nand-revenue-share-4q25-samsung-28pct-sk-22pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2026-08-nand-revenue-2q26-top-five-68-9bn-samsung-29pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "29.3% of NAND flash revenue went to Samsung in the second quarter of 2026 and 13.6% to Kioxia, as the top five makers' revenue rose 77% in a quarter to $68.87 billion (TrendForce, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 29.3,
      "unit": "% of NAND flash industry revenue (Samsung)",
      "display_value": "29.3%",
      "display_label": "TrendForce, 2026",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026-Q2",
      "population": "NAND flash revenue of the top five publicly listed suppliers worldwide (all NAND products), TrendForce",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "Combined Revenue of Top Five NAND Flash Brands Rises 77% QoQ in 2Q26; Micron Moves Up to Third Place, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260818-13186.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-08-18",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "the combined revenue of the top five publicly listed NAND Flash brands rose 77% QoQ to US$68.87 billion. ... Samsung's market share edged down to 29.3% ... while market share edged down to 13.6%.",
      "locator": "First paragraph, Samsung and Kioxia paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "nand-vendor-revenue-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. Revenue 2Q26: Samsung nearly $23.06 billion, SK Group more than $14.27 billion, Micron $11.85 billion (now third), Kioxia about $10.72 billion, SanDisk nearly $8.97 billion. Derived shares on the implied total (23.06 / 0.293 = about $78.7 billion): SK Group about 18%, Micron about 15%, SanDisk about 11%. Top-five revenue was $14.67 billion in 2Q25, so 2Q26 is 4.7 times a year earlier (derived), driven by prices.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-08-nand-revenue-2q26-top-five-68-9bn-samsung-29pct",
      "citation_text": "29.3% of NAND flash revenue went to Samsung in the second quarter of 2026 and 13.6% to Kioxia, as the top five makers' revenue rose 77% in a quarter to $68.87 billion (TrendForce, 2026). Source: TrendForce, \"Combined Revenue of Top Five NAND Flash Brands Rises 77% QoQ in 2Q26; Micron Moves Up to Third Place, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260818-13186.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-08-nand-revenue-2q26-top-five-68-9bn-samsung-29pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2026-07-servers-over-40pct-of-nand-demand-2026-supply-deficit-4-5pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "More than 40% of NAND flash demand by bits comes from servers and nearly 40% from smartphones and notebooks together, and the flash market faces a 4-5% supply deficit in 2026 (TrendForce, 2026).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 40,
      "unit": "% of NAND flash bit demand from servers (lower bound, 'more than 40%')",
      "display_value": "over 40%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2026",
      "population": "Worldwide NAND flash bit demand by application, TrendForce estimate",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "NAND Flash Supply Growth to Outpace Demand in 2027, Easing Supply Constraints in 2H27, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260721-13148.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2026-07-21",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "although servers now account for more than 40% of total NAND Flash bit demand, smartphones and notebooks together still represent nearly 40% of overall demand ... the NAND Flash market will record a 4–5% supply deficit in 2026",
      "locator": "Paragraphs on demand mix and supply balance",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. Same release: notebook shipments estimated to fall about 10% in 2026; Chinese suppliers' share of NAND bit output to approach 19%; supply-demand balance expected to turn positive in the second half of 2027.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-07-servers-over-40pct-of-nand-demand-2026-supply-deficit-4-5pct",
      "citation_text": "More than 40% of NAND flash demand by bits comes from servers and nearly 40% from smartphones and notebooks together, and the flash market faces a 4-5% supply deficit in 2026 (TrendForce, 2026). Source: TrendForce, \"NAND Flash Supply Growth to Outpace Demand in 2027, Easing Supply Constraints in 2H27, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260721-13148.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2026-07-servers-over-40pct-of-nand-demand-2026-supply-deficit-4-5pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendforce-2025-07-nand-contract-prices-3q25-forecast-up-5-10pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise **5-10%** in the third quarter of 2025, with client SSD prices up 3-8% on Windows 10 end-of-support PC replacement (TrendForce forecast, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 7.5,
      "unit": "% forecast quarter-on-quarter change in NAND contract prices (range midpoint)",
      "display_value": "+5-10%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2025-Q3",
      "population": "NAND flash contract prices (prices agreed between flash makers and large buyers), TrendForce forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TrendForce",
      "source_title": "3Q25 NAND Flash Contract Prices Projected to Rise 5-10%; Weak Smartphone Demand Limits eMMC and UFS Growth, Says TrendForce",
      "source_url": "https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20250709-12638.html",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-07-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Looking ahead to the third quarter, average NAND Flash contract prices are projected to rise by 5% to 10%. ... client SSD contract prices are projected to rise by 3% to 8%",
      "locator": "First and second paragraphs",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "trendforce-nand-contract-price-forecast-qoq",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TrendForce (Taiwanese market-research firm; DRAMeXchange is its memory division), its own press release. A forecast. The 2Q25 release (20250326-12530, saved as tf-20250326-12530.txt) forecast client SSD contract prices +3-8% and wafer prices +10-15% for 2Q25, with no overall NAND figure; it also notes some vendors cut PCIe 4.0 SSD prices by over 20% in 1Q25.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-07-nand-contract-prices-3q25-forecast-up-5-10pct",
      "citation_text": "NAND flash contract prices were forecast to rise **5-10%** in the third quarter of 2025, with client SSD prices up 3-8% on Windows 10 end-of-support PC replacement (TrendForce forecast, 2025). Source: TrendForce, \"3Q25 NAND Flash Contract Prices Projected to Rise 5-10%; Weak Smartphone Demand Limits eMMC and UFS Growth, Says TrendForce\" (https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20250709-12638.html). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendforce-2025-07-nand-contract-prices-3q25-forecast-up-5-10pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-10k-fy2012-thailand-floods-shut-45pct-of-hdd-assembly-capacity-2011-units-down-5pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "About **45%** of the hard-drive industry's assembly capacity was shut by the Thailand floods from mid-October 2011 to February 2012, and industry unit volumes fell 5% in 2011, by Western Digital's estimate (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 45,
      "unit": "% of the HDD industry's assembly capacity shut by the 2011 Thailand floods (Western Digital estimate)",
      "display_value": "about 45%",
      "display_label": "Western Digital Form 10-K, 2012",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Thailand (worldwide industry effect)",
      "period": "2011-10 to 2012-02",
      "population": "Hard disk drive industry assembly capacity and unit shipments worldwide, Western Digital's estimate",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2012 (ended 29 June 2012)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000119312512361018/d356205d10k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-08-20",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "We believe unit volumes in the hard drive industry were down 5% in calendar year 2011 from calendar 2010 as historic flooding in Thailand shuttered approximately 45% of the industry's assembly capacity and a majority of its supply chain",
      "locator": "Item 1 (Business), industry overview",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Company estimate in a filing. Same 10-K: before the floods 'all of our internal slider capacity and 60% of our hard drive manufacturing capacity was in Thailand'; WD recorded $214 million of net flood charges in fiscal 2012; its gross margin rose to 29.2% from 18.8%, 'primarily due to an increase in ASP brought about by the impact of the Thailand flooding'. Retail price rises for consumers are recorded by the backblaze-drive-stats family (backblaze-2015-04-thailand-crisis-drive-prices-up-200-300pct). A 5% fall from 651 million (2010) is about 620 million in 2011, consistent with TRENDFOCUS's 579.47 million for 2012 being a further 7% fall.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2012-thailand-floods-shut-45pct-of-hdd-assembly-capacity-2011-units-down-5pct",
      "citation_text": "About **45%** of the hard-drive industry's assembly capacity was shut by the Thailand floods from mid-October 2011 to February 2012, and industry unit volumes fell 5% in 2011, by Western Digital's estimate (Western Digital Form 10-K, 2012). Source: Western Digital Corporation (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Western Digital Corporation Form 10-K for fiscal year 2012 (ended 29 June 2012)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/106040/000119312512361018/d356205d10k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#wd-10k-fy2012-thailand-floods-shut-45pct-of-hdd-assembly-capacity-2011-units-down-5pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2012-thailand-floods-asp-up-to-66-from-54-usd",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "$66 was Seagate's average selling price per hard drive in fiscal 2012, up 22% from $54, because of the limited industry supply after the Thailand floods (Seagate Form 10-K, 2012).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 66,
      "unit": "US$ average selling price per drive, Seagate, fiscal 2012",
      "display_value": "$66 (from $54)",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "FY2012",
      "population": "Hard drives sold by Seagate in its fiscal year to 29 June 2012, average selling price",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2012 (ended 29 June 2012)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746912007998/a2210517z10-k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2012-08-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "average selling price to $66 per unit during fiscal year 2012, as compared to $54 per unit in the prior year, was primarily due to the limited industry supply of hard drives resulting from the severe flooding in Thailand",
      "locator": "Item 7 (MD&A), revenue discussion",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "($66 - $54) / $54 = 22%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "22% is derived ((66 - 54) / 54). Seagate's own Thai factories 'were not directly affected by the flood'; its revenue rose 36% to $14.9 billion in fiscal 2012 and it shipped 224 million drives (seagate-10k-fy2013-hdd-units-shipped-226-million-185eb).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2012-thailand-floods-asp-up-to-66-from-54-usd",
      "citation_text": "$66 was Seagate's average selling price per hard drive in fiscal 2012, up 22% from $54, because of the limited industry supply after the Thailand floods (Seagate Form 10-K, 2012). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2012 (ended 29 June 2012)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746912007998/a2210517z10-k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2012-thailand-floods-asp-up-to-66-from-54-usd."
    },
    {
      "id": "seagate-10k-fy2013-three-hdd-makers-remain-after-2012-consolidation",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "**Three companies** still make hard drives, Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, after the 2012 consolidation in which Seagate took over Samsung's drive business and Western Digital bought Hitachi GST (Seagate Form 10-K, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 3,
      "unit": "number of hard disk drive makers remaining",
      "display_value": "3",
      "display_label": "Seagate Form 10-K, 2013",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2012",
      "population": "Hard disk drive manufacturers worldwide",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC)",
      "source_title": "Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2013 (ended 28 June 2013)",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746913008213/a2216245z10-k.htm",
      "source_type": "primary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-08-08",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Following industry consolidation during fiscal year 2012, three disk drive companies remain: ... Seagate, selling the Seagate and Samsung brands; ... Western Digital Corporation, operating the Western Digital and Hitachi Global Storage Technologies subsidiaries; and ... Toshiba Corporation",
      "locator": "Item 1 (Business), 'Competition', 'Principal Disk Drive Competitors'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Electronic Design (19 April 2011, 'Hard Disk Vendors - And Then There Were Three', raw/storage-market/electronicdesign-then-there-were-three.txt) counted five major vendors in 2010. A count of 221 past HDD makers circulates from Wikipedia's list of defunct manufacturers (republished by StorageNewsletter, 2019); not a source we cite. Seagate's FY2026 10-K still names Western Digital and Toshiba as its HDD competitors.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2013-three-hdd-makers-remain-after-2012-consolidation",
      "citation_text": "**Three companies** still make hard drives, Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, after the 2012 consolidation in which Seagate took over Samsung's drive business and Western Digital bought Hitachi GST (Seagate Form 10-K, 2013). Source: Seagate Technology (Form 10-K annual report to the US SEC), \"Seagate Technology Form 10-K for fiscal year 2013 (ended 28 June 2013)\" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1137789/000104746913008213/a2216245z10-k.htm). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#seagate-10k-fy2013-three-hdd-makers-remain-after-2012-consolidation."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2025-03-hdd-units-2024-123-9-million-first-rise-since-2014",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "123.9 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2024, up 1.6% from 2023, the first yearly rise in units since 2014, driven by data-centre (nearline) drives (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 123.9,
      "unit": "million hard disk drives shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "123.9 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds shipped worldwide by Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "C4Q 2024 HDD Industry Update",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "For calendar year 2024, total HDD shipments were 123.9M units, up 1.6% from 2023. This was the first increase in HDD annual unit shipments since 2014, driven by the growth in nearline storage.",
      "locator": "Second paragraph; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-units-shipped-annual-coughlin",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. The 2023 series point (121.9 million) is derived: 123.9 / 1.016. Coughlin had forecast about 127 million for 2023 (January 2024). The 2025 column gives 2025 as 124.3 million, 'up 0.4%' (implying 123.8 million for 2024; rounding).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2025-03-hdd-units-2024-123-9-million-first-rise-since-2014",
      "citation_text": "123.9 million hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2024, up 1.6% from 2023, the first yearly rise in units since 2014, driven by data-centre (nearline) drives (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2025). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"C4Q 2024 HDD Industry Update\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2025-03-hdd-units-2024-123-9-million-first-rise-since-2014."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2025-03-hdd-exabytes-2024-1337eb-up-49pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "**1,337 exabytes** (1.34 zettabytes) of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2024, up 49% from 2023, with industry revenue up 48% to $19.8 billion (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 1337,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "1.34 ZB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Total capacity of all hard disk drives shipped worldwide, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "C4Q 2024 HDD Industry Update",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total Exabytes shipped in 2024 were 1,337EB (1.34ZB), up 49% from 2023. HDD revenues in 2024 were $19.8B, up 48% from 2023",
      "locator": "Second paragraph; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. 2023 series point derived (1,337 / 1.49 = about 897 EB). The 2024 total happens to equal TRENDFOCUS's 2021 figure (1,337.97 EB): the 2022-2023 downturn cut capacity shipped and 2024 recovered it. Different analysts; compare with care.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2025-03-hdd-exabytes-2024-1337eb-up-49pct",
      "citation_text": "**1,337 exabytes** (1.34 zettabytes) of hard-drive capacity were shipped worldwide in 2024, up 49% from 2023, with industry revenue up 48% to $19.8 billion (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2025). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"C4Q 2024 HDD Industry Update\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2025-03-hdd-exabytes-2024-1337eb-up-49pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "coughlin-2025-03-hdd-unit-share-2024-wdc-41pct-seagate-40pct-toshiba-19pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "Western Digital shipped about 41% of the world's hard drives in 2024, Seagate 40% and Toshiba 19% (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2025).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 41,
      "unit": "% of worldwide HDD units shipped (Western Digital)",
      "display_value": "41%",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2024",
      "population": "Hard disk drives of all kinds shipped worldwide by Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba, Coughlin Associates estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column)",
      "source_title": "C4Q 2024 HDD Industry Update",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2025-03-09",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Toshiba total 2024 market share was about 19% with Seagate at 40% and Western Digital at 41%.",
      "locator": "Paragraph above the 'HDD company market share' chart; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-vendor-unit-share",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "Tom Coughlin is president of Coughlin Associates, a storage-industry analyst firm; the figures are his firm's estimates (from its Digital Storage Technology Newsletter) published in his Forbes contributor column. The column's per-company line ('Western Digital shipped 50.5M units and 197.7 Exabytes, Seagate shipped 49.7M units and 150.8 Exabytes, and Toshiba shipped 23.8M units and 39.1 Exabytes') mixes annual units with fourth-quarter exabytes; not used.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2025-03-hdd-unit-share-2024-wdc-41pct-seagate-40pct-toshiba-19pct",
      "citation_text": "Western Digital shipped about 41% of the world's hard drives in 2024, Seagate 40% and Toshiba 19% (Coughlin Associates estimate, 2025). Source: Forbes (Tom Coughlin, Coughlin Associates, contributor column), \"C4Q 2024 HDD Industry Update\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20250923155806/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomcoughlin/2025/03/09/c4q-2024-hdd-industry-update/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#coughlin-2025-03-hdd-unit-share-2024-wdc-41pct-seagate-40pct-toshiba-19pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2014-02-client-hdd-units-2013-420-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "**420 million** desktop and laptop (client) hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2013: 251.6 million 2.5-inch mobile and 168.7 million desktop drives (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2014).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 420.23,
      "unit": "million client (desktop + mobile) HDDs shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "420 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2013",
      "population": "Desktop (3.5-inch) and mobile (2.5-inch) client hard drives shipped worldwide, including external drives in those form factors, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Decline 5% to 552 Million Units From 2012 to 2013 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=134565",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2014-02-11",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Mobile HDDs : 251.56 million units shipped in 2013, down 7.2% Y/Y. ... Desktop HDDs : 168.67 million units shipped, down 5% Y/Y.",
      "locator": "Section '2013 HDD Industry Summary', Mobile and Desktop paragraphs",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "251.56 (mobile) + 168.67 (desktop) = 420.23 million",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "client-hdd-units-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS figures from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of its paid SDAS HDD Information Service. 'Mobile' HDDs are 2.5-inch drives for notebooks and include 2.5-inch external (portable) drives; 'desktop' are 3.5-inch PC drives including 3.5-inch external drives. Client drives were 76% of all 551.96 million HDDs shipped in 2013 (derived).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2014-02-client-hdd-units-2013-420-million",
      "citation_text": "**420 million** desktop and laptop (client) hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2013: 251.6 million 2.5-inch mobile and 168.7 million desktop drives (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2014). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Decline 5% to 552 Million Units From 2012 to 2013 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=134565). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2014-02-client-hdd-units-2013-420-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2017-02-client-hdd-units-2016-268-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "268 million desktop and laptop (client) hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2016, with mobile drives down 12% on SSD gains, especially in business notebooks (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 267.95,
      "unit": "million client (desktop + mobile) HDDs shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "268 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2016",
      "population": "Desktop (3.5-inch) and mobile (2.5-inch) client hard drives shipped worldwide, including external drives in those form factors, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2017-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "167.08 million units shipped in 2016, down 12% Y/Y due to declining PC sales and increased SSD penetration, especially in the commercial sector. ... 100.87 million units shipped, down 18.5% Y/Y",
      "locator": "Sections 'Mobile HDDs' and 'Desktop HDDs'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "167.08 (mobile) + 100.87 (desktop) = 267.95 million",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "client-hdd-units-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS figures from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of its paid SDAS HDD Information Service. 'Mobile' HDDs are 2.5-inch drives for notebooks and include 2.5-inch external (portable) drives; 'desktop' are 3.5-inch PC drives including 3.5-inch external drives.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-client-hdd-units-2016-268-million",
      "citation_text": "268 million desktop and laptop (client) hard drives were shipped worldwide in 2016, with mobile drives down 12% on SSD gains, especially in business notebooks (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2017). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"424 Million HDDs Shipped in 2016 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2017/02/22/469-million-hdds-shipped-in-2016-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2017-02-client-hdd-units-2016-268-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2021-02-client-hdd-units-2020-139-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "139 million desktop and laptop (client) hard drives were still shipped worldwide in 2020, a third of the 2013 number, while enterprise drives took 64% of the capacity shipped (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 138.88,
      "unit": "million client (desktop + mobile) HDDs shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "139 million",
      "display_label": "TRENDFOCUS via StorageNewsletter",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Desktop (3.5-inch) and mobile (2.5-inch) client hard drives shipped worldwide, including external drives in those form factors, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "Final Results of 2020 WW HDD Market",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/05/final-results-of-2020-ww-hdd-market/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total desktop 54.46 -17.8% 115.57 11.3% Total mobile 84.42 -20.2% 129.53 12.7%",
      "locator": "Table '2020 WW HDD shipments', 'Total desktop' and 'Total mobile' rows (units in million, Y/Y, exabytes, exabyte share)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "54.46 (desktop) + 84.42 (mobile) = 138.88 million; 138.88 / 420.23 (2013) = 33%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "client-hdd-units-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS figures from StorageNewsletter's published abstract of its paid SDAS HDD Information Service. 'Mobile' HDDs are 2.5-inch drives for notebooks and include 2.5-inch external (portable) drives; 'desktop' are 3.5-inch PC drives including 3.5-inch external drives. Tom's Hardware reported the same TRENDFOCUS data under the headline 'Reports Of PC HDDs Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated: 139M Shipped in 2020' (not fetched).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-client-hdd-units-2020-139-million",
      "citation_text": "139 million desktop and laptop (client) hard drives were still shipped worldwide in 2020, a third of the 2013 number, while enterprise drives took 64% of the capacity shipped (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"Final Results of 2020 WW HDD Market\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/05/final-results-of-2020-ww-hdd-market/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-client-hdd-units-2020-139-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2015-02-branded-hdd-units-cq4-2014-about-17-million",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "About 17 million branded (retail, mostly external) hard drives were shipped worldwide in the fourth quarter of 2014 by the three makers: Western Digital 7.16 million, Seagate 5.95 million and Toshiba 3.82 million (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2015).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 16.93,
      "unit": "million branded (retail) HDDs shipped in the quarter by Seagate, WDC and Toshiba",
      "display_value": "about 17 million",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2014-Q4",
      "population": "Branded hard drives (sold under the makers' own brands at retail, mostly external drives), CQ4 2014, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "564 Million HDDs Shipped in 2014 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2015/02/04/564-million-hdds-shipped-in-2014-trendfocus/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2015-02-04",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "Total branded shipments grew to 5.95 million ... branded HDD subtotal jumped up 12% due to strong holiday sales, reaching 3.82 million ... branded sales climbed to 7.16 million",
      "locator": "Company paragraphs for Seagate, Toshiba and WDC (CQ4 '14)",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "5.95 (Seagate) + 3.82 (Toshiba) + 7.16 (WDC) = 16.93 million",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS abstract via StorageNewsletter. 'Branded' means drives sold under the makers' own brands (WD My Passport, Seagate Backup Plus and similar), which are mostly external drives; not every branded drive is external. A rare published count bearing on external drives; no newer one was found.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2015-02-branded-hdd-units-cq4-2014-about-17-million",
      "citation_text": "About 17 million branded (retail, mostly external) hard drives were shipped worldwide in the fourth quarter of 2014 by the three makers: Western Digital 7.16 million, Seagate 5.95 million and Toshiba 3.82 million (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2015). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"564 Million HDDs Shipped in 2014 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2015/02/04/564-million-hdds-shipped-in-2014-trendfocus/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2015-02-branded-hdd-units-cq4-2014-about-17-million."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2019-03-hdd-ssd-exabytes-2018-912eb-hdd-over-800eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "912 exabytes of storage were shipped on hard drives and SSDs together in 2018, more than 800 of them on hard drives, so SSDs carried at most about an eighth (TRENDFOCUS, 2019).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 912,
      "unit": "exabytes of HDD plus SSD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "912 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2018",
      "population": "Total capacity of HDDs and SSDs shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "TRENDFOCUS (press release via Business Wire)",
      "source_title": "TRENDFOCUS: Combined SSD, HDD Storage Shipped Jumps 21% to 912 Exabytes in 2018",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190308040106/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190307005812/en/TRENDFOCUS-Combined-SSD-HDD-Storage-Shipped-Jumps",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2019-03-07",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "The number of exabytes sold increased 21.4% from the prior year to 912 exabytes. ... HDD capacity shipped topped 800 exabytes, fueled by stunning growth in capacity enterprise (also known as nearline) HDDs",
      "locator": "First and fourth paragraphs; Wayback snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20190308040106/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190307005812/en/TRENDFOCUS-Combined-SSD-HDD-Storage-Shipped-Jumps",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "(912 - 800) / 912 = 12% upper bound for SSDs ('at most about an eighth')",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "TRENDFOCUS's own release (the analyst's original). 'At most about an eighth' is derived: (912 - 800) / 912 = 12% upper bound. Same release: SSD exabytes rose over 45% in 2018; combined revenue $46.18 billion; SSD prices 'went from record highs early in the year to a state of collapse by year-end'.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2019-03-hdd-ssd-exabytes-2018-912eb-hdd-over-800eb",
      "citation_text": "912 exabytes of storage were shipped on hard drives and SSDs together in 2018, more than 800 of them on hard drives, so SSDs carried at most about an eighth (TRENDFOCUS, 2019). Source: TRENDFOCUS (press release via Business Wire), \"TRENDFOCUS: Combined SSD, HDD Storage Shipped Jumps 21% to 912 Exabytes in 2018\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190308040106/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190307005812/en/TRENDFOCUS-Combined-SSD-HDD-Storage-Shipped-Jumps). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2019-03-hdd-ssd-exabytes-2018-912eb-hdd-over-800eb."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-share-of-hdd-plus-ssd-capacity-2020-17pct",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "SSDs carried 17% of the storage capacity shipped on hard drives and SSDs in 2020 (207 of 1,226 exabytes), though they outsold hard drives in units (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021).",
      "short_statement": "SSDs carried only **17%** of the storage capacity shipped on hard drives and SSDs in 2020.",
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 16.9,
      "unit": "% of combined HDD + SSD exabytes shipped that were SSD",
      "display_value": "17%",
      "display_label": "TRENDFOCUS via StorageNewsletter, 2020",
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2020",
      "population": "Total capacity of SSDs and HDDs shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "333 Million SSDs Shipped in 2020 Corresponding to 207EB",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/15/333-million-ssds-shipped-in-2020-corresponding-to-207eb/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2021-02-15",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "SSDs 333.120 +20.8% 207.39 +50.4% HDDs 259.810 -18% 1.018.32 +13%",
      "locator": "Table '2020 Market for HDD and SSDs'",
      "derived": true,
      "formula": "207.39 / (207.39 + 1,018.32) = 16.9%",
      "headline": false,
      "series": "ssd-share-of-hdd-ssd-exabytes",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 2018 series point is the upper bound from trendfocus-2019-03-hdd-ssd-exabytes-2018-912eb-hdd-over-800eb ((912 - 800) / 912). Tape and other media excluded.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-share-of-hdd-plus-ssd-capacity-2020-17pct",
      "citation_text": "SSDs carried 17% of the storage capacity shipped on hard drives and SSDs in 2020 (207 of 1,226 exabytes), though they outsold hard drives in units (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2021). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"333 Million SSDs Shipped in 2020 Corresponding to 207EB\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2021/02/15/333-million-ssds-shipped-in-2020-corresponding-to-207eb/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2021-02-ssd-share-of-hdd-plus-ssd-capacity-2020-17pct."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2018-02-forecast-ssd-in-over-80pct-of-notebooks-a-third-of-desktops",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "TRENDFOCUS forecast in 2018 that SSDs would go into more than 80% of notebooks and more than a third of desktop PCs by about 2022, with desktop and mobile hard drives still shipping for years (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2018).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 80,
      "unit": "% of notebook PCs forecast to ship with an SSD by the end of the forecast period (2022)",
      "display_value": "over 80% (forecast)",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2018-2022",
      "population": "Notebook and desktop PCs shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS long-term forecast",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "HDD Shipments Fell to 404 Million in 2017 - Trendfocus",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=186660",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2018-02-23",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "In the outer years of the forecast period, SSD attach rates are forecast to exceed 80% of all notebook PCs and more than one third of all desktop PCs .",
      "locator": "Paragraph 'Client (desktop and mobile) HDD volumes ...'",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A forecast (CQ4 '17 update and long-term forecast to 2022). TrendForce later projected 92% of notebooks in 2022 (trendforce-2022-12-notebook-ssd-attach-2022-92pct-2023-96pct). The same TRENDFOCUS forecast expected the HDD market 'still well above the 300 million level' in 2022; Coughlin Associates estimated 172 million.",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2018-02-forecast-ssd-in-over-80pct-of-notebooks-a-third-of-desktops",
      "citation_text": "TRENDFOCUS forecast in 2018 that SSDs would go into more than 80% of notebooks and more than a third of desktop PCs by about 2022, with desktop and mobile hard drives still shipping for years (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2018). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"HDD Shipments Fell to 404 Million in 2017 - Trendfocus\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/?p=186660). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2018-02-forecast-ssd-in-over-80pct-of-notebooks-a-third-of-desktops."
    },
    {
      "id": "hgst-2013-11-first-6tb-helium-hdd-ultrastar-he6",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "HGST began shipping the first 6TB hard drive, the helium-filled Ultrastar He6, in November 2013, then the world's highest-capacity hard drive (HGST, 2013).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 6,
      "unit": "TB, capacity of the largest hard drive shipping",
      "display_value": "6 TB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2013",
      "population": "HGST (Western Digital) Ultrastar He6 3.5-inch data-centre drive, seven platters, helium-sealed; maker's launch claim",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "HGST, a Western Digital company (press release as published by StorageNewsletter)",
      "source_title": "HGST Ships 6TB Helium 3.5-Inch HDD",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2013/11/05/hgst-ships-6tb-helium-3-5-inch-hdd/",
      "source_type": "manufacturer",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2013-11-05",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "HGST , a Western Digital company, is shipping the 6TB Ultrastar He6 HDD drive. ... the Ultrastar He6 drive features HGST's 7Stac disk design with 6TB, making it the world's highest capacity HDD",
      "locator": "First and third paragraphs (press release edited by StorageNewsletter, 5 November 2013; URL resolves from storagenewsletter.com/?p=129677)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "hdd-largest-capacity-launches",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "A maker's launch claim. Helium (one-seventh the density of air) allowed seven platters in a standard 3.5-inch drive; nearly all high-capacity drives since are helium-filled. Same release quotes IDC: areal density growth 'expected at a rate of less than 20% per year from 2011 to 2016'. StorageNewsletter's August 2013 milestones table lists 4TB as the record in 2012 (Hitachi GST 7K4000) and notes 'The first 5TB and 6TB HDDs are expected next year'. By September 2017 the largest drives held 12TB (StorageNewsletter, 8 September 2017, raw/storage-market/sn-2017-09-toshiba-14tb.txt).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hgst-2013-11-first-6tb-helium-hdd-ultrastar-he6",
      "citation_text": "HGST began shipping the first 6TB hard drive, the helium-filled Ultrastar He6, in November 2013, then the world's highest-capacity hard drive (HGST, 2013). Source: HGST, a Western Digital company (press release as published by StorageNewsletter), \"HGST Ships 6TB Helium 3.5-Inch HDD\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2013/11/05/hgst-ships-6tb-helium-3-5-inch-hdd/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#hgst-2013-11-first-6tb-helium-hdd-ultrastar-he6."
    },
    {
      "id": "trendfocus-2024-02-ssd-exabytes-2023-284eb",
      "family": "storage-market",
      "statement": "**284 exabytes** of SSD capacity were shipped worldwide in 2023, up 2% from 2022, while all NAND flash shipped reached 779 exabytes (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2024).",
      "short_statement": null,
      "short_refs": null,
      "value": 284,
      "unit": "exabytes of SSD capacity shipped worldwide in the year",
      "display_value": "284 EB",
      "display_label": null,
      "display_hook": null,
      "row_label": null,
      "publisher_short": null,
      "geography": "Worldwide",
      "period": "2023",
      "population": "Total capacity of SSDs (client and enterprise) shipped worldwide, TRENDFOCUS estimates",
      "sample_n": null,
      "publisher": "StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report)",
      "source_title": "4Q23 SSD Units Drop 5% to 88 Million",
      "source_url": "https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2024/02/22/4q23-ssd-units-drop-5-to-88-million/",
      "source_type": "secondary",
      "source_access": "open",
      "published_at": "2024-02-22",
      "accessed_at": "2026-11-04",
      "quote": "284EB of SSDs for 2023, Up 2% Y/Y 2023 NAND bit shipments rise 25% to 779EB, enterprise SSD shipments solid in 4Q23",
      "locator": "Executive-summary headline (abstract of TRENDFOCUS NAND/SSD Information Service 4CQ23 Quarterly Update, 14 February 2024)",
      "derived": false,
      "formula": null,
      "headline": false,
      "series": "ssd-exabytes-shipped-annual",
      "history": [],
      "notes": "The 2022 series point is derived (284 / 1.02 = about 278 EB). Against Coughlin Associates' implied 897 EB of HDD capacity in 2023, SSDs would be about 24% of HDD + SSD exabytes, but that mixes two analysts; not for publication as one figure. 4Q23: 88.2 million SSDs; the abstract gives no 2023 unit total (the four quarters sum to about 320 million).",
      "permalink": "https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2024-02-ssd-exabytes-2023-284eb",
      "citation_text": "**284 exabytes** of SSD capacity were shipped worldwide in 2023, up 2% from 2022, while all NAND flash shipped reached 779 exabytes (TRENDFOCUS figures quoted by StorageNewsletter, 2024). Source: StorageNewsletter (abstract of a TRENDFOCUS report), \"4Q23 SSD Units Drop 5% to 88 Million\" (https://www.storagenewsletter.com/2024/02/22/4q23-ssd-units-drop-5-to-88-million/). Via Zinstall, https://www.zinstall.com/research/hard-drive-ssd-lifespan-statistics#trendfocus-2024-02-ssd-exabytes-2023-284eb."
    }
  ]
}